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X-ray Dark-Field Imaging (XDFI)-a Promising Tool for 3D Virtual Histopathology. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 23:481-494. [PMID: 33624229 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
X-ray dark-field imaging (XDFI) utilizing a thin silicon crystal under Laue case enables visualizing three-dimensional (3D) morphological alterations of human tissue. XDFI uses refraction-contrast derived from phase shift rather than absorption as the main X-ray image contrast source to render 2D and 3D images of tissue specimens in unprecedented detail. The unique features of XDFI are its extremely high sensitivity (approximately 1000:1 compared to absorption for soft tissues under X-ray energy of around 20 keV, theoretically) and excellent resolution (8.5 μm) without requiring contrast medium or staining. Thus, XDFI-computed tomography can generate 3D virtual histological images equivalent to those of stained histological sections pathologists observe under low-power light microscopy as far as organs and tissues selected as samples in preliminary studies. This paper reviews the fundamental principles and the potential of XDFI, describes two optical setups for XDFI with examples, illustrates features of XDFI that are salient for histopathology, and presents XDFI examples of refraction-contrast images of atherosclerotic plaques, musculoskeletal tissue, neuronal tissue, and breast cancer specimens. Availability of this X-ray imaging in routine histopathological evaluations of tissue specimens would help guide clinical decision making by highlighting suspicious areas in unstained, thick sections for further sampling and analysis using conventional histopathological techniques. XDFI is a promising tool for 3D virtual histopathology.
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Convolutional neuronal networks combined with X-ray phase-contrast imaging for a fast and observer-independent discrimination of cartilage and liver diseases stages. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20007. [PMID: 33203975 PMCID: PMC7673137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76937-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We applied transfer learning using Convolutional Neuronal Networks to high resolution X-ray phase contrast computed tomography datasets and tested the potential of the systems to accurately classify Computed Tomography images of different stages of two diseases, i.e. osteoarthritis and liver fibrosis. The purpose is to identify a time-effective and observer-independent methodology to identify pathological conditions. Propagation-based X-ray phase contrast imaging WAS used with polychromatic X-rays to obtain a 3D visualization of 4 human cartilage plugs and 6 rat liver samples with a voxel size of 0.7 × 0.7 × 0.7 µm3 and 2.2 × 2.2 × 2.2 µm3, respectively. Images with a size of 224 × 224 pixels are used to train three pre-trained convolutional neuronal networks for data classification, which are the VGG16, the Inception V3, and the Xception networks. We evaluated the performance of the three systems in terms of classification accuracy and studied the effect of the variation of the number of inputs, training images and of iterations. The VGG16 network provides the highest classification accuracy when the training and the validation-test of the network are performed using data from the same samples for both the cartilage (99.8%) and the liver (95.5%) datasets. The Inception V3 and Xception networks achieve an accuracy of 84.7% (43.1%) and of 72.6% (53.7%), respectively, for the cartilage (liver) images. By using data from different samples for the training and validation-test processes, the Xception network provided the highest test accuracy for the cartilage dataset (75.7%), while for the liver dataset the VGG16 network gave the best results (75.4%). By using convolutional neuronal networks we show that it is possible to classify large datasets of biomedical images in less than 25 min on a 8 CPU processor machine providing a precise, robust, fast and observer-independent method for the discrimination/classification of different stages of osteoarthritis and liver diseases.
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Imaging evaluation of the cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis patients with an x-ray phase imaging apparatus based on Talbot-Lau interferometry. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6561. [PMID: 32300128 PMCID: PMC7162962 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray Talbot-Lau interferometry is one of the x-ray phase imaging methods that has high sensitivity in depicting soft tissues. Unlike earlier x-ray phase imaging methods that required particular types of x-ray sources, such as a synchrotron or a micro-focus x-ray tube, x-ray Talbot-Lau interferometry enables to perform clinical x-ray phase imaging using a conventional x-ray source with a relatively compact configuration. We developed an apparatus to depict cartilage in the metacarpophalangeal joints of the hands. In addition, we examined the apparatus performance by applying it to healthy volunteers and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Cartilage deformation, which is thought to be a precursor of destruction of the joints, was successfully depicted by the apparatus, suggesting a potential early diagnosis of RA.
