1
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Almeida PP, Moraes JA, Barja-Fidalgo TC, Renovato-Martins M. Extracellular vesicles as modulators of monocyte and macrophage function in tumors. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2024; 96:e20231212. [PMID: 38922279 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202420231212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) harbors several cell types, such as tumor cells, immune cells, and non-immune cells. These cells communicate through several mechanisms, such as cell-cell contact, cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Tumor-derived vesicles are known to have the ability to modulate the immune response. Monocytes are a subset of circulating innate immune cells and play a crucial role in immune surveillance, being recruited to tissues where they differentiate into macrophages. In the context of tumors, it has been observed that tumor cells can attract monocytes to the TME and induce their differentiation into tumor-associated macrophages with a pro-tumor phenotype. Tumor-derived EVs have emerged as essential structures mediating this process. Through the transfer of specific molecules and signaling factors, tumor-derived EVs can shape the phenotype and function of monocytes, inducing the expression of cytokines and molecules by these cells, thus modulating the TME towards an immunosuppressive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palloma P Almeida
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Laboratório de Inflamação e Metabolismo, Rua Professor Marcos Waldemar de Freitas Reis, s/n, 24020-140 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Biologia Redox, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Prédio do ICB - Anexo B1F3, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes - IBRAG, Laboratório de Farmacologia Celular e Molecular, Av. 28 de setembro, 87, 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Alfredo Moraes
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Biologia Redox, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Prédio do ICB - Anexo B1F3, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thereza Christina Barja-Fidalgo
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes - IBRAG, Laboratório de Farmacologia Celular e Molecular, Av. 28 de setembro, 87, 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana Renovato-Martins
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Laboratório de Inflamação e Metabolismo, Rua Professor Marcos Waldemar de Freitas Reis, s/n, 24020-140 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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2
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Aloi N, Drago G, Ruggieri S, Cibella F, Colombo P, Longo V. Extracellular Vesicles and Immunity: At the Crossroads of Cell Communication. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1205. [PMID: 38256278 PMCID: PMC10816988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), comprising exosomes and microvesicles, are small membranous structures secreted by nearly all cell types. They have emerged as crucial mediators in intercellular communication, playing pivotal roles in diverse physiological and pathological processes, notably within the realm of immunity. These roles go beyond mere cellular interactions, as extracellular vesicles stand as versatile and dynamic components of immune regulation, impacting both innate and adaptive immunity. Their multifaceted involvement includes immune cell activation, antigen presentation, and immunomodulation, emphasising their significance in maintaining immune homeostasis and contributing to the pathogenesis of immune-related disorders. Extracellular vesicles participate in immunomodulation by delivering a wide array of bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, thereby influencing gene expression in target cells. This manuscript presents a comprehensive review that encompasses in vitro and in vivo studies aimed at elucidating the mechanisms through which EVs modulate human immunity. Understanding the intricate interplay between extracellular vesicles and immunity is imperative for unveiling novel therapeutic targets and diagnostic tools applicable to various immunological disorders, including autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cancer. Furthermore, recognising the potential of EVs as versatile drug delivery vehicles holds significant promise for the future of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Colombo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (N.A.); (G.D.); (S.R.); (F.C.); (V.L.)
