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Walsh KA, Kastrappis G, Fifis T, Paolini R, Christophi C, Perini MV. SAR131675, a VEGRF3 Inhibitor, Modulates the Immune Response and Reduces the Growth of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112715. [PMID: 35681695 PMCID: PMC9179346 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer most often metastasizes to the liver, and in most cases, it is unresectable at diagnosis. New treatment options targeting specific cancer characteristics are needed and are currently being explored. Herein we looked at the use of a selective VEGFR-3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, SAR131675, as an anti-tumor agent in a mouse model of colorectal liver metastasis. We found that SAR131675 dramatically reduced tumor growth and changed the immune response within the tumor and the surrounding liver, suggesting the use of SAR131675 as an adjuvant therapy for colorectal liver metastasis. Abstract Most patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) develop metastases, predominantly in the liver (CLM). Targeted therapies are being investigated to improve current CLM treatments. This study tested the effectiveness of SAR131675, a selective VEGFR-3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, to inhibit CLM in a murine model. Following intrasplenic induction of CLM, mice were treated daily with SAR131675. Tumor growth and immune infiltrates into tumor and liver tissues were assessed at 10-, 16- and 22-days post tumor induction by stereology, IHC and flow cytometry. SAR151675 treatment significantly reduced tumor burden and F4/80+ macrophages in the liver tissues. Analysis of immune cell infiltrates in liver showed tissue that at day 22, had the proportion of CD45+ leukocytes significantly reduced, particularly myeloid cells. Analysis of myeloid cells (CD11b+ CD45+) indicated that the proportion of F4/80− Ly6Clow was significantly reduced, including a predominate PD-L1+ subset, while CD3+ T cells increased, particularly CD8+ PD1+, reflected by an increase in the CD8+:CD4+ T cell ratio. In the tumor tissue SAR11675 treatment reduced the predominant population of F4/80+ Ly6Clo and increased CD4+ T cells. These results suggest that SAR131675 alters the immune composition within tumor and the surrounding liver in the later stages of development, resulting in a less immunosuppressive environment. This immunomodulation effect may contribute to the suppression of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A. Walsh
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (K.A.W.); (G.K.); (T.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Georgios Kastrappis
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (K.A.W.); (G.K.); (T.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Theodora Fifis
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (K.A.W.); (G.K.); (T.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Rita Paolini
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Christopher Christophi
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (K.A.W.); (G.K.); (T.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Marcos V. Perini
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (K.A.W.); (G.K.); (T.F.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-(3)-9496-3670
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Brabletz S, Schuhwerk H, Brabletz T, Stemmler MP. Dynamic EMT: a multi-tool for tumor progression. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108647. [PMID: 34459003 PMCID: PMC8441439 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is fundamental for embryonic morphogenesis. Cells undergoing it lose epithelial characteristics and integrity, acquire mesenchymal features, and become motile. In cancer, this program is hijacked to confer essential changes in morphology and motility that fuel invasion. In addition, EMT is increasingly understood to orchestrate a large variety of complementary cancer features, such as tumor cell stemness, tumorigenicity, resistance to therapy and adaptation to changes in the microenvironment. In this review, we summarize recent findings related to these various classical and non-classical functions, and introduce EMT as a true tumorigenic multi-tool, involved in many aspects of cancer. We suggest that therapeutic targeting of the EMT process will-if acknowledging these complexities-be a possibility to concurrently interfere with tumor progression on many levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1Nikolaus‐Fiebiger Center for Molecular MedicineFriedrich‐Alexander University of Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Harald Schuhwerk
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1Nikolaus‐Fiebiger Center for Molecular MedicineFriedrich‐Alexander University of Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1Nikolaus‐Fiebiger Center for Molecular MedicineFriedrich‐Alexander University of Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Marc P. Stemmler
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1Nikolaus‐Fiebiger Center for Molecular MedicineFriedrich‐Alexander University of Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
