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Ji R, Du Y, Wang Y, Tian J, Wang Z, Peng M, Hao G, Xing Y, Xu Y, Ye D, Liu Y, Han J, Wang W. Stigmast-4-en-3-one from Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold. improves diabetic retinopathy and angiogenesis mediated by glucocorticoids receptor. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 334:118567. [PMID: 38996951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold. (EA), a traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used in the treatment of diabetes. Our group has previously found that EA could treat diabetic retinopathy (DR) and stigmast-4-en-3-one (Numbered E6) is the active substance responsible for inhibiting angiogenesis in vitro by EA. However, the effects and mechanisms of E6 in the treatment of DR is still unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of E6 in EA on DR. Additionally, a comparison was made between the effects of E6 and triamcinolone acetonide (TA), as well as the side effects of E6 and dexamethasone. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ocular affinity assessment and pharmacokinetic parameter prediction were conducted to evaluate the potential of E6 to treat DR. Retinal endothelial cells were used to investigate the in vitro inhibitory effect of E6 on vascular proliferation. Additionally, chicken embryos, zebrafish, and mice were used to investigate the in vivo anti-vascular proliferation effect of E6. Finally, diabetic mice were used to investigate whether E6 improves diabetic retinopathy and to compare its efficacy with that of TA. We then used network pharmacology to study the targets of E6 and performed molecular docking; followed by immunofluorescence experiments, ELISA, Western blot, and tube formation experiments to further investigate its mechanism. Finally, we compared the side effects of E6 with those of dexamethasone. RESULTS E6 was found to have an affinity for the eye and to inhibit vascular proliferation both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, E6 was found to be more efficacious than TA in the treatment of DR. Molecular docking experiments predicted that the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a potential target of E6, and immunofluorescence analyses confirmed that E6 upregulated the expression of the GR in the retina of hyperglycemic mice. In addition, western blotting results and tube formation experiments showed that E6 also attenuated angiogenesis by inhibiting the Hippo and VEGF pathways. Finally, by comparing the effects of E6 and dexamethasone on glucose regulation and osteoporosis, E6 was found to have fewer side effects. CONCLUSIONS E6 is a highly effective drug for the treatment of DR, superior to TA and with fewer side effects than dexamethasone. Its mechanism involves the activation of glucocorticoid receptor and inhibition of Hippo and VEGF pathways to alleviate angiogenesis and inflammation. This study is the first to investigate the role and mechanism of E6 in improving DR. The findings suggest that E6 has unique advantages in the treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Ji
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yu Du
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Formula, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jingyun Tian
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Zhenglin Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Formula, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Meizhong Peng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Formula, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Gaimei Hao
- Basic Theory of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Yantao Xing
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yichen Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Formula, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Danyang Ye
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yonggang Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jing Han
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Formula, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Formula, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Wu Y, Ding C, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Li Y, Song X, Zhang D. Sesquilignans: Current research and potential prospective. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116445. [PMID: 38701715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Lignans are widely distributed in nature, primarily found in the xylem and resins of plants, with the constituent units C6-C3, and their dimers are the most common in plants. In recent years, the trimeric sesquilignans have also received increasing attention from scholars. More than 200 derivatives have been isolated and identified from nearly 50 families, most of which are different types (monoepoxy lignans, bisepoxy lignans, benzofuran lignans) connected with simple phenylpropanoids through ether bonds, C-C bonds, and oxygen-containing rings to constitute sesquilignans. Some of them also possess pharmacological properties, including antioxidants, hepatoprotectives, antitumors, anti-inflammatory properties, and other properties. In addition, the chemical structure of sesquilignans is closely related to the pharmacological activity, and chemical modification of methoxylation enhances the pharmacological activity. In contrast, phenolic hydroxyl and hydroxyl glycosides reduce the pharmacological activity. Therefore, the present review aims to summarize the chemical diversity, bioactivities, and constitutive relationships to provide a theoretical basis for the more profound development and utilization of sesquilignans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, PR China.
| | - Chao Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, PR China.
| | - Zilong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, PR China.
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, PR China.
| | - Yuze Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, PR China.
| | - Xiaomei Song
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, PR China.
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Application of "Taibai Qi Yao", Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, PR China.
