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Barba-Sánchez V, Salinero Y, Jiménez-Estevez P, Galindo E. Contribution of Entrepreneurship to the Social Integration of People Intellectual Disabilities: A Case Study Based on the Analysis of Social Networks. Front Psychol 2021; 12:725060. [PMID: 34712174 PMCID: PMC8545869 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.725060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In an environment characterized by high unemployment rates among people with disabilities, the objective of the present work is to analyze entrepreneurship as a labor option which fully inserts people with intellectual disabilities (PwID) into their societies. In order to carry out this research, a case study methodology based on social network analysis has been adopted, given the nature of the variables analyzed. The results indicate that the fact of having managed to start up the company has been an important source of self-confidence and inspiration, as well as increasing and intensifying the social networks of PwID involved in the entrepreneurial project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Barba-Sánchez
- Business Administration Department, ESII, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Yolanda Salinero
- Business Administration Department, Faculty of Legal and Social Science, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Pedro Jiménez-Estevez
- Business Administration Department, Faculty of Legal and Social Science, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Hutchinson C, Lay K, Alexander J, Ratcliffe J. People with intellectual disabilities as business owners: A systematic review of peer-reviewed literature. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2020; 34:459-470. [PMID: 33280214 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microenterprises are very small businesses requiring little capital and can be an employment pathway for people with intellectual disabilities. This systematic review aims to identify the facilitators, barriers and outcomes from microenterprise. METHOD Web of Science, Scopus, EconLit, PsycINFO and ProQuest were searched to identify peer-reviewed studies on microenterprises owned by people with intellectual disability published up to and including 1 October 2019. RESULTS A total of 1080 papers were independently screened by two reviewers. Six papers met the inclusion criteria. Barriers included lack of access to business expertise and resources, and the tension between growing microenterprises and maintaining eligibility for welfare payments. Formal and informal supports were key facilitators. Outcomes experienced included additional income, skills development, increased confidence and engagement in meaningful activities. CONCLUSION Additional research is required to develop an evidence base which may support investment in this employment pathway, making microenterprise more accessible to people with intellectual disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hutchinson
- Health and Social Care Economics Group, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kiri Lay
- Health and Social Care Economics Group, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - June Alexander
- Disability and Community Inclusion Unit, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julie Ratcliffe
- Health and Social Care Economics Group, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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Alfredsson Ågren K, Kjellberg A, Hemmingsson H. Internet opportunities and risks for adolescents with intellectual disabilities: A comparative study of parents' perceptions. Scand J Occup Ther 2020; 27:601-613. [PMID: 32538241 DOI: 10.1080/11038128.2020.1770330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: In contemporary society internet and digital competencies are used to perform activities.Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate opportunities and risks of internet use as perceived by the parents of adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID) in comparison with a national reference group of parents of adolescents.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with group comparisons using a national survey. Analyses were carried out using Fisher's exact test and logistic regression to control for confounding factors.Results: A significantly higher proportion of parents of adolescents with ID perceive opportunities associated with internet use and playing games, and a lower proportion perceive risks with negative consequences, compared with the reference group. Significantly more parents of adolescents with ID perceive their adolescent never use smartphones and social media compared with the reference group. Fewer parents of adolescents with ID have concerns about online risks for their adolescents compared with the reference group.Conclusion and Significance: The results provide new knowledge for occupational therapists to support positive risk-taking in internet-use for adolescents with ID, in collaboration with their parents, to enable the development of digital competencies and digital participation in everyday life in a digitalised society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anette Kjellberg
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Helena Hemmingsson