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3
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Claridge B, Rai A, Lees JG, Fang H, Lim SY, Greening DW. Cardiomyocyte intercellular signalling increases oxidative stress and reprograms the global- and phospho-proteome of cardiac fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e125. [PMID: 38938901 PMCID: PMC11080892 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Pathological reprogramming of cardiomyocyte and fibroblast proteome landscapes drive the initiation and progression of cardiac fibrosis. Although the secretome of dysfunctional cardiomyocytes is emerging as an important driver of pathological fibroblast reprogramming, our understanding of the downstream molecular players remains limited. Here, we show that cardiac fibroblast activation (αSMA+) and oxidative stress mediated by the secretome of TGFβ-stimulated cardiomyocytes is associated with a profound reprogramming of their proteome and phosphoproteome landscape. Within the fibroblast global proteome there was a striking dysregulation of proteins implicated in extracellular matrix, protein localisation/metabolism, KEAP1-NFE2L2 pathway, lysosomes, carbohydrate metabolism, and transcriptional regulation. Kinase substrate enrichment analysis of phosphopeptides revealed potential role of kinases (CK2, CDK2, PKC, GSK3B) during this remodelling. We verified upregulated activity of casein kinase 2 (CK2) in secretome-treated fibroblasts, and pharmacological CK2 inhibitor TBB (4,5,6,7-Tetrabromobenzotriazole) significantly abrogated fibroblast activation and oxidative stress. Our data provides molecular insights into cardiomyocyte to cardiac fibroblast crosstalk, and the potential role of CK2 in regulating cardiac fibroblast activation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Claridge
- Baker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research Translation and ImplementationLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and EnvironmentLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Alin Rai
- Baker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research Translation and ImplementationLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jarmon G. Lees
- O'Brien Institute DepartmentSt Vincent's Institute of Medical ResearchFitzroyVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Surgery and MedicineUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Haoyun Fang
- Baker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Shiang Y. Lim
- O'Brien Institute DepartmentSt Vincent's Institute of Medical ResearchFitzroyVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Surgery and MedicineUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- National Heart Research Institute SingaporeNational Heart CentreSingaporeSingapore
- Drug Discovery Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - David W. Greening
- Baker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research Translation and ImplementationLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and EnvironmentLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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4
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Oliviero B, Dei Cas M, Zulueta A, Maiello R, Villa A, Martinelli C, Del Favero E, Falleni M, Montavoci L, Varchetta S, Mele D, Donadon M, Soldani C, Franceschini B, Maestri M, Piccolo G, Barabino M, Bianchi PP, Banales JM, Mantovani S, Mondelli MU, Caretti A. Ceramide present in cholangiocarcinoma-derived extracellular vesicle induces a pro-inflammatory state in monocytes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7766. [PMID: 37173330 PMCID: PMC10182100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34676-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare cancer characterized by a global increasing incidence. Extracellular vesicles (EV) contribute to many of the hallmarks of cancer through transfer of their cargo molecules. The sphingolipid (SPL) profile of intrahepatic CCA (iCCA)-derived EVs was characterized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The effect of iCCA-derived EVs as mediators of inflammation was assessed on monocytes by flow cytometry. iCCA-derived EVs showed downregulation of all SPL species. Of note, poorly-differentiated iCCA-derived EVs showed a higher ceramide and dihydroceramide content compared with moderately-differentiated iCCA-derived EVs. Of note, higher dihydroceramide content was associated with vascular invasion. Cancer-derived EVs induced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in monocytes. Inhibition of synthesis of ceramide with Myriocin, a specific inhibitor of the serine palmitoyl transferase, reduced the pro-inflammatory activity of iCCA-derived EVs, demonstrating a role for ceramide as mediator of inflammation in iCCA. In conclusion, iCCA-derived EVs may promote iCCA progression by exporting the excess of pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory ceramides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Oliviero
- Division of Clinical Immunology - Infectious Diseases, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Michele Dei Cas
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Aida Zulueta
- Neurorehabilitation Unit of Milan Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Maiello
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Villa
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Martinelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Del Favero
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Falleni
- Pathology Division, Health Sciences Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Montavoci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Varchetta
- Division of Clinical Immunology - Infectious Diseases, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Dalila Mele
- Division of Clinical Immunology - Infectious Diseases, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Donadon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristiana Soldani
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Immunopathology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Franceschini