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Lee SJ, Jang SA, Kim SC, Gu DR, Yang H, Ryuk JA, Ha H. Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold Prevents Osteoclast Differentiation and Osteoporosis. Nutrients 2023; 15:3996. [PMID: 37764779 PMCID: PMC10535286 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold, a traditional medicinal plant, has been used in China and several other Asian countries to address a variety of health concerns. The extensive research conducted on E. alatus is driven by its diverse pharmacological applications. However, its biological effects on osteoclastogenesis and osteoporosis have not been previously studied. In this research, we investigated the impact of an ethanolic extract of E. alatus (EEEA) on osteoclast differentiation and function as well as estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss. We found that EEEA inhibits osteoclast differentiation by downregulating the expression of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) in osteoclast-supporting cells and by directly impeding RANKL-mediated signaling pathways for osteoclastogenesis in precursor cells. In addition, EEEA inhibited the bone-resorptive function of mature osteoclasts in vitro. Furthermore, oral administration of EEEA significantly alleviated bone loss in an ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis mouse model. Additionally, we identified phytochemicals in EEEA that have suppressive effects on osteoclast differentiation and bone loss. Collectively, these results suggest that EEEA holds potential as a biotherapeutic candidate for anti-postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ju Lee
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (S.C.K.); (D.R.G.); (H.Y.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Seon-A Jang
- Future Technology Research Center, KT&G Corporation, 30, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34128, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seong Cheol Kim
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (S.C.K.); (D.R.G.); (H.Y.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Dong Ryun Gu
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (S.C.K.); (D.R.G.); (H.Y.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Hyun Yang
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (S.C.K.); (D.R.G.); (H.Y.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Jin Ah Ryuk
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (S.C.K.); (D.R.G.); (H.Y.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Hyunil Ha
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-daero 1672, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (S.C.K.); (D.R.G.); (H.Y.); (J.A.R.)
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Yang BH, Zhang YJ, Bai M, Zhang Q, Li CX, Huang XX, Song SJ. Chemical constituents from the fruits of Solanum nigrum and their chemotaxonomic significance. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2022.104452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Sun C, Liu M, Liu J, Zhang T, Zhang L, Li H, Luo Z. ShenmaYizhi Decoction Improves the Mitochondrial Structure in the Brain and Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment in VCI Rats via the AMPK/UCP2 Signaling Pathway. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:1937-1951. [PMID: 34168453 PMCID: PMC8218872 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s302355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ShenmaYizhi decoction (SMYZD) is an effective prescription of traditional Chinese medicine used to treat vascular dementia (VD). Modern research methods have identified its active ingredients clearly as gastrodin, ferulic acid, ginsenosides, and β-sitosterol. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is a driving factor or risk factor for VD, which leads to the disturbance of mitochondrial structure and function. PURPOSE To observe whether SMYZD improves cognitive impairment by improving mitochondrial structure and function. METHODS Forty adult rats with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) caused by the bilateral ligation of common carotid arteries were divided into four groups randomly, including the model group, donepezil group, and low-dose and high-dose SMYZD groups, with 10 rats in each group. Additionally, a sham group was established with 10 rats as the control group. The treatment groups were administered donepezil and two different dosages of SMYZD. The donepezil group was administered 0.45 mg/kg/d donepezil, and the SMYZ-L group was administered 2.97 g/kg/d SMYZ, which were equivalent to the clinical dosage. The SMYZ-H group was administered 11.88 g/kg/d SMYZ, which is 4 times higher than the clinically equivalent dosage. A sham-operated group was used as the control group and administered an equal volume of distilled water. The rats were treated by gavage for 8 consecutive weeks. Morris water maze (MWM) test was performed to evaluate the learning and memory ability. The mitochondria of brain tissue were extracted from brain for further test. Mitochondrial morphology and the signal path of AMPK/PPARα/PGC-1α/UCP2 in mitochondria were detected. RESULTS With the SMYZD intervention, behavioral performance of rats and pathological changes of mitochondria of brain tissue were significantly improved. In the serum, SOD, GSH-Px, and GSH activities were increased, and the MDA content was decreased. Moreover, the AMPK, PPARα, PGC-1α, UCP2, and ATP5A mRNA and protein expression levels were also reversed by SMYZD. CONCLUSION SMYZD may provide a potential therapeutic strategy via activating the AMPK/PPARα/PGC-1α/UCP2 signal pathway to improve mitochondrial structure and energy metabolism thereby alleviate vascular cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Meixia Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, ShanDong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Zenggang Luo
- Medical Administration Office, Beijing Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China
