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Zigová M, Michalková R, Mojžiš J. Anticancer Potential of Indole Phytoalexins and Their Analogues. Molecules 2024; 29:2388. [PMID: 38792249 PMCID: PMC11124384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Indole phytoalexins, found in economically significant Cruciferae family plants, are synthesized in response to pathogen attacks or stress, serving as crucial components of plant defense mechanisms against bacterial and fungal infections. Furthermore, recent research indicates that these compounds hold promise for improving human health, particularly in terms of potential anticancer effects that have been observed in various studies. Since our last comprehensive overview in 2016 focusing on the antiproliferative effects of these substances, brassinin and camalexin have been the most extensively studied. This review analyses the multifaceted pharmacological effects of brassinin and camalexin, highlighting their anticancer potential. In this article, we also provide an overview of the antiproliferative activity of new synthetic analogs of indole phytoalexins, which were synthesized and tested at our university with the aim of enhancing efficacy compared to the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Radka Michalková
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Ján Mojžiš
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia;
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Huang J, Li JQ, Cui XY, Qin YH, Ma SJ, An ZA, Sun WW, Wu B. A Method for the Synthesis of Thioindoles through Copper-Catalyzed C-S Bond Coupling Reaction. J Org Chem 2024; 89:245-256. [PMID: 38090760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
We herein report the copper-catalyzed C-S bond coupling reaction of indoles with N-thiosuccinimides, resulting in moderate to excellent yields of mono- and bis-sulfenylated compounds such as arylthioindoles, alkylthioindoles, selenylated indoles, and cysteine-substituted indoles. Thioarylation and thioglycosylation at the C2 position of indole alkaloids in the Radix Isatidis were achieved via structural modification. The first total syntheses of isatindigotindolosides III and IV have been successfully carried out. The electrophilic sulfenyl bromides generated in situ can play an important role in the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jin-Quan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xin-Yue Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi-Han Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shi-Jie Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zi-An An
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wen-Wu Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission & School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
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The Impact of Nitrile-Specifier Proteins on Indolic Carbinol and Nitrile Formation in Homogenates of Arabidopsis thaliana. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27228042. [PMID: 36432142 PMCID: PMC9696369 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates, specialized metabolites of the Brassicales including Brassica crops and Arabidopsis thaliana, have attracted considerable interest as chemical defenses and health-promoting compounds. Their biological activities are mostly due to breakdown products formed upon mixing with co-occurring myrosinases and specifier proteins, which can result in multiple products with differing properties, even from a single glucosinolate. Whereas product profiles of aliphatic glucosinolates have frequently been reported, indole glucosinolate breakdown may result in complex mixtures, the analysis of which challenging. The aim of this study was to assess the breakdown of indole glucosinolates in A. thaliana root and rosette homogenates and to test the impact of nitrile-specifier proteins (NSPs) on product profiles. To develop a GC-MS-method for quantification of carbinols and nitriles derived from three prominent indole glucosinolates, we synthesized standards, established derivatization conditions, determined relative response factors and evaluated applicability of the method to plant homogenates. We show that carbinols are more dominant among the detected products in rosette than in root homogenates of wild-type and NSP1- or NSP3-deficient mutants. NSP1 is solely responsible for nitrile formation in rosette homogenates and is the major NSP for indolic nitrile formation in root homogenates, with no contribution from NSP3. These results will contribute to the understanding of the roles of NSPs in plants.