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Immunopathology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Maestri
- Division of General Surgery 1, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Piccolo
- General Surgery Unit, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Barabino
- General Surgery Unit, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Pietro Bianchi
- General Surgery Unit, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute-Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, "Instituto de Salud Carlos III"), San Sebastian-Donostia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Stefania Mantovani
- Division of Clinical Immunology - Infectious Diseases, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
- SC Immunologia clinica - Malattie infettive, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mario U Mondelli
- Division of Clinical Immunology - Infectious Diseases, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
- SC Immunologia clinica - Malattie infettive, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Anna Caretti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Fendl B, Berghoff AS, Preusser M, Maier B. Macrophage and monocyte subsets as new therapeutic targets in cancer immunotherapy. ESMO Open 2023; 8:100776. [PMID: 36731326 PMCID: PMC10024158 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for the treatment of solid cancers dramatically turned the tables in clinical routine. However, therapy success is still limited with up to 70% of non-responders in patients with ICI treatment. Traditionally, most immunotherapy approaches aim at directly stimulating anti-tumor T cell responses. More recently, tumor-associated macrophages have come into focus due to their predominance in solid tumors. Intensive cross-talk with tumor cells and immune as well as stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment can drive either pro- or anti-tumorigenic macrophage phenotypes. In turn, tumor-associated macrophages strongly shape cytokine and metabolite levels in the tumor microenvironment and thus are central players in anti-tumor immunity. Thus, ambivalent macrophage populations exist which raises therapeutic possibilities to either enhance or diminish their functionality. However, molecular signals controlling tumor-associated macrophage polarization are incompletely understood. Gaining in-depth understanding of monocyte/macrophage properties both in circulation and within distinct tumor microenvironments would (i) allow the development of new therapeutic approaches, and (ii) could additionally aid our understanding of underlying mechanisms limiting current therapy with the option of combinatorial therapies to increase efficacy. In this review, we summarize recent data addressing heterogeneity of tumor-associated macrophage populations and we discuss strategies to target macrophages using known molecular pathways with the potential for straight-forward clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fendl
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Personalized Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A S Berghoff
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Personalized Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Preusser
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Personalized Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - B Maier
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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Albrecht M, Hummitzsch L, Rusch R, Heß K, Steinfath M, Cremer J, Lichte F, Fändrich F, Berndt R, Zitta K. Characterization of large extracellular vesicles (L-EV) derived from human regulatory macrophages (Mreg): novel mediators in wound healing and angiogenesis? J Transl Med 2023; 21:61. [PMID: 36717876 PMCID: PMC9887800 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large extracellular vesicles (L-EV) with a diameter between 1 and 10 µm are released by various cell types. L-EV contain and transport active molecules which are crucially involved in cell to cell communication. We have shown that secretory products of human regulatory macrophages (Mreg) bear pro-angiogenic potential in-vitro and our recent findings show that Mreg cultures also contain numerous large vesicular structures similar to L-EV with so far unknown characteristics and function. AIM OF THIS STUDY To characterize the nature of Mreg-derived L-EV (L-EVMreg) and to gain insights into their role in wound healing and angiogenesis. METHODS Mreg were differentiated using blood monocytes from healthy donors (N = 9) and L-EVMreg were isolated from culture supernatants by differential centrifugation. Characterization of L-EVMreg was performed by cell/vesicle analysis, brightfield/transmission electron microscopy (TEM), flow cytometry and proteome profiling arrays. The impact of L-EVMreg on wound healing and angiogenesis was evaluated by means of scratch and in-vitro tube formation assays. RESULTS Mreg and L-EVMreg show an average diameter of 13.73 ± 1.33 µm (volume: 1.45 ± 0.44 pl) and 7.47 ± 0.75 µm (volume: 0.22 ± 0.06 pl) respectively. Flow cytometry analyses revealed similarities between Mreg and L-EVMreg regarding their surface marker composition. However, compared to Mreg fewer L-EVMreg were positive for CD31 (P < 0.01), CD206 (P < 0.05), CD103 (P < 0.01) and CD45 (P < 0.05). Proteome profiling suggested that L-EVMreg contain abundant amounts of pro-angiogenic proteins (i.e. interleukin-8, platelet factor 4 and serpin E1). From a functional point of view L-EVMreg positively influenced in-vitro wound healing (P < 0.05) and several pro-angiogenic parameters in tube formation assays (all segment associated parameters, P < 0.05; number of meshes, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION L-EVMreg with regenerative and pro-angiogenic potential can be reproducibly isolated from in-vitro cultured human regulatory macrophages. We propose that L-EVMreg could represent a putative therapeutic option for the treatment of chronic wounds and ischemia-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Albrecht
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Schwanenweg 21, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Lars Hummitzsch
