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Bonnechère B, Louryan S, Feipel V. Triceps, quadriceps or pentaceps femoris? Need for proper muscle definition. Morphologie 2020; 104:77-84. [PMID: 31296371 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the last years, the definition of quadriceps femoris (QF) has evolved somewhat and some authors now define a fifth head: the tensor of vastus intermedius (TVI). Descriptions of the different components of QF in textbooks and recent findings remain confusing. Therefore, the aim of this study is to obtain more information on this possible fifth head. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty lower limbs of 10 embalmed cadavers, six females and four males, were investigated by macro-dissection. The dissection and separation of the different heads were performed with the fingers and a distinction between the different parts of the quadriceps was noted only if it was possible to separate the heads without scalpel to avoid artificial separation of muscle parts. RESULTS In 9 lower limbs we found a QF as classically described in textbook. TVI was found in only 7 limbs and in 4 cases we were not able to differentiate VI and VM or VI and VL (triceps femoris as described by Testut). These results, and the diversity of descriptions found in the literature have led us to review the definition of an isolated muscle. CONCLUSION In this study, the presence of TVI was not demonstrated in all limbs unlike previously published studies on the subject. Harmonisation of dissection techniques, but also a clear definition of a muscle is required in order to be able to compare studies and draw clear conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bonnechère
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis (LABO), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Lennik street, 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Electronics and Informatics - ETRO, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Imec, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - S Louryan
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis (LABO), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Lennik street, 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - V Feipel
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Lennik street, 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Castanov V, Hassan SA, Shakeri S, Vienneau M, Zabjek K, Richardson D, McKee NH, Agur AMR. Muscle architecture of vastus medialis obliquus and longus and its functional implications: A three‐dimensional investigation. Clin Anat 2019; 32:515-523. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.23344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valera Castanov
- Division of Anatomy, Department of SurgeryUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Syed Ahmed Hassan
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Shayan Shakeri
- Division of Anatomy, Department of SurgeryUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Maxine Vienneau
- Division of Anatomy, Department of SurgeryUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Karl Zabjek
- Department of Physical TherapyUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Denyse Richardson
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of MedicineUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Nancy H. McKee
- Division of Anatomy, Department of SurgeryUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Anne M. R. Agur
- Division of Anatomy, Department of SurgeryUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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Leung H, Latella C, Lamon S, Hendy AM. The Reliability of Neurological Measurement in the Vastus Medialis: Implications for Research and Practice. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1857. [PMID: 30327634 PMCID: PMC6174212 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the corticomotor pathway is paramount in the optimal functioning of skeletal muscle. However, variability of neurophysiological assessment via peripheral nerve and transcranial magnetic stimulation can render interpretation difficult. Seldom evidence exists regarding the reliability of such measurements in the leg extensors, which have important locomotive and functional roles. This study aimed to assess the test-retest reliability of peripheral, corticospinal and intracortical responses in the vastus medialis. Transcranial magnetic and direct current electrical nerve stimulation were delivered to sixteen healthy young adults (8M and 8F) on two separate occasions. The Hoffmann reflex, maximal compound wave, motor evoked potential, corticospinal silent period, intracortical facilitation, and short-interval intracortical inhibition were recorded from the vastus medialis at rest, and during controlled submaximal voluntary contraction. Relative reliability was quantified using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC2,1). Absolute reliability was quantified using standard error of measurement (SEm) and minimal detectable change (MDC). Corticospinal silent period, corticospinal silent period/motor evoked potential ratio, active motor evoked potential, maximal Hoffman reflex, and passive short-interval intracortical inhibition demonstrated “good to excellent” relative reliability (ICC ≥ 0.643). Intracortical facilitation demonstrated the lowest relative reliability (ICC = 0.420–0.908). Corticospinal silent period displayed the lowest absolute reliability (SEm ≤ 18.68%). Good reliability of the maximal compound wave, Hoffman reflex, motor evoked potential, and corticospinal silent period allow for reliable neurological evaluation of peripheral and corticospinal pathways in the vastus medialis. Future research should investigate reliability of the intracortical (short-interval intracortical inhibition and intracortical facilitation) measures by using different paired-pulse stimulus parameters. These findings hold important implications for neurophysiological assessment conducted in the leg extensor group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Leung