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The influence of hypoxia and energy depletion on the response of endothelial cells to the vascular disrupting agent combretastatin A-4-phosphate. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9926. [PMID: 32555222 PMCID: PMC7303175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66568-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Combretastatin A-4 phosphate (CA4P) is a microtubule-disrupting tumour-selective vascular disrupting agent (VDA). CA4P activates the actin-regulating RhoA-GTPase/ ROCK pathway, which is required for full vascular disruption. While hypoxia renders tumours resistant to many conventional therapies, little is known about its influence on VDA activity. Here, we found that active RhoA and ROCK effector phospho-myosin light chain (pMLC) were downregulated in endothelial cells by severe hypoxia. CA4P failed to activate RhoA/ROCK/pMLC but its activity was restored upon reoxygenation. Hypoxia also inhibited CA4P-mediated actinomyosin contractility, VE-cadherin junction disruption and permeability rise. Glucose withdrawal downregulated pMLC, and coupled with hypoxia, reduced pMLC faster and more profoundly than hypoxia alone. Concurrent inhibition of glycolysis (2-deoxy-D-glucose, 2DG) and mitochondrial respiration (rotenone) caused profound actin filament loss, blocked RhoA/ROCK signalling and rendered microtubules CA4P-resistant. Withdrawal of the metabolism inhibitors restored the cytoskeleton and CA4P activity. The AMP-activated kinase AMPK was investigated as a potential mediator of pMLC downregulation. Pharmacological AMPK activators that generate AMP, unlike allosteric activators, downregulated pMLC but only when combined with 2DG and/or rotenone. Altogether, our results suggest that Rho/ROCK and actinomyosin contractility are regulated by AMP/ATP levels independently of AMPK, and point to hypoxia/energy depletion as potential modifiers of CA4P response.
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Garbicz D, Tobiasz P, Borys F, Pilżys T, Marcinkowski M, Poterała M, Grzesiuk E, Krawczyk H. The stilbene and dibenzo[b,f]oxepine derivatives as anticancer compounds. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 123:109781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Krawczyk H. The stilbene derivatives, nucleosides, and nucleosides modified by stilbene derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2019; 90:103073. [PMID: 31234131 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this short review, including 187 references, the issues of biological activity of stilbene derivatives and nucleosides and the biological and medicinal potential of fusion of these two classes are discussed. The stilbenes, especially the stilbenoids, and nucleosides are both biologically active. Hybrids formed from binding of these compounds have not yet been broadly studied. However, those that have been investigated exhibit desirable medicinal properties. The review is divided in such parts: I. Derivative of stilbene (biomedical investigations, biological activities in cells, enzymes and hazard), parts II. naturally occurred nucleoside and its derivatives: uridine, thymidine and 5-methyluridine, cytidine, adenosine, guanosine and part III. hybrid molecules- drugs and hybrid molecules- nucleoside - stilbene and its derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Krawczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
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Redfern AD, Spalding LJ, Thompson EW. The Kraken Wakes: induced EMT as a driver of tumour aggression and poor outcome. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:285-308. [PMID: 29948647 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9906-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) describes the shift of cells from an epithelial form to a contact independent, migratory, mesenchymal form. In cancer the change is linked to invasion and metastasis. Tumour conditions, including hypoxia, acidosis and a range of treatments can trigger EMT, which is implicated in the subsequent development of resistance to those same treatments. Consequently, the degree to which EMT occurs may underpin the entire course of tumour progression and treatment response in a patient. In this review we look past the protective effect of EMT against the initial treatment, to the role of the mesenchymal state, once triggered, in promoting disease growth, spread and future treatment insensitivity. In patients a correlation was found between the propensity of a treatment to induce EMT and failure of that treatment to provide a survival benefit, implicating EMT induction in accelerated tumour progression after treatment cessation. Looking to the mechanisms driving this detrimental effect; increased proliferation, suppressed apoptosis, stem cell induction, augmented angiogenesis, enhanced metastatic dissemination, and immune tolerance, can all result from treatment-induced EMT and could worsen outcome. Evidence also suggests EMT induction with earlier therapies attenuates benefits of later treatments. Looking beyond epithelial tumours, de-differentiation also has therapy-attenuating effects and reversal thereof may yield similar rewards. A range of potential therapies are in development that may address the diverse mechanisms and molecular control systems involved in EMT-induced accelerated progression. Considering the broad reaching effects of mesenchymal shift identified, successful deployment of such treatments could substantially improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Redfern
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia (UWA), Harry Perkins Building, Fiona Stanley Hospital Campus, Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.