- grid.412468.d0000 0004 0646 2097Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Schwanenweg 21, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rene Rusch
- grid.412468.d0000 0004 0646 2097Clinic of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katharina Heß
- grid.412468.d0000 0004 0646 2097Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Steinfath
- grid.412468.d0000 0004 0646 2097Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Schwanenweg 21, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochen Cremer
- grid.412468.d0000 0004 0646 2097Clinic of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Frank Lichte
- grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986Department of Anatomy, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fred Fändrich
- grid.412468.d0000 0004 0646 2097Clinic for Applied Cell Therapy, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rouven Berndt
- grid.412468.d0000 0004 0646 2097Clinic of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karina Zitta
- grid.412468.d0000 0004 0646 2097Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Schwanenweg 21, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Shao X, Hua S, Feng T, Ocansey DKW, Yin L. Hypoxia-Regulated Tumor-Derived Exosomes and Tumor Progression: A Focus on Immune Evasion. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911789. [PMID: 36233088 PMCID: PMC9570495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells express a high quantity of exosomes packaged with unique cargos under hypoxia, an important characteristic feature in solid tumors. These hypoxic tumor-derived exosomes are, crucially, involved in the interaction of cancer cells with their microenvironment, facilitating not only immune evasion, but increased cell growth and survival, enhanced angiogenesis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), therapeutic resistance, autophagy, pre-metastasis, and metastasis. This paper explores the tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling effects of hypoxic tumor-derived exosome towards facilitating the tumor progression process, particularly, the modulatory role of these factors on tumor cell immune evasion through suppression of immune cells, expression of surface recognition molecules, and secretion of antitumor soluble factor. Tumor-expressed exosomes educate immune effector cells, including macrophages, monocytes, T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs), γδ T lymphocytes, regulatory T cells (Tregs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), mast cells, and B cells, within the hypoxic TME through the release of factors that regulate their recruitment, phenotype, and function. Thus, both hypoxia and tumor-derived exosomes modulate immune cells, growth factors, cytokines, receptor molecules, and other soluble factors, which, together, collaborate to form the immune-suppressive milieu of the tumor environment. Exploring the contribution of exosomal cargos, such as RNAs and proteins, as indispensable players in the cross-talk within the hypoxic tumor microenvironmental provides a potential target for antitumor immunity or subverting immune evasion and enhancing tumor therapies.
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8
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A Novel Anti-CD73 Antibody That Selectively Inhibits Membrane CD73 Shows Antitumor Activity and Induces Tumor Immune Escape. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040825. [PMID: 35453575 PMCID: PMC9031174 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD73 catalyzes the conversion of ATP to adenosine, which is involved in various physiological and pathological processes, including tumor immune escape. Because CD73 expression and activity are particularly high on cancer cells and contribute to the immunosuppressive properties of the tumor environment, it is considered an attractive target molecule for specific cancer therapies. In line, several studies demonstrated that CD73 inhibition has a significant antitumor effect. However, complete blocking of CD73 activity can evoke autoimmune phenomena and adverse side effects. We developed a CD73-specific antibody, 22E6, that specifically inhibits the enzymatic activity of membrane-tethered CD73 present in high concentrations on cancer cells and cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles but has no inhibitory effect on soluble CD73. Inhibition of CD73 on tumor cells with 22E6 resulted in multiple effects on tumor cells in vitro, including increased apoptosis and interference with chemoresistance. Intriguingly, in a xenograft mouse model of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 22E6 treatment resulted in an initial tumor growth delay in some animals, followed by a complete loss of CD73 expression on ALL cells in all 22E6 treated animals, indicating tumor immune escape. Taken together, 22E6 shows great potential for cancer therapy, favorably in combination with other drugs.
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9
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Tumor-Derived Exosomes in Tumor-Induced Immune Suppression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031461. [PMID: 35163380 PMCID: PMC8836190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a class of small membrane-bound extracellular vesicles released by almost all cell types and present in all body fluids. Based on the studies of exosome content and their interactions with recipient cells, exosomes are now thought to mediate “targeted” information transfer. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) carry a cargo of molecules different from that of normal cell-derived exosomes. TEX functions to mediate distinct biological effects such as receptor discharge and intercellular cross-talk. The immune system defenses, which may initially restrict tumor progression, are progressively blunted by the broad array of TEX molecules that activate suppressive pathways in different immune cells. Herein, we provide a review of the latest research progress on TEX in the context of tumor-mediated immune suppression and discuss the potential as well as challenges of TEX as a target of immunotherapy.