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Fan L, Zhang C, Ai L, Wang L, Li L, Fan W, Li R, He L, Wu C, Huang Y. Traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, separation and analysis technologies of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold: A comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 259:112942. [PMID: 32423879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold (E. alatus), a well-known medicinal plant, has been widely used thousands of years in China for the treatment of various diseases such as urticaria, dysmenorrhea, wound, dysentery, blood stasis, rheumatism and arthritis. Due to the extensive application of E. alatus in the fields of ethnopharmacological usage, the pharmaceutical researches of E. alatus keeps deepening. AIM OF THE STUDY This paper reviewed and summarized the integrated research progress of this medicinal plant. A comprehensive summary and comparison of traditional usages, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, separation and analysis technologies of the E. alatus highlight recent scientific advances, which provides new insights into the research and development of this medicinal plant and would be helpful to promote the research situation of underlying pharmacological mechanisms and further utilizations of E. alatus. MATERIAL AND METHODS Literature survey was carried out via classic books of herbal medicine, PhD. and MSc. Dissertations. Online scientific databases including Pubmed, SciFinder, Science Direct, Scopus, the Web of Science, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and others were searched up to February 2020 to identify eligible studies. All literatures of the research subject are analyzed and summarized in this review. RESULTS The E. alatus has been widely used in traditional practice in China, Korea and other Asian Countries. In the study of phytochemistry, more than 230 chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from E. alatus, including sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, lignans, steroids, alkaloids and other compounds. Among them, literature reports show that flavonoids and steroids are the most important bioactive substances found in this plant. A number of researches also have shown that extracts and compounds from E. alatus exert a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects, including antidiabetic effect, anti-tumor effects, anti-inflammatory effects, hepatoprotective effects, antioxidant effects, antibacterial effects, as well as other effects. However, most of the studies without clinical research. Research into plant's toxicological effects has also been limited. In addition, this review also summarizes and compares the separation and analysis technologies of E. alatus. CONCLUSIONS E. alatus has potential for the treatment of many diseases, especially tumors and diabetes. But many traditional uses of E. alatus have not been validated by current investigations. Additionally, modern studies haven't gone far enough into its pharmacological effects and the corresponding chemical constituents, more efforts should be made to illuminate the underlying mechanisms of E. alatus for treatment of tumors and diabetes. Moreover, the toxicological effects of this plant can be further studied. Currently, there are limited studies on its side effects and toxicological effects, which should provide further guidance for the safety of clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhong Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Chunling Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Li Ai
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Li Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Lin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Wenxiang Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Ruolan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Liying He
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Chunjie Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yongliang Huang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.37 Shierqiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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(3 β,16 α)-3,16-Dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one from the Twigs of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects in LPS-Stimulated RAW-264.7 Macrophages. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213848. [PMID: 31731472 PMCID: PMC6864714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To discover new pharmacologically active natural products, here, we performed the phytochemical analysis of a Korean medicinal plant. Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. is a traditional medicinal plant that has been used as a remedy for various diseases in Asian countries. In particular, the cork cambium on the twigs of E. alatus has been used to treat dysmenorrhea, tumors, diabetes, and wound. Phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract of E. alatus twigs led to the isolation of a sterol, which was identified as (3β,16α)-3,16-dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (1) by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The stereochemistry of 1 was established with nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) analysis and comparison of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. To the best of our knowledge, the isolation of compound 1 from nature is first reported here, as well as the complete and revised NMR data assignment of 1. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophages, compound 1 significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production at an IC50 value of 12.54 ± 0.05 μM as well as the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Moreover, the pre-treatment with compound 1 attenuated the LPS-induced phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 through the inhibition of the phosphorylation of IκB kinase alpha (IKKα), IKKβ, and inhibitor of kappa B alpha (IκBα). Compound 1 also inhibited the LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Taken together, compound 1 may serve as an anti-inflammatory constituent of E. alatus twigs and its anti-inflammatory property is thought to be associated with the inhibition of NO production via suppression of iNOS and COX-2 expression through inhibition of IKKα/β, I-κBα and NF-κB p65 activation and downregulation of p38, JNK, and ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophages. These findings also provide experimental evidence that compound 1 identified from E. alatus twigs could be a candidate for an anti-inflammatory agent.
