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Roncoroni M, Martinelli G, Farris S, Marzorati S, Sugni M. Sea Urchin Food Waste into Bioactives: Collagen and Polyhydroxynaphtoquinones from P. lividus and S. granularis. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:163. [PMID: 38667780 PMCID: PMC11051063 DOI: 10.3390/md22040163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Approximately 75,000 tons of different sea urchin species are globally harvested for their edible gonads. Applying a circular economy approach, we have recently demonstrated that non-edible parts of the Mediterranean Sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus can be fully valorized into high-value products: antioxidant pigments (polyhydroxynaphthoquinones-PHNQs) and fibrillar collagen can be extracted to produce innovative biomaterials for biomedical applications. Can waste from other edible sea urchin species (e.g., Sphaerechinus granularis) be similarly valorised? A comparative study on PHNQs and collagen extraction was conducted. PHNQ extraction yields were compared, pigments were quantified and identified, and antioxidant activities were assessed (by ABTS assay) and correlated to specific PHNQ presence (i.e., spinochrome E). Similarly, collagen extraction yields were evaluated, and the resulting collagen-based biomaterials were compared in terms of their ultrastructure, degradation kinetics, and resistance to compression. Results showed a partially similar PHNQ profile in both species, with significantly higher yield in P. lividus, while S. granularis exhibited better antioxidant activity. P. lividus samples showed higher collagen extraction yield, but S. granularis scaffolds showed higher stability. In conclusion, waste from different species can be successfully valorised through PHNQ and collagen extraction, offering diverse applications in the biomedical field, according to specific technical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Roncoroni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (G.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Giordana Martinelli
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (G.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Stefano Farris
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Stefania Marzorati
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (G.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (G.M.); (M.S.)
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Melotti L, Venerando A, Zivelonghi G, Carolo A, Marzorati S, Martinelli G, Sugni M, Maccatrozzo L, Patruno M. A Second Life for Seafood Waste: Therapeutical Promises of Polyhydroxynapthoquinones Extracted from Sea Urchin by-Products. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1730. [PMID: 37760033 PMCID: PMC10526080 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Coping with a zero-waste, more sustainable economy represents the biggest challenge for food market nowadays. We have previously demonstrated that by applying smart multidisciplinary waste management strategies to purple sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) food waste, it is possible to obtain both a high biocompatible collagen to produce novel skin substitutes and potent antioxidant pigments, namely polyhydroxynapthoquinones (PHNQs). Herein, we have analyzed the biological activities of the PHNQs extract, composed of Spinochrome A and B, on human skin fibroblast cells to explore their future applicability in the treatment of non-healing skin wounds with the objective of overcoming the excessive oxidative stress that hinders wound tissue regeneration. Our results clearly demonstrate that the antioxidant activity of PHNQs is not restricted to their ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species; rather, it can be traced back to an upregulating effect on the expression of superoxide dismutase 1, one of the major components of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes defense system. In addition, the PHNQs extract, in combination with Antimycin A, displayed a synergistic pro-apoptotic effect, envisaging its possible employment against chemoresistance in cancer treatments. Overall, this study highlights the validity of a zero-waste approach in the seafood chain to obtain high-value products, which, in turn, may be exploited for different biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Melotti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (G.Z.); (A.C.); (L.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Andrea Venerando
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Giulia Zivelonghi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (G.Z.); (A.C.); (L.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Anna Carolo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (G.Z.); (A.C.); (L.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Stefania Marzorati
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.M.); (G.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Giordana Martinelli
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.M.); (G.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.M.); (G.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Lisa Maccatrozzo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (G.Z.); (A.C.); (L.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Marco Patruno
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (G.Z.); (A.C.); (L.M.); (M.P.)