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10
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Akbar N, Paget D, Choudhury RP. Extracellular Vesicles in Innate Immune Cell Programming. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070713. [PMID: 34201592 PMCID: PMC8301301 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are a heterogeneous group of bilipid-enclosed envelopes that carry proteins, metabolites, RNA, DNA and lipids from their parent cell of origin. They mediate cellular communication to other cells in local tissue microenvironments and across organ systems. EV size, number and their biologically active cargo are often altered in response to pathological processes, including infection, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and in response to metabolic perturbations such as obesity and diabetes, which also have a strong inflammatory component. Here, we discuss the broad repertoire of EV produced by neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, their precursor hematopoietic stem cells and discuss their effects on the innate immune system. We seek to understand the immunomodulatory properties of EV in cellular programming, which impacts innate immune cell differentiation and function. We further explore the possibilities of using EV as immune targeting vectors, for the modulation of the innate immune response, e.g., for tissue preservation during sterile injury such as myocardial infarction or to promote tissue resolution of inflammation and potentially tissue regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Akbar
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (D.P.); (R.P.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Daan Paget
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (D.P.); (R.P.C.)
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Robin P. Choudhury
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (D.P.); (R.P.C.)
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11
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Xue VW, Yang C, Wong SCC, Cho WCS. Proteomic profiling in extracellular vesicles for cancer detection and monitoring. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000094. [PMID: 33665903 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometer-size lipid vesicles released by cells, which play essential biological functions in intercellular communication. Increasing evidence indicates that EVs participate in cancer development, including invasion, migration, metastasis, and cancer immune modulation. One of the key mechanisms is that EVs affect different cells in the tumor microenvironment through surface-anchor proteins and protein cargos. Moreover, proteins specifically expressed in tumor-derived EVs can be applied in cancer diagnosis and monitoring. Besides, the EV proteome also helps to understand drug resistance in cancers and to guide clinical medication. With the development of mass spectrometry and array-based multi-protein detection, the research of EV proteomics has entered a new era. The high-throughput parallel proteomic profiling based on these new platforms allows us to study the impact of EV proteome on cancer progression more comprehensively and to describe the proteomic landscape in cancers with more details. In this article, we review the role and function of different types of EVs in cancer progression. More importantly, we summarize the proteomic profiling of EVs based on different methods and the application of EV proteome in cancer detection and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Weiwen Xue
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chenxi Yang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sze Chuen Cesar Wong
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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12
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Luo X, Qiu Y, Dinesh P, Gong W, Jiang L, Feng X, Li J, Jiang Y, Lei YL, Chen Q. The functions of autophagy at the tumour-immune interface. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:2333-2341. [PMID: 33605033 PMCID: PMC7933948 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is frequently induced in the hypoxic tumour microenvironment. Accumulating evidence reveals important functions of autophagy at the tumour-immune interface. Herein, we propose an update on the roles of autophagy in modulating tumour immunity. Autophagy promotes adaptive resistance of established tumours to the cytotoxic effects of natural killer cells (NKs), macrophages and effector T cells. Increased autophagic flux in tumours dampen their immunogenicity and inhibits the expansion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) by suppressing the activation of STING type I interferon signalling (IFN-I) innate immune sensing pathway. Autophagy in suppressive tumour-infiltrating immune subsets maintains their survival through metabolic remodelling. On the other hand, autophagy is involved in the antigen processing and presentation process, which is essential for anti-tumour immune responses. Genetic deletion of autophagy induces spontaneous tumours in some models. Thus, the role of autophagy is context-dependent. In summary, our review has revealed the dichotomous roles of autophagy in modulating tumour immunity. Broad targeting of autophagy may not yield maximal benefits. The characterization of specific genes regulating tumour immunogenicity and innovation in targeted delivery of autophagy inhibitors into certain tumours are among the most urgent tasks to sensitize cold cancers to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Palani Dinesh
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rogel Cancer Center, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rogel Cancer Center, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaodong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuchen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu L Lei