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Quantitative Assessment of Degenerative Cartilage and Subchondral Bony Lesions in a Preserved Cadaveric Knee: Propagation-Based Phase-Contrast CT Versus Conventional MRI and CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2018; 210:1317-1322. [PMID: 29629804 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.17.18286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess hyaline cartilage and subchondral bone conditions in a fully preserved cadaveric human knee joint using high-resolution x-ray propagation-based phase-contrast imaging (PBI) CT and to compare the performance of the new technique with conventional CT and MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cadaveric human knee was examined using an x-ray beam of 60 keV, a detector with a 90-mm2 FOV, and a pixel size of 46 × 46 μm2. PBI CT images were reconstructed with both the filtered back projection algorithm and the equally sloped tomography method. Conventional 3-T MRI and CT were also performed. Measurements of cartilage thickness, cartilage lesions, International Cartilage Repair Society scoring, and detection of subchondral bone changes were evaluated. Visual inspection of the specimen akin to arthroscopy was conducted and served as a standard of reference for lesion detection. RESULTS Loss of cartilage height was visible on PBI CT and MRI. Quantification of cartilage thickness showed a strong correlation between the two modalities. Cartilage lesions appeared darker than the adjacent cartilage on PBI CT. PBI CT showed similar agreement to MRI for depicting cartilage substance defects or lesions compared with the visual inspection. The assessment of subchondral bone cysts showed moderate to strong agreement between PBI CT and CT. CONCLUSION In contrast to the standard clinical methods of MRI and CT, PBI CT is able to simultaneously depict cartilage and bony changes at high resolution. Though still an experimental technique, PBI CT is a promising high-resolution imaging method to evaluate comprehensive changes of osteoarthritic disease in a clinical setting.
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Detection of urine C2C and trace element level in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 70:475-9. [PMID: 24728947 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9943-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective is to determine the relation between severity of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and levels of Collagen type II metabolite (C2C) and trace elements in the urine. The urine sample and knee joint films (anteroposterior and lateral) from the KOA patients and control subjects were collected. The KOA patients were divided into five groups (controls and grades I-IV) according to the Kellgren-Lawrence radiographic grading standards. Urine levels of C2C and trace elements were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, respectively. Urine C2C levels in the KOA subjects (261.235 ± 39.944 pg/ml) were higher than those of the control group (218.341 ± 22.270 pg/ml). The Fe content in KOA groups was significantly lower than that of control group (group IV > group III > group II > group I or controls). The contents of Cu and Zn were also significantly higher in the KOA patients than in the control group (p < 0.05). However, Cr, Al, Cd, Ni, and Se levels of KOA patients were not significantly different from those of the controls (p > 0.05). Determination of the urine levels of C2C and trace elements may prove to be informative for an early diagnosis of KOA. It can also assist in the prognosis judgment of the disease and selecting an appropriate therapeutic regimen.
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Abstract
X-rays are commonly used as a means to image the inside of objects opaque to visible light, as their short wavelength allows penetration through matter and the formation of high spatial resolution images. This physical effect has found particular importance in medicine where x-ray based imaging is routinely used as a diagnostic tool. Increasingly, however, imaging modalities that provide functional as well as morphological information are required. In this study the potential to use x-ray phase based imaging as a functional modality through the use of microbubbles that can be targeted to specific biological processes is explored. We show that the concentration of a microbubble suspension can be monitored quantitatively whilst in flow using x-ray phase contrast imaging. This could provide the basis for a dynamic imaging technique that combines the tissue penetration, spatial resolution, and high contrast of x-ray phase based imaging with the functional information offered by targeted imaging modalities.