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Pelageev DN, Borisova KL, Kovach SM, Makhankov VV, Anufriev VP. A simple synthesis of natural spinazarins and their analogues. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2023.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Ageenko NV, Kiselev KV, Odintsova NA. Quinoid Pigments of Sea Urchins Scaphechinus mirabilis and Strongylocentrotus intermedius: Biological Activity and Potential Applications. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:611. [PMID: 36286435 PMCID: PMC9605347 DOI: 10.3390/md20100611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents literature data: the history of the discovery of quinoid compounds, their biosynthesis and biological activity. Special attention is paid to the description of the quinoid pigments of the sea urchins Scaphechinus mirabilis (from the family Scutellidae) and Strongylocentrotus intermedius (from the family Strongylocentrotidae). The marine environment is considered one of the most important sources of natural bioactive compounds with extremely rich biodiversity. Primary- and some secondary-mouthed animals contain very high concentrations of new biologically active substances, many of which are of significant potential interest for medical purposes. The quinone pigments are products of the secondary metabolism of marine animals, can have complex structures and become the basis for the development of new natural products in echinoids that are modulators of chemical interactions and possible active ingredients in medicinal preparations. More than 5000 chemical compounds with high pharmacological potential have been isolated and described from marine organisms. There are three well known ways of naphthoquinone biosynthesis-polyketide, shikimate and mevalonate. The polyketide pathway is the biosynthesis pathway of various quinones. The shikimate pathway is the main pathway in the biosynthesis of naphthoquinones. It should be noted that all quinoid compounds in plants and animals can be synthesized by various ways of biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya V. Ageenko
- Laboratory of Cytotechnology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science, The Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FEB RAS), 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Konstantin V. Kiselev
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science, FEB RAS, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Nelly A. Odintsova
- Laboratory of Cytotechnology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science, The Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FEB RAS), 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
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Soleimani S, Mashjoor S, Mitra S, Yousefzadi M, Rezadoost H. Coelomic fluid of Echinometra mathaei: The new prospects for medicinal antioxidants. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 117:311-319. [PMID: 34418558 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Echinoid pigments have various biological properties such as antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activities. We aimed to evaluate the extraction of cell-free coelomic fluid (CFCF) and coelomocyte lysate (CL) as well as qualitatively and quantitatively identify the coelomic fluid of Echinometra mathaei as a new source of polyhydroxylatednaphthoquinone (PHNQ) antioxidant pigments. Based on the High Performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis in negative mode, the main quinonoid (PHNQ) pigments were identified and quantified. This study also illustrated the total ion current chromatograms and related mass spectra of Spinochrome A, Spinochrome B, Spinochrome C, and Echinochrome A in CL and SpinochromeC in CFCF samples. The ions at 221, 279, 265 and 263 m/z correspond to the pseudo-molecular [M - H] ions of Spinochrome B, Spinochrome C, Echinochrome A, and Spinochrome A, respectively. These components have previously been noted from the shells and spines of sea urchins but identification of PHNQs pigments in CL and CFCF of E. mathaei using LC-MS was introduced for the first time. The results also showed that, the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity of CFCF (88.12 DPPH% scavenging at 70 μg/mL, IC50 = <10 μg/mL). The findings clearly suggest that the coelomic fluid of E. mathaei could be served as the promising as well as potential natural antioxidants in the medical and pharmaceutical industries and could replace the increasing prices of the commercial antioxidants products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soolmaz Soleimani
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Sakineh Mashjoor
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Marine Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Soumita Mitra
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India
| | - Morteza Yousefzadi
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, Qom, Iran.