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rogel Cancer Center, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Phenotypic and Proteomic Analysis Identifies Hallmarks of Blood Circulating Extracellular Vesicles in NSCLC Responders to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040585. [PMID: 33546102 PMCID: PMC7913165 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic and predictive role of blood circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with immunotherapy. A newly optimized flow cytometry protocol was applied for identification and subtyping of blood circulating EVs in a total cohort of 59 NSCLC patients, which included 31 patients treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents and 28 patients treated with traditional chemotherapy. Our results show that pre-treatment concentration of blood circulating endothelial-derived EVs was correlated with overall survival and clinical response in patients treated with immunotherapy. Additionally, proteomic analysis of purified blood circulating EVs indicated differences in EV protein cargo between responders and non-responders to immunotherapy. These findings may pave the way to the identification of novel immunotherapy biomarkers in patients with advanced NSCLC. Abstract Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) induce durable clinical responses only in a subset of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. There is a need to identify mechanisms of ICI resistance and immunotherapy biomarkers to improve clinical benefit. In this study, we evaluated the prognostic and predictive value of circulating endothelial and leukocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (EV) in patients with advanced NSCLC treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents. In addition, the relationship between total blood circulating EV proteome and response to ICIs was investigated. An optimized flow cytometry method was employed for the identification and subtyping of blood circulating EVs in 59 patients with advanced NSCLC. Blood samples were collected from patients receiving anti-PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors (n = 31) or chemotherapy (n = 28). An exploratory proteomic analysis of sorted blood EVs was conducted in a subset of patients. Our results show that a low blood concentration of circulating endothelial-derived EVs before treatment was strongly associated to longer overall survival (p = 0.0004) and higher disease control rate (p = 0.045) in patients treated with ICIs. Interestingly, shotgun proteomics revealed that EVs of responders to anti-PD-1 therapy had a specific protein cargo before treatment. In addition, EV protein cargo was specifically modulated during immunotherapy. We identified a previously unknown association between circulating endothelial-derived extracellular vesicle concentration and immunotherapy-related clinical outcomes. We also observed differences in circulating extracellular vesicle proteome according to anti-PD-1-based treatment response in NSCLC patients. Overall, these results may contribute to the identification of novel circulating biomarkers for rational immunotherapy approaches in patients affected by NSCLC.
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14
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Du Q, Ye X, Lu SR, Li H, Liu HY, Zhai Q, Yu B. Exosomal miR-30a and miR-222 derived from colon cancer mesenchymal stem cells promote the tumorigenicity of colon cancer through targeting MIA3. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:52-68. [PMID: 33708424 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-20-513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from virus tumors have been reported to contribute to malignant cell growth, invasion, and metastasis. However, the mechanism of communication between MSCs and colon cancer cells is poorly understood. Recent studies have suggested that exosomes are an important player in crosstalk between cells and could significantly suppress the invasion ability of human cancer cells (hCCs) when transfected with a microRNA inhibitor. However, to date, no study has illuminated the miRNA changes in exosomes derived from hCC-MSCs. Methods Colon cancer stem cells were cultured in medium and passaged to develop fibroblast-like morphology. Exosomes were collected using ExoQuick precipitation and exosome morphology was visualized by transmission electron microscopy. Small RNA sequencing was analyzed using an Illumina HiSeq4000 analyzer, and the expression of MIA3 was assessed by real-time PCR and Western blot. The functional roles of miR-30a and miR-222 in colon cancer cells were evaluated through cell and animal experiments. Results Our results showed that the characteristics of MSC-like cells (hCC-MSCs) derived from human colon cancer stem cells were comparable to those of bone marrow-derived MSCs, including surface antigens and the ability to multi-differentiate to osteocytes and adipocytes. Furthermore, we screened the microRNA (miRNA) profiles of exosomes derived from hCC-MSCs and the corresponding parent hCC-MSCs. We found a significant enrichment in the miR-30a and miR-222 level in hCC-MSC-derived exosomes. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that miR-30a and miR-222 bound to their shared downstream target, MIA3, to promote the ability of colon cells to proliferate, migrate, and metastasize, thus evidencing their functional roles as oncogenic miRNAs. Conclusions These data suggest that hCC-MSC-secreted exosomes promote colon cancer cell proliferation and metastasis through delivering miR-30a and miR-222. Subsequently, exosomal miR-30a and miR-222 simultaneously target MIA3, suppress its expression, and promote colon cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Rong Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Min-Hang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Yue Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Zhai
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Min-Hang District, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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15