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Plaszkó T, Szűcs Z, Vasas G, Gonda S. Interactions of fungi with non-isothiocyanate products of the plant glucosinolate pathway: A review on product formation, antifungal activity, mode of action and biotransformation. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 200:113245. [PMID: 35623473 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The glucosinolate pathway, which is present in the order Brassicales, is one of the most researched defensive natural product biosynthesis pathways. Its core molecules, the glucosinolates are broken down upon pathogen challenge or tissue damage to yield an array of natural products that may help plants defend against the stressor. Though the most widely known glucosinolate decomposition products are the antimicrobial isothiocyanates, there is a wide range of other volatile and non-volatile natural products that arise from this biosynthetic pathway. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the interaction of these much less examined, non-isothiocyanate products with fungi. It deals with compounds including (1) glucosinolates and their biosynthesis precursors; (2) glucosinolate-derived nitriles (e.g. derivatives of 1H-indole-3-acetonitrile), thiocyanates, epithionitriles and oxazolidine-2-thiones; (3) putative isothiocyanate downstream products such as raphanusamic acid, 1H-indole-3-methanol (= indole-3-carbinol) and its oligomers, 1H-indol-3-ylmethanamine and ascorbigen; (4) 1H-indole-3-acetonitrile downstream products such as 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (indole-3-carboxaldehyde), 1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid and their derivatives; and (5) indole phytoalexins including brassinin, cyclobrassinin and brassilexin. Herein, a literature review on the following aspects is provided: their direct antifungal activity and the proposed mechanisms of antifungal action, increased biosynthesis after fungal challenge, as well as data on their biotransformation/detoxification by fungi, including but not limited to fungal myrosinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Plaszkó
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary; Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Szűcs
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary; Healthcare Industry Institute, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Vasas
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Gonda
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Camp A, Croxford AE, Ford CS, Baumann U, Clements PR, Hiendleder S, Woolford L, Netzel G, Boardman WSJ, Fletcher MT, Wilkinson MJ. Dual-locus DNA metabarcoding reveals southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons Owen) have a summer diet dominated by toxic invasive plants. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229390. [PMID: 32142513 PMCID: PMC7059939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat degradation and summer droughts severely restrict feeding options for the endangered southern hairy-nosed wombat (SHNW; Lasiorhinus latifrons). We reconstructed SHNW summer diets by DNA metabarcoding from feces. We initially validated rbcL and ndhJ diet reconstructions using autopsied and captive animals. Subsequent diet reconstructions of wild wombats broadly reflected vegetative ground cover, implying local rather than long-range foraging. Diets were all dominated by alien invasives. Chemical analysis of alien food revealed Carrichtera annua contains high levels of glucosinolates. Clinical examination (7 animals) and autopsy (12 animals) revealed that the most degraded site also contained most individuals showing signs of glucosinolate poisoning. We infer that dietary poisoning through the ingestion of alien invasives may have contributed to the recent population crashes in the region. In floristically diverse sites, individuals appear to be able to manage glucosinolate intake by avoidance or episodic feeding but this strategy is less tractable in the most degraded sites. We conclude that recovery of the most affected populations may require effective Carrichtera management and interim supplementary feeding. More generally, we argue that protection against population decline by poisoning in territorial herbivores requires knowledge of their diet and of those food plants containing toxic principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Camp
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science and Davies Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Adam E. Croxford
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Ute Baumann
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Peter R. Clements
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stefan Hiendleder
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science and Davies Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lucy Woolford
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science and Davies Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gabrielle Netzel
- Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wayne S. J. Boardman
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science and Davies Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mary T. Fletcher
- Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mike J. Wilkinson
- Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Pedras MSC, Abdoli A, To QH, Thapa C. Ecological Roles of Tryptanthrin, Indirubin andN‐Formylanthranilic Acid inIsatis indigotica: Phytoalexins or Phytoanticipins? Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1800579. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Soledade C. Pedras
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Saskatchewan 110 Science Place Saskatoon SK S7N 5C9 Canada
| | - Abbas Abdoli
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Saskatchewan 110 Science Place Saskatoon SK S7N 5C9 Canada
| | - Q. Huy To
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Saskatchewan 110 Science Place Saskatoon SK S7N 5C9 Canada
| | - Chintamani Thapa
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Saskatchewan 110 Science Place Saskatoon SK S7N 5C9 Canada