| | - Lisa J Spalding
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia (UWA), Harry Perkins Building, Fiona Stanley Hospital Campus, Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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da Costa PLN, Wynne D, Fifis T, Nguyen L, Perini M, Christophi C. The kallikrein-Kinin system modulates the progression of colorectal liver metastases in a mouse model. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:382. [PMID: 29618333 PMCID: PMC5885419 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Kallikrein-Kinin System (KKS) has been found to play a role in tumor progression in several cancers. The KKS metabolic cascade depends on signalling through two cross talking receptors; bradykinin receptor 1 (B1R) and bradykinin receptor 2 (B2R). Activation of the Kinin receptor is responsible for multiple pathophysiologic functions including increase of vascular permeability and induction of host inflammatory responses that exert diverse effects on tumor growth. Methods B1R and B2R expression on mouse and human CRC cell lines was investigated. Changes in tumor growth and progression was assessed in male CBA mice bearing colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) following treatment with B1R or B2R blockers. In vitro cultures of human SW-480 and mouse colorectal cancer (MoCR) cell lines were examined for changes in their proliferation and migration properties following treatment with B1R or B2R blockers. Results Both colorectal cancer cell lines tested strongly positive for B1R and B2R expression. Inhibition of both receptors retarded tumor growth but only B1R blockade significantly reduced tumor load and increased tumor apoptosis. Blockade of either receptor reduced tumor vascularization in vivo and significantly inhibited proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer cells in vitro. Conclusion Taken together, the present study demonstrated that kinin receptor blockade inhibited tumor growth and reduced its invading properties suggesting that KKS manipulation could be a novel target in colorectal cancer therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4260-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Luiza Nunes da Costa
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building Level 8, Studley Rd, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,Laboratório de Oncologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David Wynne
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building Level 8, Studley Rd, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Theodora Fifis
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building Level 8, Studley Rd, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.
| | - Linh Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building Level 8, Studley Rd, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Marcos Perini
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building Level 8, Studley Rd, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Christopher Christophi
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building Level 8, Studley Rd, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
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Nguyen L, Fifis T, Christophi C. Vascular disruptive agent OXi4503 and anti-angiogenic agent Sunitinib combination treatment prolong survival of mice with CRC liver metastasis. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:533. [PMID: 27460820 PMCID: PMC4962549 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2568-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preclinical research indicate that vascular disrupting agent (VDA) treatment induces extensive tumor death but also a systemic mobilization of bone marrow derived cells including endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) leading to revascularization and renewed growth within the residual tumor. This study investigates if combination of VDA with the anti-angiogenic agent Sunitinib increases the treatment efficacy in a colorectal liver metastases mouse model. Methods CBA mice with established liver metastases were given a single dose of OXi4503 at day 16 post tumor induction, a daily dose of Sunitinib starting at day 14 or day 16 post tumor induction or a combination of Sunitinib given daily from day 14 or day 16 post tumor induction in combination with a single dose of OXi4503 at day 16. Treatment was terminated at day 21 post tumor induction and its effects were assessed using stereological and immunohistochemical techniques. Long term effects were assessed in a survival study. Results Combination with long (7 day) Sunitinib treatment lead to liver toxicity but this was ameliorated in the shorter (5 day) treatment without significantly altering the effects on tumor reduction. Combination treatment resulted in significant reduction of viable tumor, reduction in tumor vasculature, reduction in tumor proliferation, increase in tumor apoptosis and prolonged mouse survival compared to control and single arm treatments. Complete tumor eradication was not achieved. Redistribution of E-cadherin and strong up regulation of ZEB1 and Vimentin were observed in the surviving tumor; indicative of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a mechanism that could contribute to tumor resistance. Conclusions Combination treatment significantly reduces viable tumor and prolongs animal survival. EMT in the surviving tumor may prevent total tumor eradication and could provide novel targets for a more lasting treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2568-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building Level 8, Studley Rd, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Theodora Fifis
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building Level 8, Studley Rd, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.