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Santos ALG, Demange MK, Prado MP, Fernandes TD, Giglio PN, Hintermann B. Cartilage lesions and ankle osteoarthrosis: review of the literature and treatment algorithm. Rev Bras Ortop 2014; 49:565-72. [PMID: 26229863 PMCID: PMC4487502 DOI: 10.1016/j.rboe.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The main etiology of ankle osteoarthrosis is post-traumatic and its prevalence is highest among young individuals. Thus, this disease has a great socioeconomic impact and gives rise to significant losses of patients' quality of life. The objective of its treatment is to eliminate pain and keep patients active. Therefore, the treatment should be staged according to the degree of degenerative evolution, etiology, joint location, systemic condition, bone quality, lower-limb alignment, ligament stability and age. The treatment algorithm is divided into non-surgical therapeutic methods and options for surgical treatment. Joint preservation, joint replacement and arthrodesis surgical procedures have precise indications. This article presents a review on this topic and a proposal for a treatment algorithm for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Leme Godoy Santos
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Kawamura Demange
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Pires Prado
- Orthopedics and Rehabilitation Center, Hospital do Coração, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tulio Diniz Fernandes
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Nogueira Giglio
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Beat Hintermann
- Department of Orthopedics, Kantonsspital, Liestal, Switzerland
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Lesão de cartilagem e osteoartrose do tornozelo: revisão da literatura e algoritmo de tratamento. Rev Bras Ortop 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbo.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Olubamiji AD, Izadifar Z, Chen DX. Synchrotron Imaging Techniques for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Potential, Current Trends, and Future Directions. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:503-22. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zohreh Izadifar
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Daniel Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Horng A, Brun E, Mittone A, Gasilov S, Weber L, Geith T, Adam-Neumair S, Auweter SD, Bravin A, Reiser MF, Coan P. Cartilage and Soft Tissue Imaging Using X-rays. Invest Radiol 2014; 49:627-34. [DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cunningham JA, Rahman IA, Lautenschlager S, Rayfield EJ, Donoghue PCJ. A virtual world of paleontology. Trends Ecol Evol 2014; 29:347-57. [PMID: 24821516 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Computer-aided visualization and analysis of fossils has revolutionized the study of extinct organisms. Novel techniques allow fossils to be characterized in three dimensions and in unprecedented detail. This has enabled paleontologists to gain important insights into their anatomy, development, and preservation. New protocols allow more objective reconstructions of fossil organisms, including soft tissues, from incomplete remains. The resulting digital reconstructions can be used in functional analyses, rigorously testing long-standing hypotheses regarding the paleobiology of extinct organisms. These approaches are transforming our understanding of long-studied fossil groups, and of the narratives of organismal and ecological evolution that have been built upon them.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Cunningham
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - Imran A Rahman
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - Stephan Lautenschlager
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - Emily J Rayfield
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK.
| | - Philip C J Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK.
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Microcomputed tomography with diffraction-enhanced imaging for morphologic characterization and quantitative evaluation of microvessel of hepatic fibrosis in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78176. [PMID: 24205147 PMCID: PMC3804625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgroud Hepatic fibrosis can lead to deformation of vessel morphology and structure. In the present feasibility study, high-resolution computed tomography (CT) using diffraction-enhanced imaging (DEI) was used to represent three-dimensional (3D) vessel microstructures of hepatic fibrosis in rats and to differentiate different stages of hepatic fibrosis using qualitative descriptions and quantitative measurement of microvessels. Material and Methods Three typical specimens at different stages, i.e., mild, moderate and severe hepatic fibrosis, were imaged using DEI at 15 keV without contrast agents. The correspondence between DEI-CT images and histopathological findings was determined. The 3D visualizations from different stages of hepatic fibrosis were presented using DEI-CT. Additionally, Qualitative descriptions and quantitative evaluation of vessel features, such as vessel trend, vascular distortion deformation, thrombus formation and texture features on the inner wall of the vessel, were performed. Results DEI-CT produced high-resolution images of the vessel microstructures in hepatic fibrosis that corresponded to information on actual structures observed from the histological sections. Combined with the 3D visualization technique, DEI-CT enabled the acquisition of an accurate description of the 3D vessel morphology from different stages of hepatic fibrosis. Qualitative descriptions and quantitative assessment of microvessels demonstrated clear differences between the different stages of hepatic fibrosis. The thrombus inside the vessel of severe liver fibrosis was accurately displayed, and corresponding analysis can provide an exact measurement of vessel stenosis rate. Conclusions DEI-CT may allow morphologic descriptions and quantitative evaluation of vessel microstructures from different stages of hepatic fibrosis and can better characterize the various stages of fibrosis progression using high-resolution 3D vessel morphology.