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The cruciferous Diplotaxis simplex: Phytochemistry analysis and its protective effect on liver and kidney toxicities, and lipid profile disorders in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:100. [PMID: 28558824 PMCID: PMC5450101 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a prevalent systemic disease affecting an important proportion of the population worldwide. It has been suggested that excessive reactive oxygen species generation and therefore development of an oxidative stress status is a key factor leading to diabetic complications. Accordingly, it seems that medicinal plants can offer a wide range of new antidiabetic drugs. Diplotaxis simplex (Viv.) Spreng. (Brassicaceae) is an edible plant largely distributed in the Mediterranean region. D. simplex flowers display important in vitro antioxidant potential and inhibitory activity of the α-glucosidase, a key enzyme linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this paper, the antihyperglycemic potential of D. simplex flowers on diabetic rats were investigated. METHODS Bioactive substances were determined by liquid chromatography-high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) analysis. Animals were divided into four groups of six rats each: a normal control group, a diabetic control group, a diabetic group receiving flowers extract (200 mg/kg body mass) and a diabetic group receiving acarbose (10 mg/kg body mass) as standard drug. RESULTS Many glycosides of rhamnetin, isorhamnetin, quercetin and kaempferol compounds were identified in the ethanolic flowers extract. Alloxan induced hyperglycemia, manifested by a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the blood glucose level as well as in serum α-amylase activity. Furthermore, diabetic rats exhibited oxidative stress, as evidenced by a decrease in antioxidant enzymes activities and an increase in lipid peroxidation level of the pancreas, liver and kidneys. Interestingly, the oral administration of D. simplex flowers extract during 30 days restored the glycemia, α-amylase activity, serum lipid profile and antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, the flowers extract exhibited a renal protective role by decreasing the urea and creatinine levels in diabetic rats serum. CONCLUSIONS D. simplex flowers contained bioactive compounds that possess important antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties and protected pancreas, liver and kidneys against hyperglycemia damage.
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Pedras MSC, Abdoli A. Pathogen inactivation of cruciferous phytoalexins: detoxification reactions, enzymes and inhibitors. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01574g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers the detoxification pathways of cruciferous phytoalexins, the corresponding detoxifying enzymes and their natural and synthetic inhibitors. Paldoxins are examined as a potentially sustainable strategy to control plant pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abbas Abdoli
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Saskatchewan
- Saskatoon
- Canada
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Agerbirk N, Olsen CE, Heimes C, Christensen S, Bak S, Hauser TP. Multiple hydroxyphenethyl glucosinolate isomers and their tandem mass spectrometric distinction in a geographically structured polymorphism in the crucifer Barbarea vulgaris. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 115:130-142. [PMID: 25277803 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two distinct glucosinolate (GSL) chemotypes (P and G-types) of Barbarea vulgaris (Brassicaceae) were known from southern Scandinavia, but whether the types were consistent in a wider geographic area was not known. Populations (26) from Eastern and Central Europe were analyzed for GSLs in order to investigate whether the two types were consistent in this area. Most (21) could be attributed to one of the previously described GSL profile types, the P-type (13 populations) and the G-type (8 populations), based on differences in the stereochemistry of 2-hydroxylation, presence or absence of phenolic glucobarbarin derivatives, and qualitative differences in indole GSL decoration (tested for a subset of 8+6 populations only). The distinction agreed with previous molecular genetic analysis of the same individuals. Geographically, the P-type typically occurred in Eastern Europe while the G-type mainly occurred in Central Europe. Of the remaining five populations, minor deviations were observed in some individuals from two populations genetically assigned to the G-type, and a hybrid population from Finland contained an additional dihydroxyphenethyl GSL isomer attributed to a combinatorial effect of P-type and G-type genes. Major exceptions to the typical GSL profiles were observed in two populations: (1) A G-type population from Slovenia deviated by a high frequency of a known variant in glucobarbarin biosynthesis ('NAS form') co-occurring with usual G-type individuals. (2) A population from Caucasus exhibited a highly deviating GSL profile dominated by p-hydroxyphenethyl GSL that was insignificant in other accessions, as well as two GSLs investigated by NMR, m-hydroxyphenethylGSL and a partially identified m,p disubstituted hydroxy-methoxy derivative of phenethylGSL. Tandem HPLC-MS of seven NMR-identified desulfoGSLs was carried out and interpreted for increased certainty in peak identification and as a tool for partial structure elucidation. The distinct, geographically separated chemotypes and rare variants are discussed in relation to future taxonomic revision and the genetics and ecology of GSLs in B. vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Agerbirk
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Christine Heimes
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Stina Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thure P Hauser
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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