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher Latella
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Séverine Lamon
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashlee M Hendy
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Cabral HV, de Souza LML, Mello RGT, Gallina A, de Oliveira LF, Vieira TM. Is the firing rate of motor units in different vastus medialis regions modulated similarly during isometric contractions? Muscle Nerve 2017; 57:279-286. [PMID: 28500671 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous evidence suggests the fibers of different motor units reside within distinct vastus medialis (VM) regions. It remains unknown whether the activity of these motor units may be modulated differently. Herein we assess the discharge rate of motor units detected proximodistally from the VM to address this issue. METHODS Surface electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded proximally and distally from the VM while 10 healthy subjects performed isometric contractions. Single motor units were decomposed from surface EMGs. The smoothed discharge rates of motor units identified from the same and from different VM regions were then cross-correlated. RESULTS During low-level contractions, the discharge rate varied more similarly for distal (cross-correlation peak; interquartile interval: 0.27-0.40) and proximal (0.28-0.52) than for proximodistal pairs of VM motor units (0.20-0.33; P = 0.006). DISCUSSION The discharge rates of motor units from different proximodistal VM regions show less similarity in their variations than those of pairs of units either distally or proximally. Muscle Nerve 57: 279-286, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio V Cabral
- Programa de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Horácio Macedo 2030, Centro de Tecnologia, Bloco I, Sala I044C, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo M L de Souza
- Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roger G T Mello
- Programa de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Horácio Macedo 2030, Centro de Tecnologia, Bloco I, Sala I044C, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Educação Física e Esportes, Escola Naval, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessio Gallina
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Liliam F de Oliveira
- Programa de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Horácio Macedo 2030, Centro de Tecnologia, Bloco I, Sala I044C, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Taian M Vieira
- Laboratorio di Ingegneria del Sistema Neuromuscolare (LISiN), Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italia
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Miao P, Xu Y, Pan C, Liu H, Wang C. Vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis activity during a double-leg semisquat with or without hip adduction in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2015; 16:289. [PMID: 26459411 PMCID: PMC4604088 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-015-0736-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose was to investigate the effect of double-leg semisquat with hip adduction on the activation of vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Methods Thirty patients with PFPS were designated to the study group, while 30 healthy matched subjects were enrolled in the control group. The activation of VL and VMO was recorded with surface electromyography (EMG) during double-leg semisquat (DS) and double-leg semisquat with hip adduction (DS-HA). The time domain and frequency domain indexes of the electromyography data were collected for analysis. Results In the study group, the time domain indexes (RMS, IEMG) and frequency domain index (MPF) of VL were significant higher than VMO in the test of DS (P < 0.05); and the time domain of VMO was significantly higher in the test of DS-HA when compared to DS (P < 0.05) while there was no difference in the activation of VL. Conclusions In the study group, an increase in activity of the VMO was observed through the surface EMG signal in the double-leg semisquat exercise with hip adduction compared to the exercise without hip adduction. This finding indicates that VMO activation can be more selectively obtained through the exercise with hip adduction which can help balance the VL and VMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Miao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Cuihuan Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of North Texas, Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA.
