Pneumomediastinum and the aortic nipple: The clinical relevance of the left superior intercostal vein

Morphologic variations of the superior intercostal vein: An anatomical study with clinical applications

This study aimed to validate and compare the anatomical variations of the superior intercostal veins, focusing on their origin, course, anastomoses, and destination. In addition, the results were compared with findings from other relevant studies. Fifty Korean and 16 Chinese adult cadavers were dissected for this study. The superior intercostal veins were dissected and measured. In our study of 66 specimens, the right superior intercostal vein was observed in 92.3% of cases, while the left superior intercostal vein was observed in 50%. The right superior intercostal vein was subdivided into six types based on its composition, which mainly drained the second and third right posterior intercostal veins. Similarly, the left superior intercostal vein was subdivided into eight types, primarily involving the second to fourth left posterior intercostal veins. This detailed anatomical study successfully identified and classified the various morphologic types of the superior intercostal vein and reviewed the clinical significance of this vein. The findings of this study can offer valuable anatomical evidence to physicians, aiding in their understanding and utilization of the superior intercostal vein.

Levoatriocardinal Vein and Mimics: Spectrum of Imaging Findings

OBJECTIVE

This article focuses on the embryology, hemodynamics, and CT and MRI features of levoatriocardinal vein. Levoatriocardinal vein, a form of pulmonary systemic connection, is most commonly seen in left heart obstructive lesions, providing an alternative egress for pulmonary venous blood.

CONCLUSION

Levoatriocardinal vein can be differentiated from other more common anomalies, such as anomalous pulmonary venous return, persistent left superior vena cava, and dilated left superior intercostal vein, by its distinctive imaging features.