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Bioactive terpenoids from Euonymus verrucosus var. pauciflorus showing NO inhibitory activities. Bioorg Chem 2019; 87:447-456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zálešák F, Bon DJYD, Pospíšil J. Lignans and Neolignans: Plant secondary metabolites as a reservoir of biologically active substances. Pharmacol Res 2019; 146:104284. [PMID: 31136813 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lignans and neolignans are plant secondary metabolites derived from the oxidative coupling of phenylpropanoids. Biological activity of these phenolic compounds ranges from antioxidant, antitumor (terminaloside P, IC50 = 10 nM), anti-inflammatory, anti-neurodegenerative (schibitubin B, IC50 = 3.2 nM) and antiviral (patentiflorin A, IC50 = 14-23 nM) to antimicrobial. In addition, it was observed that several members of this group, namely enterolactone and its biochemical precursors also known as phytoestrogens, possess important protective properties. Most of these lignans and neolignans are presented in reasonable amounts in one's diet and thus the protection they provide against the colon and breast cancer, to name a few, is even more important to note. Similarly, neuroprotective properties were observed (schisanwilsonin G, IC50 = 3.2 nM) These structural motives also serve as an important starting point in the development of anticancer drugs. Presumably the most famous members of this family, etoposide and teniposide, synthetic derivatives of podophyllotoxin, are used in the clinical treatment of lymphocytic leukemia, certain brain tumors, and lung tumors already for nearly 20 years. This review describes 413 lignans and neolignans which have been isolated between 2016 and mid-2018 being reported in more than 300 peer-reviewed articles. It covers their source, structure elucidation, and bioactivity. Within the review, the structure-based overview of compounds as well as the bioactivity-based overview of compounds are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Zálešák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, tř. 17. listopadu 1192/12, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - David Jean-Yves Denis Bon
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, tř. 17. listopadu 1192/12, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Pospíšil
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, tř. 17. listopadu 1192/12, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Bioactivity-based analysis and chemical characterization of anti-inflammatory compounds from Curcuma zedoaria rhizomes using LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Bioorg Chem 2018; 82:26-32. [PMID: 30267971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is not only a self-defense response of the innate immune system, but also the pathogenesis mechanism of multiple diseases such as arthritis, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Curcuma zedoaria Roscoe (Zingiberaceae), an indigenous plant of India, has been used traditionally in Ayurveda and folk medicine. As part of our ongoing efforts to screen traditional medicinal plants exhibiting pharmacological potential and to characterize the compounds involved, we examined the anti-inflammatory effects of the MeOH extract of C. zedoaria rhizomes using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells and found that MeOH extract inhibited the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) in a dose-dependent manner (IC50: 23.44 ± 0.77 μg/mL). In our efforts to characterize the compounds responsible for these anti-inflammatory effects, bioactivity-guided fractionation of the MeOH extract and chemical investigation of its active hexane-soluble fraction led to the successful isolation of five sesquiterpenes (1-5), the structures of which were elucidated by NMR spectroscopic analysis and LC/MS analysis. Among them, curcuzedoalide (5) exhibited potent inhibitory effects on NO synthesis (IC50: 12.21 ± 1.67 μM) and also suppressed pre-inflammatory protein expression of iNOS and COX-2. Curcuzedoalide (5) was thus determined to be a contributor to the anti-inflammatory effect of C. zedoaria rhizomes and could be a potential candidate for therapeutic applications.