| | - Chuhuai Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Benjafield A, Killingback A, Robertson C, Adds P. An investigation into the architecture of the vastus medialis oblique muscle in athletic and sedentary individuals: An in vivo ultrasound study. Clin Anat 2014; 28:262-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.J. Benjafield
- Division of Biomedical Sciences (Anatomy); St. George's University of London; London United Kingdom
| | - A. Killingback
- Department of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering; St. George's Healthcare NHS Trust; London United Kingdom
| | - C.J. Robertson
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences; Kingston University/St. George's University of London; London United Kingdom
| | - P.J. Adds
- Division of Biomedical Sciences (Anatomy); St. George's University of London; London United Kingdom
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Analysis of the response speed of musculature of the knee in professional male and female volleyball players. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:239708. [PMID: 25003109 PMCID: PMC4070587 DOI: 10.1155/2014/239708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the normalized response speed (Vrn) of the knee musculature (flexor and extensor) in high competitive level volleyball players using tensiomyography (TMG) and to analyze the muscular response of the vastus medialis (VM), rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), and biceps femoris (BF) in accordance with the specific position they play in their teams. One hundred and sixty-six players (83 women and 83 men) were evaluated. They belonged to eight teams in the Spanish women's superleague and eight in the Spanish men's superleague. The use of Vrn allows avoiding possible sample imbalances due to anatomical and functional differences and demands. We found differences between Vrn in each of the muscles responsible for extension (VM, RF, and VL) and flexion (BF) regardless of the sex. Normalized response speed differences seem to be larger in setters, liberos and outside players compared to middle blockers and larger in males when compared to females. These results of Vrn might respond to the differences in the physical and technical demands of each specific position, showing an improved balance response of the knee extensor and flexor musculature in male professional volleyball players.
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Engelina S, Antonios T, Robertson C, Killingback A, Adds P. Ultrasound investigation of vastus medialis oblique muscle architecture: Anin vivostudy. Clin Anat 2014; 27:1076-84. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Engelina
- Division of Biomedical Sciences (Anatomy); St. George's, University of London; SW17 0RE United Kingdom
| | - T. Antonios
- Division of Biomedical Sciences (Anatomy); St. George's, University of London; SW17 0RE United Kingdom
| | - C.J. Robertson
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Kingston University/St. George's, University of London; WC1E 7HU United Kingdom
| | - A. Killingback
- Department of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering; St. George's Healthcare NHS Trust; London SW17 0QT United Kingdom
| | - P.J. Adds
- Division of Biomedical Sciences (Anatomy); St. George's, University of London; SW17 0RE United Kingdom
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Benjafield A, Howe FA, Killingback A, Adds PJ. Rare Variant of Vastus Medialis Detected in vivo by Ultrasound and Confirmed by High-resolution MRI. J Phys Ther Sci 2014; 26:165-6. [PMID: 24567699 PMCID: PMC3927033 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.26.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This report describes an unusual incidental finding during ultrasound
investigation of the vastus medialis muscle. Volunteers underwent ultrasound scanning as
part of an on-going investigation into the architecture of the vastus medialis muscle.
[Subjects and Methods] The distal thighs of forty-one subjects were scanned using the
Philips iU22 US system. An unusual muscle morphology was detected bilaterally in one
subject, who then underwent a 3T Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan in order to further
investigate the muscle morphology. The subject in question was a 32 year-old female who
suffers from recurrent bilateral patellar dislocations. [Results] The MRI scan confirmed
the ultrasound findings, and indicated the presence of the vastus medialis in two layers,
with the VML continuing deep, separate from the VMO. [Conclusion] Although this rare
variant has been been reported in previous cadaveric studies, we believe this to be the
first report in the literature of this morphology in vivo. The
biomechanical implications of this muscle arrangement are unknown, but it may not be
without significance that this individual suffers from recurrent patellar
dislocations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franklyn A Howe
- Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, UK
| | - Alban Killingback
- Department of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, St. George's Healthcare NHS Trust, UK
| | - Philip J Adds
- Division of Biomedical Sciences (Anatomy), St George's University of London, UK