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Special Education, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Pelleboer-Gunnink HA, van Oorsouw WMWJ, van Weeghel J, Embregts PJCM. Stigma research in the field of intellectual disabilities: a scoping review on the perspective of care providers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2019; 67:168-187. [PMID: 34188898 PMCID: PMC8211133 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2019.1616990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Care providers are key agents in the lives of individuals with an intellectual disability (ID). The quality of their support can be affected by manifestations of stigma. This scoping review was conducted to explore studies that provide indications of care providers' stigmatization of people with ID. Methods: A structured search was made in four databases to identify relevant studies in English-language peer-reviewed journals. Records were systematically and independently screened by the researchers. Results: The 40 articles included in this review were mainly conducted in Western countries and used Likert-type self-report measures of explicit attitudes. Stigmatization seemed more distinct concerning people with high support needs. The few studies on public stigma preliminary suggest that staff may also stigmatize people with ID based on other social identities. Regarding the support of structural stigma, staff reported skepticism regarding community inclusion for people with high support needs, and tended to be ambivalent about the protection-or-empowerment balance in the support of people with ID. Possible indications of stigmatization regarding sexuality were found on specific issues, such as self-determination and privacy. Agreement of staff with certain rights did not necessarily lead to staff acting in accordance with such rights. Conclusion: Indications of stigmatization of people with ID by care providers were found. Stigmatizing attitudes might affect the quality of care providers' support. Potential leads for future interventions concern creating awareness, sharing power, addressing diagnostic overshadowing, and providing explicit policy translations. Directions for future research concern strengthening the methodology of studies and enriching the studied topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A. Pelleboer-Gunnink
- Department of Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, TheNetherlands
- Dichterbij Innovation and Science, Gennep, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jaap van Weeghel
- Department of Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, TheNetherlands
- Phrenos Centre of Expertise, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Parnassia Group, Dijk en Duin Mental Health Centre, Castricum, The Netherlands
| | - Petri J. C. M. Embregts
- Department of Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, TheNetherlands
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Giesbers SAH, Hendriks L, Jahoda A, Hastings RP, Embregts PJCM. Living with support: Experiences of people with mild intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2018; 32:446-456. [PMID: 30362653 PMCID: PMC7379989 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To enhance social inclusion of people with intellectual disability, policy is aimed at increasing informal support networks. Nevertheless, staff continue to play a vital role in their support networks. METHOD Six individuals with mild intellectual disability, living in community-based settings, were interviewed following a semi-structured format. In-depth accounts of participants' support experiences were established using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. RESULTS Three main themes were identified: relationships with staff placed within a personal history, relationships with staff within an organisational context, and staff support and interviewees' place in the world. CONCLUSIONS Relationships with staff were often one of the closest and most significant social relationships participants had. As living in the community had not necessarily led to meaningful inclusion for participants, the findings point at the important role of staff in supporting and facilitating friendships and close relationships of people with intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne A H Giesbers
- Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.,Dichterbij Innovation and Science, Gennep, The Netherlands
| | - Lex Hendriks
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Jahoda
- Psychological Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard P Hastings
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Petri J C M Embregts
- Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Promoting Wellness in People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Through Relationships. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-018-0144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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7