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Lee TK, Park JY, Yu JS, Jang TS, Oh ST, Pang C, Ko YJ, Kang KS, Kim KH. 7α,15-Dihydroxydehydroabietic acid from Pinus koraiensis inhibits the promotion of angiogenesis through downregulation of VEGF, p-Akt and p-ERK in HUVECs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1084-1089. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liu X, Ma Z, Zhang J, Yang L. Antifungal Compounds against Candida Infections from Traditional Chinese Medicine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4614183. [PMID: 29445739 PMCID: PMC5763084 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4614183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by Candida albicans, often refractory and with high morbidity and mortality, cause a heavy burden on the public health while the current antifungal drugs are limited and are associated with toxicity and resistance. Many plant-derived molecules including compounds isolated from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are reported to have antifungal activity through different targets such as cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, and virulence factors. Here, we review the recent progress in the anti-Candida compounds from TCM, as well as their antifungal mechanisms. Considering the diverse targets and structures, compounds from TCM might be a potential library for antifungal drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Zhiming Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Jingxiao Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Longfei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
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13
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Shin SH, Lee SR, Lee E, Kim KH, Byun S. Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester from the Twigs of Cinnamomum cassia Inhibits Malignant Cell Transformation by Inducing c-Fos Degradation. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:2124-2130. [PMID: 28682072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The twigs of Cinnamomum cassia, commonly referred to as Cinnamomi Ramulus, are widely used as one of the primary ingredients in Chinese/Korean traditional medicines that have anticancer effects. However, the active constituents responsible for its anticancer effects and their molecular mechanisms still remain to be elucidated. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and caffeic acid (CA) were isolated for the first time from C. cassia using LC-MS-guided phytochemical isolation methods. CAPE significantly suppressed EGF- and TPA-induced cell transformation of JB6 P+ cells at sub-micromolar concentrations, whereas CA, a structurally similar compound to CAPE, had no such effect. The antiproliferative and chemopreventive activity of CAPE was found to arise through the inhibition of AP-1 transcriptional activity via the promotion of c-Fos degradation. These findings demonstrate that CAPE may contribute to the chemopreventive/chemotherapeutic effects of C. cassia through downregulating c-Fos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ho Shin
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Seoung Rak Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Lee
- Traditional Alcoholic Beverage Research Team, Korea Food Research Institute , Seongnam 13539, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanguine Byun
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University , Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
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14
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Zhang XW, Wang KW, Zhou MQ. Cytotoxic Triterpenoids from the Stalks of Microtropis triflora. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [PMID: 28434194 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided phytochemical investigation of the stalks of Microtropis triflora Merr. & F.L. Freeman led to the isolation of ten triterpenes 1 - 10, including one novel compound 3,24-epoxy-2α,24-dihydroxyfriedelan-29-oic acid (1). Their chemical structures were identified on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including HR-ESI mass spectrometry, 1D- and 2D-NMR (1 H, 13 C, 1 H,1 H-COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY), and by comparison with the data reported. The cytotoxicities of compounds 1 - 10 against a panel of cultured human tumor cell lines (Bcap37, SMMC7721, HeLa, CNE) were evaluated. The new compound 1 showed moderate anti-tumor activities with IC50 values of 39.22, 29.24, 23.28, and 68.81 μm/ml, respectively. These results might be helpful for explaining the use of M. triflora in traditional medicine. Triterpenes are characteristic of Microtropis genus and could be useful as potential chemotaxonomic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, P. R. China
| | - Kui-Wu Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Man-Qing Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
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15
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Eom HJ, Kang HR, Choi SU, Kim KH. Cytotoxic Triterpenoids from the Barks of Betula platyphylla var. japonica. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [PMID: 28052515 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation on the barks of Betula platyphylla var. japonica (Betulaceae) was carried out, resulting in the isolation and identification of three new triterpenoids, 27-O-cis-caffeoylcylicodiscic acid (1), 27-O-cis-feruloylcylicodiscic acid (2), and 27-O-cis-caffeoylmyricerol (3), along with six known triterpenoids, obtusilinin (4), winchic acid (5), 27-O-trans-caffeoylcylicodiscic acid (6), uncarinic acid E (7), myriceric acid B (8), and 3-O-trans-caffeoyloleanolic acid (9). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods, including 1D- and 2D-NMR, and HR-ESI-MS. All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity against four human tumor cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and Bt549). Compounds 2, 6, 8, and 9 exhibited potent cytotoxicity against all of the tumor cells tested (IC50 < 10.0 μm), while compounds 3, 4, 5, and 7 showed moderate cytotoxicity against all of the tumor cells tested (IC50 < 20.0 μm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jeong Eom
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Korea
| | - Hee Rae Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Korea
| | - Sang Un Choi
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Deajeon, 305-600, Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Korea
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