| | - Hassan Rezadoost
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, ShahidBeheshti University, GC, Tehran, Iran
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Marzorati S, Martinelli G, Sugni M, Verotta L. Green Extraction Strategies for Sea Urchin Waste Valorization. Front Nutr 2021; 8:730747. [PMID: 34589514 PMCID: PMC8473611 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.730747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly known as “purple sea urchin,” Paracentrotus lividus occurs in the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern Atlantic Ocean. This species is a highly appreciated food resource and Italy is the main consumer among the European countries. Gonads are the edible part of the animal but they represent only a small fraction (10–30%) of the entire sea urchin mass, therefore, the majority ends up as waste. Recently, an innovative methodology was successfully developed to obtain high-value collagen from sea urchin by-products to be used for tissue engineering. However, tissues used for the collagen extraction are still a small portion of the sea urchin waste (<20%) and the remaining part, mainly the carbonate-rich test and spines, are discarded. Residual cell tissues, tests, and spines contain polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, and a class of small polyphenols, called polyhydroxynaphthoquinones (PHNQ). PHNQ, due to their polyhydroxylated quinonoid nature, show remarkable pharmacologic effects, and have high economic significance and widespread application in several cosmetic and pharmaceuticals applications. A green extraction strategy aimed to obtain compounds of interest from the wastes of sea urchins was developed. The core strategy was the supercritical CO2 technique, characterized by low environmental impacts. Fatty acids and carotenoids were successfully and selectively extracted and identified depending on the physical parameters of the supercritical CO2 extraction. Finally, the exhausted powder was extracted by solvent-based procedures to yield PHNQ. The presence of Spinochrome A and Spinochrome B was confirmed and extracts were characterized by a remarkably high antioxidant activity, measured through the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. Overall, the selective and successive extraction methods were validated for the valorization of waste from sea urchins, demonstrating the feasibility of the techniques targeting added-value compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Marzorati
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giordana Martinelli
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisella Verotta
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Rubilar T, Barbieri ES, Gazquez A, Avaro M. Sea Urchin Pigments: Echinochrome A and Its Potential Implication in the Cytokine Storm Syndrome. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:267. [PMID: 34064550 PMCID: PMC8151293 DOI: 10.3390/md19050267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Echinochrome A (EchA) is a pigment from sea urchins. EchA is a polyhydroxylated 1,4-naphthoquinone that contains several hydroxyl groups appropriate for free-radical scavenging and preventing redox imbalance. EchA is the most studied molecule of this family and is an active principle approved to be used in humans, usually for cardiopathies and glaucoma. EchA is used as a pharmaceutical drug. Methods: A comprehensive literature and patent search review was undertaken using PubMed, as well as Google Scholar and Espacenet search engines to review these areas. Conclusions: In the bloodstream, EchA can mediate cellular responses, act as a radical scavenger, and activate the glutathione pathway. It decreases ROS imbalance, prevents and limits lipid peroxidation, and enhances mitochondrial functions. Most importantly, EchA contributes to the modulation of the immune system. EchA can regulate the generation of regulatory T cells, inhibit pro-inflammatory IL-1β and IL-6 cytokine production, while slightly reducing IL-8, TNF-α, INF-α, and NKT, thus correcting immune imbalance. These characteristics suggest that EchA is a candidate drug to alleviate the cytokine storm syndrome (CSS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Rubilar
- Laboratorio de Química de Organismos Marinos, Instituto Patagónico del Mar, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Puerto Madryn 9120, Chubut, Argentina;
- Laboratorio de Oceanografía Biológica, Centro Para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), CONICET, Puerto Madryn 9120, Chubut, Argentina;
| | - Elena S. Barbieri
- Laboratorio de Oceanografía Biológica, Centro Para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), CONICET, Puerto Madryn 9120, Chubut, Argentina;
- Laboratorio de Virología, Instituto Patagónico del Mar, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Puerto Madryn 9120, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Ayelén Gazquez