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Myeloid Cell Modulation by Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176319. [PMID: 32878277 PMCID: PMC7504548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) can carry proteins, RNA and DNA, thus serving as communication tools between cells. Tumor cells secrete EV, which can be taken up by surrounding cells in the tumor microenvironment as well as by cells in distant organs. Tumor-derived EV (TEV) contain factors induced by tumor-associated hypoxia such as heat shock proteins or a variety of microRNA (miRNA). The interaction of TEV with tumor and host cells can promote cancer angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Myeloid cells are widely presented in tissues, comprise the majority of immune cells and play an essential role in immune reactions and tissue remodeling. However, in cancer, the differentiation of myeloid cells and their functions are impaired, resulting in tumor promotion. Such alterations are due to chronic inflammatory conditions associated with cancer and are mediated by the tumor secretome, including TEV. A high capacity of myeloid cells to clear EV from circulation put them in the central position in EV-mediated formation of pre-metastatic niches. The exposure of myeloid cells to TEV could trigger numerous signaling pathways. Progenitors of myeloid cells alter their differentiation upon the contact with TEV, resulting in the generation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), inhibiting anti-tumor function of T and natural killer (NK) cells and promoting thereby tumor progression. Furthermore, TEV can augment MDSC immunosuppressive capacity. Different subsets of mature myeloid cells such as monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells (DC) and granulocytes take up TEV and acquire a protumorigenic phenotype. However, the delivery of tumor antigens to DC by TEV was shown to enhance their immunostimulatory capacity. The present review will discuss a diverse and complex EV-mediated crosstalk between tumor and myeloid cells in the context of the tumor type, TEV-associated cargo molecules and type of recipient cells.
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16
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Düchler M, Czernek L, Peczek L, Cypryk W, Sztiller-Sikorska M, Czyz M. Melanoma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Bear the Potential for the Induction of Antigen-Specific Tolerance. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070665. [PMID: 31269655 PMCID: PMC6679195 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer-induced immunosuppression is antigen-specific rather than systemic and the mechanisms for the antigen specificity are incompletely understood. Here we explore the option that tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) may be transferred to antigen-presenting cells (APCs), together with immunosuppressive molecules, through cancer-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), such as exosomes. Stimulation of a suppressive phenotype in the very same APCs that take up TAAs may yield antigen-specific tolerance. Methods: sEVs isolated from patient-derived or well-established melanoma cell lines were used to demonstrate the transfer of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules to the surface of APCs. The immunosuppressive influence of sEVs was assessed by flow cytometry analysis of activation markers, cytokine expression, and mixed lymphocyte reactions. Results: MHC class I molecules were transferred from melanoma cells to the cell surface of APCs by sEVs. Concomitantly, CD86 and CD40 co-stimulatory molecules were down-regulated and IL-6 production was strongly induced. TGF-β transported by sEVs contributed to the promotion of a suppressive phenotype of APCs. Conclusion: The presented results indicate the existence of a hitherto undescribed mechanism that offers an explanation for antigen-specific tolerance induction mediated by cancer-derived sEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Düchler
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 112 Sienkiewicza Street, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Liliana Czernek
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 112 Sienkiewicza Street, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Lukasz Peczek
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 112 Sienkiewicza Street, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Cypryk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 112 Sienkiewicza Street, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Sztiller-Sikorska
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Czyz
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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17
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Domenis R, Cifù A, Marinò D, Fabris M, Niazi KR, Soon-Shiong P, Curcio F. Toll-like Receptor-4 Activation Boosts the Immunosuppressive Properties of Tumor Cells-derived Exosomes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8457. [PMID: 31186484 PMCID: PMC6560033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44949-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology of tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) is only partially understood and much remains to be studied in order to define the effect that the tumor microenvironment or the activation of tumor cells exerts on their composition and functions. Increased expression and activity of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in chronic infectious and inflammatory conditions is related with cancer progression: its activation induces an inflammatory signaling that increases the tumorigenic potential of cancer cells promoting their immune evasion. We investigated the immune modulatory properties of TEX released upon cell TLR4 activation, and we found that, although differences were observed depending on the type of the tumor, the treatment influences TEX composition and boosts their immunosuppressive ability. Our results suggest that the activation of TLR4 supports tumor progression by stimulating the release of more effective immunosuppressive exosomes, which allow tumor cells to escape immune surveillance and probably even play a role in the metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Domenis
- Dipartimento di Area Medica (DAME), Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Adriana Cifù
- Dipartimento di Area Medica (DAME), Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Daniele Marinò
- Dipartimento di Area Medica (DAME), Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Martina Fabris
- Dipartimento di Area Medica (DAME), Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy.,Istituto di Patologia Clinica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine (ASUID), Udine, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Curcio
- Dipartimento di Area Medica (DAME), Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy. .,Istituto di Patologia Clinica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine (ASUID), Udine, Italy.
