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López-Salas L, Díaz-Moreno J, Ciulu M, Borrás-Linares I, Quirantes-Piné R, Lozano-Sánchez J. Monitoring the Phenolic and Terpenic Profile of Olives, Olive Oils and By-Products throughout the Production Process. Foods 2024; 13:1555. [PMID: 38790855 PMCID: PMC11121151 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Olive oil is a food of great importance in the Mediterranean diet and culture. However, during its production, the olive oil industry generates a large amount of waste by-products that can be an important source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds and terpenes, revalorizing them in the context of the circular economy. Therefore, it is of great interest to study the distribution and abundance of these bioactive compounds in the different by-products. This research is a screening focused on phytochemical analysis, with particular emphasis on the identification and quantification of the phenolic and terpenic fractions. Both the main products of the olive industry (olives, olive paste and produced oil) and the by-products generated throughout the oil production process (leaf, "alpeorujo", liquid and solid residues generated during decanting commonly named "borras" and washing water) were analyzed. For this purpose, different optimized extraction procedures were performed for each matrix, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-TOF/MS) analysis. Although no phenolic alcohols were quantified in the leaf and the presence of secoiridoids was low, this by-product was notable for its flavonoid (720 ± 20 µg/g) and terpene (5000 ± 300 µg/g) contents. "Alpeorujo" presented a complete profile of compounds of interest, being abundant in phenolic alcohols (900 ± 100 µg/g), secoiridoids (4500 ± 500 µg/g) and terpenes (1200 ± 100 µg/g), among others. On the other hand, while the solid residue of the borras was the most abundant in phenolic alcohols (3700 ± 200 µg/g) and secoiridoids (680 ± 20 µg/g), the liquid fraction of this waste was notable for its content of elenolic acid derivatives (1700 ± 100 µg/mL) and phenolic alcohols (3000 ± 300 µg/mL). Furthermore, to our knowledge, this is the first time that the terpene content of this by-product has been monitored, demonstrating that it is an important source of these compounds, especially maslinic acid (120 ± 20 µg/g). Finally, the phytochemical content in wash water was lower than expected, and only elenolic acid derivatives were detected (6 ± 1 µg/mL). The results highlighted the potential of the olive by-products as possible alternative sources of a wide variety of olive bioactive compounds for their revalorization into value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía López-Salas
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Farmacy, University of Granada, Campus Universitario Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (L.L.-S.); (J.D.-M.); (J.L.-S.)
| | - Javier Díaz-Moreno
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Farmacy, University of Granada, Campus Universitario Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (L.L.-S.); (J.D.-M.); (J.L.-S.)
| | - Marco Ciulu
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Cà Vignal 1, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Isabel Borrás-Linares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Rosa Quirantes-Piné
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Jesús Lozano-Sánchez
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Farmacy, University of Granada, Campus Universitario Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (L.L.-S.); (J.D.-M.); (J.L.-S.)
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López-Huertas E, Rubí-Villegas J, Sánchez-Moreno L, Nieto R. Olive Pomace Extract Contains Low Molecular Weight Peptides and Possesses ACE Inhibitory Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3962. [PMID: 38612773 PMCID: PMC11011677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the ACE inhibitory activity of aqueous extracts of olive pomace and to understand whether they represent a good source of bioactive LMW peptides for nutritional and pharmacological applications. We produced a water extract from olive pomace (var. Picual) and obtained its low molecular weight (LMW) fraction (<3 kDa). The calculated yield of extraction was 100.2 ± 7.9 mg of LMW peptides per 100 g of olive pomace. The olive pomace LMW fraction possessed strong ACE inhibitory activity (IC50 = 3.57 ± 0.22 µg prot/mL). The LMW fraction (<3 kDa) was analysed by nanoscale liquid chromatography-Orbitrap coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and de novo sequencing. Thirty new peptides, containing between 7-17 amino acids and molecular masses ranging 778-1354 Da, were identified by the Peaks database algorithm using the available Olea europaea (cv. Farga) genome database. Ten new peptides were also identified by Peaks de novo sequencing. The protein sources of twelve peptides detected in the database by Peaks DB were identified by BLAST search. The ACE inhibitory activity of the identified peptides was predicted by BIOPEP software. We conclude that olive pomace possesses ACE inhibitory activity and contains low molecular weight peptides with (predicted) biological activity. Olive pomace may represent a good source of peptides for nutritional and pharmaceutical applications. In our study, it has been shown that olive pomace possesses ACE inhibitory activity and contains low molecular weight peptides with (predicted) biological activity. Olive pomace may represent a good source of peptides for nutritional and pharmaceutical applications. More research is needed in order to identify the in vivo effects of olive pomace bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo López-Huertas
- Group of Antioxidants and Free Radicals in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental Zaidín (EEZ), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Rubí-Villegas
- Group of Antioxidants and Free Radicals in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental Zaidín (EEZ), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Lourdes Sánchez-Moreno
- Instrumental Technical Services of the Estación Experimental Zaidín (EEZ), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa Nieto
- Department of Nutrition and Sustainable Animal Production, Estación Experimental Zaidín (EEZ), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), San Miguel 101, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
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Pedrosa AM, de Castro WV, Castro AHF, Duarte-Almeida JM. Validated spectrophotometric method for quantification of total triterpenes in plant matrices. Daru 2020; 28:281-286. [DOI: 10.1007/s40199-020-00342-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Chapuis C, Skuy D, Richard C. A Concise Synthesis of
rac
‐
Ambrox
®
via
the Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Carboalkoxylation of an Allylic Ammonium Salt, as Compared to a Formaldehyde Hetero
Diels–Alder
Approach. Helv Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201900097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Chapuis
- Firmenich SACorporate R & D DivisionSynthesis Department Route des Jeunes 1 CH-1211 Geneva 8 Switzerland
| | - David Skuy