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, The Chascomús Technological Institute (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús 7130, Buenos Aires, Argentina;
| | - Marisa Avaro
- Laboratorio de Química de Organismos Marinos, Instituto Patagónico del Mar, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Puerto Madryn 9120, Chubut, Argentina;
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Chamika WAS, Ho TC, Roy VC, Kiddane AT, Park JS, Kim GD, Chun BS. In vitro characterization of bioactive compounds extracted from sea urchin (Stomopneustes variolaris) using green and conventional techniques. Food Chem 2021; 361:129866. [PMID: 34091399 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the in vitro bioactivities of extracts obtained from viscera, spines, shells, and gonads of Stomopneustes variolaris using subcritical water extraction (SWE) at 110 °C, 150 °C, 190 °C, and 230 °C and Soxhlet extraction. The highest amounts of phenolics (22.68 ± 0.05 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (27.11 ± 0.10 mg RE/g), and proteins (40.25 ± 0.84 mg BSA/g) were recorded from gonads at 230 °C, whereas maximum sugar content (23.38 ± 1.30 mg glucose/g) was in viscera at 150 °C. Gonads at 230 °C exhibited the highest DPPH activity (78.68 ± 0.18%), whereas viscera at 150 °C exhibited the highest ABTS+ (98.92 ± 1.27%) and protein denaturation inhibition activity (37.13 ± 9.94%). Viscera at 110 °C claimed the highest amylase inhibition (42.46 ± 0.83%), and spines at 150 °C had the highest anticancer activity (IC50 = 767.47 μg/mL). SWE achieved superior results in bioactive compound recovery and detected higher levels of bioactivities (p < 0.05). Results suggest processing sea urchin extracts via SWE has potential application to the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weerathunga Arachchige Shiran Chamika
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Ocean University of Sri Lanka, Mahawela Road, Tangalle 82200, Sri Lanka
| | - Truc Cong Ho
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Vikash Chandra Roy
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Department of Fisheries Technology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh
| | - Anley Teferra Kiddane
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seok Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Do Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Soo Chun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Vasileva EA, Mishchenko NP, Tran VTT, Vo HMN, Fedoreyev SA. Spinochrome Identification and Quantification in Pacific Sea Urchin Shells, Coelomic Fluid and Eggs Using HPLC-DAD-MS. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:21. [PMID: 33419049 PMCID: PMC7825409 DOI: 10.3390/md19010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with diode array and mass spectrometric detector (HPLC-DAD-MS) method for quinonoid pigment identification and quantification in sea urchin samples was developed and validated. The composition and quantitative ratio of the quinonoid pigments of the shells of 16 species of sea urchins, collected in the temperate (Sea of Japan) and tropical (South-China Sea) climatic zones of the Pacific Ocean over several years, were studied. The compositions of the quinonoid pigments of sea urchins Maretia planulata, Scaphechinus griseus, Laganum decagonale and Phyllacanthus imperialis were studied for the first time. A study of the composition of the quinonoid pigments of the coelomic fluid of ten species of sea urchins was conducted. The composition of quinonoid pigments of Echinarachnius parma jelly-like egg membrane, of Scaphechinus mirabilis developing embryos and pluteus, was reported for the first time. In the case of Scaphechinus mirabilis, we have shown that the compositions of pigment granules of the shell epidermis, coelomic fluid, egg membrane, developing embryos and pluteus are different, which should enable a fuller understanding of the functions of pigments at different stages of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Vasileva
- Laboratory of the Chemistry of Natural Quinonoid Compounds, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (N.P.M.); (S.A.F.)
| | - Natalia P. Mishchenko
- Laboratory of the Chemistry of Natural Quinonoid Compounds, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (N.P.M.); (S.A.F.)
| | - Van T. T. Tran
- Nhatrang Institute of Technology Research and Application, VAST, Khanh Hoa 650000, Vietnam; (V.T.T.T.); (H.M.N.V.)
| | - Hieu M. N. Vo
- Nhatrang Institute of Technology Research and Application, VAST, Khanh Hoa 650000, Vietnam; (V.T.T.T.); (H.M.N.V.)
| | - Sergey A. Fedoreyev
- Laboratory of the Chemistry of Natural Quinonoid Compounds, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (N.P.M.); (S.A.F.)