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Appel AA, Anastasio MA, Larson JC, Brey EM. Imaging challenges in biomaterials and tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6615-30. [PMID: 23768903 PMCID: PMC3799904 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials are employed in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) in order to enhance the regeneration or replacement of tissue function and/or structure. The unique environments resulting from the presence of biomaterials, cells, and tissues result in distinct challenges in regards to monitoring and assessing the results of these interventions. Imaging technologies for three-dimensional (3D) analysis have been identified as a strategic priority in TERM research. Traditionally, histological and immunohistochemical techniques have been used to evaluate engineered tissues. However, these methods do not allow for an accurate volume assessment, are invasive, and do not provide information on functional status. Imaging techniques are needed that enable non-destructive, longitudinal, quantitative, and three-dimensional analysis of TERM strategies. This review focuses on evaluating the application of available imaging modalities for assessment of biomaterials and tissue in TERM applications. Included is a discussion of limitations of these techniques and identification of areas for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A. Appel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Mark A. Anastasio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffery C. Larson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Eric M. Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
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Appel AA, Chou CY, Larson JC, Zhong Z, Schoen FJ, Johnston CM, Brey EM, Anastasio MA. An initial evaluation of analyser-based phase-contrast X-ray imaging of carotid plaque microstructure. Br J Radiol 2013; 86:20120318. [PMID: 23239697 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20120318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotid artery plaque instability can result in rupture and lead to ischaemic stroke. Stability of plaques appears to be a function of composition. Current non-invasive imaging techniques are limited in their ability to classify distinct histological regions within plaques. Phase-contrast (PC) X-ray imaging methods are an emerging class of techniques that have shown promise for identifying soft-tissue features without use of exogenous contrast agents. This is the first study to apply analyser-based X-ray PC imaging in CT mode to provide three-dimensional (3D) images of excised atherosclerotic plaques. The results provide proof of principle for this technique as a promising method for analysis of carotid plaque microstructure. Multiple image radiography CT (MIR-CT), a tomographic implementation of X-ray PC imaging that employs crystal optics, was employed to image excised carotid plaques. MIR-CT imaging yields three complementary images of the plaque's 3D X-ray absorption, refraction and scatter properties. These images were compared with histological sections of the tissue. X-ray PC images were able to identify the interface between the plaque and the medial wall. In addition, lipid-rich and highly vascularized regions were visible in the images as well as features depicting inflammation. This preliminary research shows MIR-CT imaging can reveal details about plaque structure not provided by traditional absorption-based X-ray imaging and appears to identify specific histological regions within plaques. This is the first study to apply analyser-based X-ray PC imaging to human carotid artery plaques to identify distinct soft-tissue regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Appel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
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Appel AA, Chou CY, Greisler HP, Larson JC, Vasireddi S, Zhong Z, Anastasio MA, Brey EM. Analyzer-based phase-contrast x-ray imaging of carotid plaque microstructure. Am J Surg 2013; 204:631-6. [PMID: 23140828 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plaque vulnerability depends, in part, on composition. Imaging techniques are needed that can aid the prediction of plaque stability. High-contrast images of soft-tissue structure have been obtained with x-ray phase-contrast (PC) imaging. This research investigates multiple image radiography (MIR), an x-ray PC imaging technique, for evaluation of human carotid artery plaques. METHODS Carotid plaques were imaged with ultrasound and subsequently excised and formalin fixed. MIR imaging was performed. By using synchrotron radiation, conventional radiographs were acquired for comparison. Image texture measures were computed for soft-tissue regions of the plaques. RESULTS Ultrasound evaluation identified plaques as homogeneous without calcifications. MIR images revealed complex heterogeneous structure with multiple microcalcifications consistent with histology, and possessed more image texture in specific regions than conventional radiographs (P < .05). MIR refraction images allowed imaging of the geometric structure of tissue interfaces within the plaques, while scatter images contained more texture in soft-tissue regions than absorption or refraction images. CONCLUSIONS X-ray PC imaging better depicts plaque soft-tissue heterogeneity than ultrasound or conventional radiographs. MIR imaging technique should be investigated further as a viable imaging technique to identify high-risk plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Appel