- Firmenich SACorporate R & D DivisionSynthesis Department Route des Jeunes 1 CH-1211 Geneva 8 Switzerland
| | - Claude‐Alain Richard
- Firmenich SACorporate R & D DivisionSynthesis Department Route des Jeunes 1 CH-1211 Geneva 8 Switzerland
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Ozkan G, Karacabey E, Arslan N, Odabasi N. Optimisation of microwave-assisted extraction of triterpenoic acids from olive mill waste using response surface methodology. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2015.0783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Ozkan
- Suleyman Demirel University, Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - E. Karacabey
- Suleyman Demirel University, Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - N. Arslan
- Suleyman Demirel University, Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - N. Odabasi
- Suleyman Demirel University, Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
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Fernández-Hernández A, Martinez A, Rivas F, García-Mesa JA, Parra A. Effect of the solvent and the sample preparation on the determination of triterpene compounds in two-phase olive-mill-waste samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4269-75. [PMID: 25773914 DOI: 10.1021/jf506171y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid extraction method has been employed to determine several value-added compounds, mainly triterpenes, in two-phase olive-mill-waste samples. The compounds were extracted with methanol or ethyl acetate, and the initial fresh samples were treated for classic techniques such as drying, drying and oil extraction, and drying and sifting of the olive stones. For the identification and quantitation of the compounds, an ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was employed. The best results of the triterpenic compound content were achieved by extraction with methanol from the fresh sample for the oleanolic and ursolic acids, and erythrodiol and uvaol; and from the dried-extracted sample for the maslinic acid. Conversely, the best results for the linoleic acid content were reached by extraction with ethyl acetate from the dried-sifted sample. These are remarkable processes that make the solid wastes from the olive-oil industry reach a high added value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Fernández-Hernández
- †Centro "Venta del Llano" del Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Agroalimentaria, y de la Producción Ecológica (IFAPA), Mengíbar, 23620 Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Martinez
- ‡Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, ES-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Rivas
- ‡Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, ES-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Jose A García-Mesa
- †Centro "Venta del Llano" del Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Agroalimentaria, y de la Producción Ecológica (IFAPA), Mengíbar, 23620 Jaén, Spain
| | - Andres Parra
- ‡Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, ES-18071 Granada, Spain
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Novel strategy for the revalorization of olive (Olea europaea) residues based on the extraction of bioactive peptides. Food Chem 2015; 167:272-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Convenient syntheses of ring-B-nor analogues of Ambrox® and amberketal via a novel ring contraction reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Goulas V, Manganaris GA. Towards an efficient protocol for the determination of triterpenic acids in olive fruit: a comparative study of drying and extraction methods. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2012; 23:444-9. [PMID: 22213569 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triterpenic acids, such as maslinic acid and oleanolic acid, are commonly found in olive fruits and have been associated with many health benefits. The drying and extraction methods, as well as the solvents used, are critical factors in the determination of their concentration in plant tissues. Thus, there is an emerging need for standardisation of an efficient extraction protocol that determines triterpenic acid content in olive fruits. OBJECTIVE To evaluate common extraction methods of triterpenic acids from olive fruits and to determine the effect of the drying method on their content in order to propose an optimum protocol for their quantification. METHODOLOGY The efficacy of different drying and extraction methods was evaluated through the quantification of maslinic acid and oleanolic acid contents using the reversed-phase HPLC technique. RESULTS Data showed that ultrasonic assisted extraction with ethanol or a mixture of ethanol:methanol (1:1, v/v) resulted in the recovery of significantly higher amounts of triterpenic acids than other methods used. The drying method also affected the estimated triterpenic acid content; frozen or lyophilised olive fruit material gave higher yields of triterpenic acids compared with air-dried material at both 35°C and 105°C. CONCLUSION This study provides a rapid and low-cost extraction method, i.e. ultrasonic assisted extraction with an eco-friendly solvent such as ethanol, from frozen or lyophilised olive fruit for the accurate determination of the triterpenic acid content in olive fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlasios Goulas
- Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus.
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Parra A, Rivas F, Martin-Fonseca S, Garcia-Granados A, Martinez A. Maslinic acid derivatives induce significant apoptosis in b16f10 murine melanoma cells. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5991-6001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Barrero AF, Herrador MM, Arteaga P, Castillo A, Arteaga AF. Use of the Plant Bellardia trixago for the Enantiospecific Synthesis of Odorant Products. Nat Prod Commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1100600403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An easy procedure to obtain extracts enriched in trixagol monomalonylesther (1) from aerial parts of the plant Belladia trixago chemotype Trix was developed. Preparation of (+)-dihydro-γ-ionone (4) was carried out directly from the extracts with good yields by selective oxidation. Other interesting odorant products as α-ambrinol (5), ambraldehyde (6) and the tricyclic compound 7 were synthesized very efficiently using (4) as intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro F. Barrero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Campus de Fuente Nueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - M. Mar Herrador
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Campus de Fuente Nueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Arteaga
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Campus de Fuente Nueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alexis Castillo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Campus de Fuente Nueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro F. Arteaga
- Department, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Campus de Fuente Nueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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