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Nhu Hieu VM, Thanh Van TT, Hang CTT, Mischenko NP, Sergey A. F, Truong HB. Polyhydroxynaphthoquinone Pigment From Vietnam Sea Urchins as a Potential Bioactive Ingredient in Cosmeceuticals. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20972525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, valuable polyhydroxynaphthoquinone (PHNQ) pigments were recovered from sea urchin food waste and were investigated as a potential bioactive ingredient for cosmeceuticals. The crude PHNQ pigment extract from 4 Vietnam sea urchins, Diadema setosum, Diadema savignyi, Stomopneustes variolaris, and Tripneustes gratilla, exhibited effective 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate scavenging activity, tyrosinase inhibitory activity, and antibacterial activity. The moisturizing cream with 0.5% of PHNQ pigments from D. setosum and Tripneustes gratilla sea urchins showed no dermal irritation over 14 days of mouse skin test. Four major active components in PHNQ were identified via high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector and mass spectrometry. Echinochrome A contributed considerably to the antioxidant activity of the extracts while those containing echinochrome A and spinochrome E were significantly active against various bacteria. The promising results laid the foundation for establishing a novel process from food waste to innovative biomaterial and formulating eco-friendly skincare products with PHNQ components from sea urchins as precious ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vo Mai Nhu Hieu
- Nhatrang Institute of Technology Research and Application, VAST, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Thanh Van
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Cao Thi Thuy Hang
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Natalia P. Mischenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Fedoreyev Sergey A.
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Hai Bang Truong
- Nhatrang Institute of Technology Research and Application, VAST, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
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Mishchenko NP, Krylova NV, Iunikhina OV, Vasileva EA, Likhatskaya GN, Pislyagin EA, Tarbeeva DV, Dmitrenok PS, Fedoreyev SA. Antiviral Potential of Sea Urchin Aminated Spinochromes against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E550. [PMID: 33167501 PMCID: PMC7694471 DOI: 10.3390/md18110550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is one of the most prevalent pathogens worldwide requiring the search for new candidates for the creation of antiherpetic drugs. The ability of sea urchin spinochromes-echinochrome A (EchA) and its aminated analogues, echinamines A (EamA) and B (EamB)-to inhibit different stages of HSV-1 infection in Vero cells and to reduce the virus-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was studied. We found that spinochromes exhibited maximum antiviral activity when HSV-1 was pretreated with these compounds, which indicated the direct effect of spinochromes on HSV-1 particles. EamB and EamA both showed the highest virucidal activity by inhibiting the HSV-1 plaque formation, with a selectivity index (SI) of 80.6 and 50.3, respectively, and a reduction in HSV-1 attachment to cells (SI of 8.5 and 5.8, respectively). EamA and EamB considerably suppressed the early induction of ROS due to the virus infection. The ability of the tested compounds to directly bind to the surface glycoprotein, gD, of HSV-1 was established in silico. The dock score of EchA, EamA, and EamB was -4.75, -5.09, and -5.19 kcal/mol, respectively, which correlated with the SI of the virucidal action of these compounds and explained their ability to suppress the attachment and penetration of the virus into the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia P. Mishchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (E.A.V.); (G.N.L.); (E.A.P.); (D.V.T.); (P.S.D.); (S.A.F.)
| | - Natalia V. Krylova
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (N.V.K.); (O.V.I.)
| | - Olga V. Iunikhina
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (N.V.K.); (O.V.I.)
| | - Elena A. Vasileva
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (E.A.V.); (G.N.L.); (E.A.P.); (D.V.T.); (P.S.D.); (S.A.F.)
| | - Galina N. Likhatskaya
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (E.A.V.); (G.N.L.); (E.A.P.); (D.V.T.); (P.S.D.); (S.A.F.)
| | - Evgeny A. Pislyagin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (E.A.V.); (G.N.L.); (E.A.P.); (D.V.T.); (P.S.D.); (S.A.F.)
| | - Darya V. Tarbeeva
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (E.A.V.); (G.N.L.); (E.A.P.); (D.V.T.); (P.S.D.); (S.A.F.)
| | - Pavel S. Dmitrenok
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (E.A.V.); (G.N.L.); (E.A.P.); (D.V.T.); (P.S.D.); (S.A.F.)
| | - Sergey A. Fedoreyev
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (E.A.V.); (G.N.L.); (E.A.P.); (D.V.T.); (P.S.D.); (S.A.F.)