- Department of Research, Hines VA Hospital, Hines, IL 60616-3793, USA
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Li J, Wilson N, Zelazny A, Meyer J, Zhong Z, Muehleman C. Assessment of diffraction-enhanced synchrotron imaging for cartilage degeneration of the human knee joint. Clin Anat 2012; 26:621-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Li
- Department of Biochemistry; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago; Illinois
| | - N. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago; Illinois
| | - A. Zelazny
- Department of Radiology; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago; Illinois
| | - J. Meyer
- Department of Radiology; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago; Illinois
| | - Z. Zhong
- National Synchrotron Light Source; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton; New York
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Carmichael SW. Does Clinical Anatomy deserve another 25 years? Reflections on how Clinical Anatomy has changed in the past quarter century. Clin Anat 2011; 25:143-5. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Connor DM, Zhong Z, Foda HD, Wiebe S, Parham CA, Dilmanian FA, Cole EB, Pisano ED. Diffraction enhanced imaging of a rat model of gastric acid aspiration pneumonitis. Acad Radiol 2011; 18:1515-21. [PMID: 21958600 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Diffraction-enhanced imaging (DEI) is a type of phase contrast x-ray imaging that has improved image contrast at a lower dose than conventional radiography for many imaging applications, but no studies have been done to determine if DEI might be useful for diagnosing lung injury. The goals of this study were to determine if DEI could differentiate between healthy and injured lungs for a rat model of gastric aspiration and to compare diffraction-enhanced images with chest radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Radiographs and diffraction-enhanced chest images of adult Sprague Dawley rats were obtained before and 4 hours after the aspiration of 0.4 mL/kg of 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid. Lung damage was confirmed with histopathology. RESULTS The radiographs and diffraction-enhanced peak images revealed regions of atelectasis in the injured rat lung. The diffraction-enhanced peak images revealed the full extent of the lung with improved clarity relative to the chest radiographs, especially in the portion of the lower lobe that extended behind the diaphragm on the anteroposterior projection. CONCLUSIONS For a rat model of gastric acid aspiration, DEI is capable of distinguishing between a healthy and an injured lung and more clearly than radiography reveals the full extent of the lung and the lung damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean M Connor
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Appel A, Anastasio MA, Brey EM. Potential for imaging engineered tissues with X-ray phase contrast. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2011; 17:321-30. [PMID: 21682604 PMCID: PMC3179620 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
As the field of tissue engineering advances, it is crucial to develop imaging methods capable of providing detailed three-dimensional information on tissue structure. X-ray imaging techniques based on phase-contrast (PC) have great potential for a number of biomedical applications due to their ability to provide information about soft tissue structure without exogenous contrast agents. X-ray PC techniques retain the excellent spatial resolution, tissue penetration, and calcified tissue contrast of conventional X-ray techniques while providing drastically improved imaging of soft tissue and biomaterials. This suggests that X-ray PC techniques are very promising for evaluation of engineered tissues. In this review, four different implementations of X-ray PC imaging are described and applications to tissues of relevance to tissue engineering reviewed. In addition, recent applications of X-ray PC to the evaluation of biomaterial scaffolds and engineered tissues are presented and areas for further development and application of these techniques are discussed. Imaging techniques based on X-ray PC have significant potential for improving our ability to image and characterize engineered tissues, and their continued development and optimization could have significant impact on the field of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Appel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Illinois
| | - Mark A. Anastasio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Eric M. Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Illinois
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Chabior M, Donath T, David C, Bunk O, Schuster M, Schroer C, Pfeiffer F. Beam hardening effects in grating-based x-ray phase-contrast imaging. Med Phys 2011; 38:1189-95. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3553408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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