| | - Christopher Christophi
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building Level 8, Studley Rd, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
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Krawczyk H, Wrzesiński M, Mielecki D, Szczeciński P, Grzesiuk E. Synthesis of derivatives of methoxydibenzo[ b, f ]oxepine in the presence of sodium azide. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related genes are linked to aggressive local recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after radiofrequency ablation. Cancer Lett 2016; 375:47-50. [PMID: 26940140 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We reported that poor prognoses of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) are owing to up-regulation of expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and epithelial cell adhesion molecule. We investigated aggressive progression in residual liver tumors (RLTs) after RFA to focus on expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes and miRNAs. Ten patients with recurrent HCC post-RFA who underwent hepatectomy (RFA group) and 78 patients with HCC without prior RFA (non-RFA group) were enrolled. We examined expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, Twist, vimentin, and Snail-1 mRNAs in tumor tissues, and expression of miR-34a and miR-200c. Expression of TGF-β, Twist and Snail-1 in the RFA group was significantly higher than that in the non-RFA group (P < 0.05); vimentin expression in the RFA group was higher than that in the non-RFA group (P = 0.07). Expression of miR-200c and miR-34a in the RFA group was significantly lower than that in the non-RFA group (miR-200c: P = 0.04; miR-34a: P < 0.01). Increased expression of EMT markers through down-regulation of miRNA expression in RLTs after RFA may be related to poor prognoses of HCC patients with aggressive local recurrence after RFA.
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Bothwell KD, Folaron M, Seshadri M. Preclinical Activity of the Vascular Disrupting Agent OXi4503 against Head and Neck Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8010011. [PMID: 26751478 PMCID: PMC4728458 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) represent a relatively distinct class of agents that target established blood vessels in tumors. In this study, we examined the preclinical activity of the second-generation VDA OXi4503 against human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Studies were performed in subcutaneous and orthotopic FaDu-luc HNSCC xenografts established in immunodeficient mice. In the subcutaneous model, bioluminescence imaging (BLI) along with tumor growth measurements was performed to assess tumor response to therapy. In mice bearing orthotopic tumors, a dual modality imaging approach based on BLI and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was utilized. Correlative histologic assessment of tumors was performed to validate imaging data. Dynamic BLI revealed a marked reduction in radiance within a few hours of OXi4503 administration compared to baseline levels. However, this reduction was transient with vascular recovery observed at 24 h post treatment. A single injection of OXi4503 (40 mg/kg) resulted in a significant (p < 0.01) tumor growth inhibition of subcutaneous FaDu-luc xenografts. MRI revealed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in volume of orthotopic tumors at 10 days post two doses of OXi4503 treatment. Corresponding histologic (H&E) sections of Oxi4503 treated tumors showed extensive areas of necrosis and hemorrhaging compared to untreated controls. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report, on the activity of Oxi4503 against HNSCC. These results demonstrate the potential of tumor-VDAs in head and neck cancer. Further examination of the antivascular and antitumor activity of Oxi4503 against HNSCC alone and in combination with chemotherapy and radiation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn D Bothwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA.
| | - Margaret Folaron
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Mukund Seshadri
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
- Department of Oral Medicine/Head and Neck Surgery, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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The prognostic significance of lymphatics in colorectal liver metastases. HPB SURGERY : A WORLD JOURNAL OF HEPATIC, PANCREATIC AND BILIARY SURGERY 2014; 2014:954604. [PMID: 24963215 PMCID: PMC4054842 DOI: 10.1155/2014/954604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background. Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the most common form of cancer diagnosed in Australia across both genders. Approximately, 40%-60% of patients with CRC develop metastasis, the liver being the most common site. Almost 70% of CRC mortality can be attributed to the development of liver metastasis. This study examines the pattern and density of lymphatics in colorectal liver metastases (CLM) as predictors of survival following hepatic resection for CLM. Methods. Patient tissue samples were obtained from the Victorian Cancer Biobank. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the spatial differences in blood and lymphatic vessel densities between different regions within the tumor (CLM) and surrounding host tissue. Lymphatic vessel density (LVD) was assessed as a potential prognostic marker. Results. Patients with low lymphatic vessel density in the tumor centre, tumor periphery, and adjacent normal liver demonstrated a significant disease-free survival advantage compared to patients with high lymphatic vessel density (P = 0.01, P > 0.01, and P = 0.05, resp.). Lymphatic vessel density in the tumor centre and periphery and adjacent normal liver was an accurate predictive marker of disease-free survival (P = 0.05). Conclusion. Lymphatic vessel density in CLM appears to be an accurate predictor of recurrence and disease-free survival.
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