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Hou Y, Carne A, McConnell M, Mros S, Vasileva EA, Mishchenko NP, Burrow K, Wang K, Bekhit AA, Bekhit AEDA. PHNQ from Evechinus chloroticus Sea Urchin Supplemented with Calcium Promotes Mineralization in Saos-2 Human Bone Cell Line. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E373. [PMID: 32707634 PMCID: PMC7404214 DOI: 10.3390/md18070373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxylated naphthoquinones (PHNQs), known as spinochromes that can be extracted from sea urchins, are bioactive compounds reported to have medicinal properties and antioxidant activity. The MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cell viability assay showed that pure echinochrome A exhibited a cytotoxic effect on Saos-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner within the test concentration range (15.625-65.5 µg/mL). The PHNQ extract from New Zealand sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus did not induce any cytotoxicity within the same concentration range after 21 days of incubation. Adding calcium chloride (CaCl2) with echinochrome A increased the number of viable cells, but when CaCl2 was added with the PHNQs, cell viability decreased. The effect of PHNQs extracted on mineralized nodule formation in Saos-2 cells was investigated using xylenol orange and von Kossa staining methods. Echinochrome A decreased the mineralized nodule formation significantly (p < 0.05), while nodule formation was not affected in the PHNQ treatment group. A significant (p < 0.05) increase in mineralization was observed in the presence of PHNQs (62.5 µg/mL) supplemented with 1.5 mM CaCl2. In conclusion, the results indicate that PHNQs have the potential to improve the formation of bone mineral phase in vitro, and future research in an animal model is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Hou
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (Y.H.); (K.B.); (K.W.)
| | - Alan Carne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
| | - Michelle McConnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (M.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Sonya Mros
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (M.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Elena A. Vasileva
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia; (E.A.V.); (N.P.M.)
| | - Natalia P. Mishchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia; (E.A.V.); (N.P.M.)
| | - Keegan Burrow
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (Y.H.); (K.B.); (K.W.)
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (Y.H.); (K.B.); (K.W.)
| | - Adnan A. Bekhit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt;
- Pharmacy Program, Allied Health Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Bahrain, Sakheer P.O. Box 32 038, Bahrain
| | - Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (Y.H.); (K.B.); (K.W.)
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In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of crude and fractionated PHNQs from sea urchin (Evechinus chloroticus). Food Chem 2020; 316:126339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hou Y, Vasileva EA, Carne A, McConnell M, El-Din A Bekhit A, Mishchenko NP. Naphthoquinones of the spinochrome class: occurrence, isolation, biosynthesis and biomedical applications. RSC Adv 2018; 8:32637-32650. [PMID: 35547692 PMCID: PMC9086473 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04777d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinones are widespread in nature and have been found in plants, fungi and bacteria, as well as in members of the animal kingdom. More than forty closely related naphthoquinones have been found in echinoderms, mainly in sea urchins but occasionally in brittle stars, sea stars and starfish. This review aims to examine controversial issues on the chemistry, biosynthesis, functions, stability and application aspects of the spinochrome class, a prominent group of secondary metabolites found in sea urchins. The emphasis of this review is on the isolation and structure of these compounds, together with evaluation of their relevant biological activities, source organisms, the location of origin and methods used for isolation and identification. In addition, the studies of their biosynthesis and ecological function, stability and chemical synthesis have been highlighted. This review aims to establish a focus for future spinochrome research and its potential for benefiting human health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Hou
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Elena A Vasileva
- Laboratory of the Chemistry of Natural Quinonoid Compounds, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku 159/2 690022 Vladivostok Russia
| | - Alan Carne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Michelle McConnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Alaa El-Din A Bekhit
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Natalia P Mishchenko
- Laboratory of the Chemistry of Natural Quinonoid Compounds, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku 159/2 690022 Vladivostok Russia