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18
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Wen ZF, Liu H, Gao R, Zhou M, Ma J, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Chen Y, Zhang T, Huang F, Pan N, Zhang J, Fox BA, Hu HM, Wang LX. Tumor cell-released autophagosomes (TRAPs) promote immunosuppression through induction of M2-like macrophages with increased expression of PD-L1. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:151. [PMID: 30563569 PMCID: PMC6299637 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) facilitate tumor progression via establishment of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). However, it is poorly understood how tumor cells could functionally modulate TAMs. Our previous work indicated that tumor cell-released autophagosomes (TRAPs), a type of LC3-II+ double-membrane extracellular vesicles (EVs) was sufficient to suppress anti-tumor immune responses by inducing IL-10-producing B cells and immune suppressive neutrophils. Here, we hypothesized that TRAPs may participate in regulating macrophage polarization. Methods TRAPs isolated from multiple murine tumor cell lines and pleural effusions or ascites of cancer patients were incubated with bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and monocytes, respectively. Cellular phenotypes were examined by flow cytometry, ELISA and quantitative PCR. TRAPs treated BMDMs were tested for the ability to suppress T-cell proliferation in vitro, and for promotion of tumor growth in vivo. Transwell chamber and neutralization antibodies were added to ascertain the inhibitory molecules expressed on BMDMs exposed to TRAPs. Knockout mice were used to identify the receptors responsible for TRAPs-induced BMDMs polarization and the signaling mechanism was examined by western blot. Autophagy-deficient tumors were profiled for phenotypic changes of TAMs and IFN-γ secretion of T cells by flow cytometry. The phenotype of monocytes from pleural effusions or ascites of cancer patients was assessed by flow cytometry. Results TRAPs converted macrophages into an immunosuppressive M2-like phenotype characterized by the expression of PD-L1 and IL-10. These macrophages inhibited the proliferation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vitro, and promoted tumor growth mainly through PD-L1 in vivo. TRAPs-induced macrophage polarization was dependent on TLR4-mediated MyD88-p38-STAT3 signaling. In vivo studies indicated that disruption of autophagosome formation in B16F10 cells by silencing the autophagy gene Beclin1 resulted in a remarkable delay in tumor growth, which was associated with reduced autophagosome secretion, TAMs reprogramming and enhanced T cell activation. Moreover, the levels of LC3B+ EVs appeared to correlate significantly with up-regulation of PD-L1 and IL-10 in matched monocytes from effusions or ascites of cancer patients, and TRAPs isolated from these samples could also polarize monocytes to an M2-like phenotype with increased expression of PD-L1, CD163 and IL-10, decreased expression of HLA-DR, and T cell-suppressive function. Conclusions These findings suggest the TRAPs-PD-L1 axis as a major driver of immunosuppression in the TME by eliciting macrophage polarization towards an M2-like phenotype, and highlight the potential novel therapeutic approach of simultaneously targeting autophagy and PD-L1. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-018-0452-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Fa Wen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxiang Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjin Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 2N81 North Pavilion, 4805 N.E. Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Hong-Ming Hu
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 2N81 North Pavilion, 4805 N.E. Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA.
| | - Li-Xin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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