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van Asselt-Goverts AE, Embregts PJCM, Hendriks AHC. Evaluation of a Social Network Intervention for People with Mild to Borderline Intellectual Disabilities. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2016; 31:e229-e243. [PMID: 28000354 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the effectiveness of interventions aimed at enhancing the social networks of people with intellectual disabilities. This study explores the results of such an intervention. How did the clients with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities and their support workers evaluate the intervention? What did they learn from it? Were there any changes in network characteristics, satisfaction and wishes in relation to networks, participation, loneliness, self-determination or self-esteem? METHOD The evaluation of the intervention was explored from several perspectives (i.e. five clients, their six support workers and three trainers), using mixed methods (i.e. interviews and questionnaires). RESULTS The intervention was positively evaluated by both clients and support workers. Moreover, the analysis revealed the vulnerability of clients and their networks but also the benefits experienced from the intervention, such as decreased loneliness, enhanced social networks, increased awareness, competence, autonomy and increased participation. CONCLUSION The indicative level of evidence for the effectiveness of this intervention justifies a larger series of case studies or a larger control trial study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E van Asselt-Goverts
- Faculty of Health and Social Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P J C M Embregts
- Department Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.,Dichterbij Innovation and Science, Gennep, The Netherlands
| | - A H C Hendriks
- Department Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.,Dichterbij Innovation and Science, Gennep, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Pedagogical and Educational Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Raitakari S, Haahtela R, Juhila K. Tackling community integration in mental health home visit integration in Finland. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2016; 24:e53-e62. [PMID: 25950446 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Integration - and its synonym inclusion - is emphasised in the western welfare states and in the European Union in particular. Integration is also a central topic in the social sciences and in current mental health and homelessness research and practice. As mental healthcare has shifted from psychiatric hospitals to the community, it has inevitably become involved with housing and integration issues. This article explores how community integration is understood and tackled in mental health floating support services (FSSs) and, more precisely, in service user-practitioner home visit interaction. The aim, through shedding light on how the idea of integration is present and discussed in front-line mental health practices, is to offer a 'template' on how we might, in a systematic and reflective way, develop community integration research and practice. The analysis is based on ethnomethodological and micro-sociological interaction research. The research settings are two FSSs located in a large Finnish city. The data contain 24 audio-recorded and transcribed home visits conducted in 2011 and 2012 with 16 different service users. The study shows how the participants in service user-practitioner interaction give meaning to community integration and make decisions about how it should (or should not) be enhanced in each individual case. This activity is called community integration work in action. Community integration work in action is based on various dimensions of integration: getting out of the house, participating in group activities and getting along with those involved in one's life and working life. Additionally, the analysis demonstrates how community integration work is accomplished by discursive devices (resistance, positioning, excuses and justifications, delicacy and advice-giving). The article concludes that community integration is about interaction: it is not only service users' individual challenge but also a social challenge, our challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Raitakari
- School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Riikka Haahtela
- School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kirsi Juhila
- School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Bredewold F, Tonkens E, Trappenburg M. Solidarity and Reciprocity Between People With and Without Disabilities. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Margo Trappenburg
- Utrecht School of Governance; University of Humanistic Studies; The Netherlands
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Schneider C, Hattie B. Exploring the social lives of young adults with disabilities. ALTER-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DISABILITY RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.alter.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Do social networks differ? Comparison of the social networks of people with intellectual disabilities, people with autism spectrum disorders and other people living in the community. J Autism Dev Disord 2015; 45:1191-203. [PMID: 25326258 PMCID: PMC4544488 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the similarities and differences in social network characteristics, satisfaction and wishes with respect to the social network between people with mild or borderline intellectual disabilities (ID), people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and a reference group. Data were gathered from 105 young adults living independently in the community. The social networks of people with ID and ASD are more restricted than those of the reference group. Compared with the other groups, people with ASD are less often satisfied with their networks. Each group has its own characteristics, issues and wishes with respect to their social network. Practical measures to enable professionals to adapt to these issues are discussed.