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Travnik L, Djordjevič S, Rozman S, Hribernik M, Dahmane R. Muscles within muscles: a tensiomyographic and histochemical analysis of the normal human vastus medialis longus and vastus medialis obliquus muscles. J Anat 2013; 222:580-7. [PMID: 23586984 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to show the connection between structure (anatomical and histochemical) and function (muscle contraction properties) of vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) and vastus medialis longus (VML). The non-invasive tensiomyography (TMG) method was used to determine the contractile properties (contraction time; T(c)) of VML and VMO muscle, as a reflection of the ratio between the slow and fast fibers in two groups of nine young men. VML and VMO significantly (P < 0.01) differ in the proportion of type 1 (59.6: 44%) and type 2b (6.3: 15%) fibers. The VML muscle is almost entirely composed of type 1 and type 2a fibers. In many samples of this muscle no type 2b fibers were found. The proportion of slow-twitch type 1 fibers is nearly twice as high as the proportion of fast-twitch type 2a fibers. These observations indicate that VML is a slower and more fatigue-resistant muscle than VMO muscle. These characteristics correspond to the different functions of the VML, which is an extensor of the knee, and to the VMO, which maintains the stable position of the patella in the femoral groove. Our results obtained by TMG provided additional evidence that muscle fibers within the segments of VM muscle were not homogenous with regard to their contractile properties, thereby confirming the histochemical results. T(c) can be attributed to the higher percentage of slow-twitch fibers - type 1. The statistically shorter T(c) (P ≤ 0.001) of VMO (22.8 ± 4.0 ms) compared with VML (26.7 ± 4.0 ms) in our study is consistent with previously found differences in histochemical, morphological and electrophysiological data. In conclusion, the results of this study provide evidence that the VML and VMO muscles are not only anatomically and histochemically different muscles, but also functionally different biological structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludvik Travnik
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Wasielewski NJ, Parker TM, Kotsko KM. Evaluation of electromyographic biofeedback for the quadriceps femoris: a systematic review. J Athl Train 2013; 46:543-54. [PMID: 22488142 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-46.5.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To critically review evidence for the effectiveness of electromyographic biofeedback (EMGB) of the quadriceps femoris muscle in treating various knee conditions. DATA SOURCES Databases used to locate randomized controlled trials included PubMed (1980-2010), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL, 1995-2007), Web of Science (1986-2010), SPORTDiscus (1990-2007), and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). Key words were knee and biofeedback. STUDY SELECTION The criteria for selection were clinical randomized controlled trials in which EMGB of the quadriceps femoris was used for various knee conditions of musculoskeletal origin. Trials were excluded because of research designs other than randomized controlled trials, articles published in a non-English language, inclusion of healthy research participants, inability to identify EMGB as the source of clinical improvement, and lack of pain, functional outcome, or quadriceps torque as outcome measures. DATA EXTRACTION Twenty specific data points were abstracted from each clinical trial under the broad categories of attributes of the patient and injury, treatment variables for the EMGB group, treatment variables for the control group, and attributes of the research design. DATA SYNTHESIS Eight trials yielded a total of 319 participants with patellofemoral pain syndrome (n = 86), anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (n = 52), arthroscopic surgery (n = 91), or osteoarthritis (n = 90). The average methodologic score of the included studies was 4.6/10 based on PEDro criteria. Pooled analyses demonstrated heterogeneity of the included studies, rendering the interpretation of the pooled data inappropriate. The EMGB appeared to benefit short-term postsurgical pain or quadriceps strength in 3 of 4 postsurgical investigations but was ineffective for chronic knee conditions such as patellofemoral pain and osteoarthritis in all 4 studies. Because the findings are based on limited data, caution is warranted until more randomized controlled trials are conducted to support or refute the general trends observed in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah J Wasielewski
- Department of Exercise Science, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, 400 East Second Street, Bloomsburg, PA 17815-1301, USA.
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Becker I, Baxter G, Woodley S. The vastus lateralis muscle: An anatomical investigation. Clin Anat 2010; 23:575-85. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.20974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Smith T, Nichols R, Harle D, Donell S. Do the vastus medialis obliquus and vastus medialis longus really exist? A systematic review. Clin Anat 2009; 22:183-99. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.20737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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