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Zijlmans LJM, Embregts PJCM, Gerits L, Bosman AMT, Derksen JJL. The effectiveness of staff training focused on increasing emotional intelligence and improving interaction between support staff and clients. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2015; 59:599-612. [PMID: 25171725 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research addressed the relationship between staff behaviour and challenging behaviour of individuals with an intellectual disability (ID). Consequently, research on interventions aimed at staff is warranted. The present study focused on the effectiveness of a staff training aimed at emotional intelligence and interactions between staff and clients. The effects of the training on emotional intelligence, coping style and emotions of support staff were investigated. METHOD Participants were 214 support staff working within residential settings for individuals with ID and challenging behaviour. The experimental group consisted of 76 staff members, 138 staff members participated in two different control groups. A pre-test, post-test, follow-up control group design was used. Effectiveness was assessed using questionnaires addressing emotional intelligence, coping and emotions. RESULTS Emotional intelligence of the experimental group changed significantly more than that of the two control groups. The experimental group showed an increase in task-oriented coping, whereas one control group did not. The results with regard to emotions were mixed. Follow-up data revealed that effects within the experimental group were still present four months after the training ended. CONCLUSIONS A staff training aimed at emotional intelligence and staff-client interactions is effective in improving emotional intelligence and coping styles of support staff. However, the need for more research aiming at the relationship between staff characteristics, organisational factors and their mediating role in the effectiveness of staff training is emphasised.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J M Zijlmans
- Tilburg University, Tranzo, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Consortium Coping LVB, The Netherlands
| | - P J C M Embregts
- Tilburg University, Tranzo, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Consortium Coping LVB, The Netherlands
- Tilburg University, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- HAN University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Dichterbij Kennisn@, Gennep, The Netherlands
| | - L Gerits
- Consortium Coping LVB, The Netherlands
- GGzE Centre for Mental Health, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - A M T Bosman
- Consortium Coping LVB, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J J L Derksen
- Consortium Coping LVB, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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van Asselt-Goverts AE, Embregts PJCM, Hendriks AHC. Social networks of people with mild intellectual disabilities: characteristics, satisfaction, wishes and quality of life. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2015; 59:450-461. [PMID: 25040897 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A supportive social network is crucial for facilitating social inclusion, which can, in turn, contribute to the quality of life (QOL) for people with intellectual disabilities (ID). In this study, we investigate how people with mild ID perceive their social networks and which network characteristics relate to satisfaction with the network and perceived QOL. METHOD Data were gathered from 33 young adults with a mild to borderline ID using structured questionnaires: the MSNA to map the social network, the IDQOL-16 to assess QOL, and a questionnaire to determine satisfaction and wishes with regard to the social network. RESULTS The majority of the participants (73.1%) were satisfied with their social networks. Improvement in the area of strengthening existing ties (e.g. more frequent contact, better contact) was desired as opposed to expansion of the network. Affection--especially towards family and professionals--was most strongly related to perceived QOL. It appears to be essential that relatives live in the same town, can frequently meet up and provide both emotional and practical support. CONCLUSIONS The significance of family and the importance of high-quality interpersonal relationships between professional and client in the lives of young adults with ID cannot be overestimated. Although measures of satisfaction and wishes can have limitations, in actual practice it is considered useful to assess the opinions of clients with respect to their social networks. Interventions can then be tailored to the needs and wishes of the persons themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E van Asselt-Goverts
- Faculty of Health and Social Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Tranzo, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Simplican SC, Leader G, Kosciulek J, Leahy M. Defining social inclusion of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities: an ecological model of social networks and community participation. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 38:18-29. [PMID: 25543997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Social inclusion is an important goal for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, families, service providers, and policymakers; however, the concept of social inclusion remains unclear, largely due to multiple and conflicting definitions in research and policy. We define social inclusion as the interaction between two major life domains: interpersonal relationships and community participation. We then propose an ecological model of social inclusion that includes individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and socio-political factors. We identify four areas of research that our ecological model of social inclusion can move forward: (1) organizational implementation of social inclusion; (2) social inclusion of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities living with their families, (3) social inclusion of people along a broader spectrum of disability, and (4) the potential role of self-advocacy organizations in promoting social inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Clifford Simplican
- MSU-DOCTRID (Michigan State University - Daughters of Charity - Technology, Research Into Disability) Research Institute, Hegarty Fellow Program, Michigan State University, USA; Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology and Special Education, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Geraldine Leader
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
| | - John Kosciulek
- MSU-DOCTRID (Michigan State University - Daughters of Charity - Technology, Research Into Disability) Research Institute, Hegarty Fellow Program, Michigan State University, USA; Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology and Special Education, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Michael Leahy
- MSU-DOCTRID (Michigan State University - Daughters of Charity - Technology, Research Into Disability) Research Institute, Hegarty Fellow Program, Michigan State University, USA; Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology and Special Education, Michigan State University, USA
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