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Marine Waste Utilization as a Source of Functional and Health Compounds. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2018; 87:187-254. [PMID: 30678815 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Consumer demand for convenience has led to large quantities of seafood being value-added processed before marketing, resulting in large amounts of marine by-products being generated by processing industries. Several bioconversion processes have been proposed to transform some of these by-products. In addition to their relatively low value conventional use as animal feed and fertilizers, several investigations have been reported that have demonstrated the potential to add value to viscera, heads, skins, fins, trimmings, and crab and shrimp shells by extraction of lipids, bioactive peptides, enzymes, and other functional proteins and chitin that can be used in food and pharmaceutical applications. This chapter is focused on reviewing the opportunities for utilization of these marine by-products. The chapter discusses the various products and bioactive compounds that can be obtained from seafood waste and describes various methods that can be used to produce these products with the aim of highlighting opportunities to add value to these marine waste streams.
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Extraction, structural characterization and stability of polyhydroxylated naphthoquinones from shell and spine of New Zealand sea urchin (Evechinus chloroticus). Food Chem 2018; 272:379-387. [PMID: 30309558 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The extraction of polyhydroxylated naphthoquinone (PHNQ) pigments from the shell and spines of the New Zealand sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus was evaluated using six different macroporous resins as an alternative to using organic solvent extraction alone. Four of the resins evaluated in this study (D4006, D4020, D101 and NKA-9) provided the best extraction of PHNQ pigments in terms of the overall adsorption and desorption of E. chloroticus PHNQ pigments from the resins. Organic solvents alone had a higher yield of PHNQs than the resins. The PHNQ composition was characterised by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode-array detection and mass spectrometry. Five PHNQ compounds (spinochromes E, B, C, A and echinochrome A), and three aminated PHNQ compounds (spinamine E, echinamines A and B) were identified. The pigments were found to be prone to degradation on exposure to light, with the aminated PHNQ pigments being the least stable.
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Brasseur L, Demeyer M, Decroo C, Caulier G, Flammang P, Gerbaux P, Eeckhaut I. Identification and quantification of spinochromes in body compartments of Echinometra mathaei's coloured types. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171213. [PMID: 30224975 PMCID: PMC6124065 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sea urchin pigmentation is mainly due to polyhydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones called spinochromes. If their molecular structures are well known in test and spines of many species, their abundance and distribution in other body compartments remain unstudied. The aim of this study is to analyse the pigment composition in four body compartments (test/spines, digestive system, gonads and coelomic fluid) of four coloured types of the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei. Qualitative and quantitative measurements by mass spectrometry highlight the existence of 13 different pigments; among which are five isomers of known spinochromes as well as three potentially new ones. The composition comparison shows the largest spinochrome diversity in 'test/spines' body compartments. The spinochrome concentrations vary from 48 to 1279 mg kg-1 of dried body compartment. It is the highest in the digestive system, although it is also important in the organic fraction of the 'test/spines' body compartment. This observation may be explained by higher exposures of some body compartments to external environments and by the protective role fulfilled by spinochromes against microorganisms, ultraviolet radiation and reactive oxygen species. The 'black' type-the most common coloured type in coral reefs-has the highest concentration of spinochromes indicating their importance in Echinoids' fitness by acting as a protective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Brasseur
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics Unit, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons—UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Marie Demeyer
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons—UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Corentin Decroo
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons—UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Caulier
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics Unit, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons—UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Patrick Flammang
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics Unit, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons—UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons—UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Igor Eeckhaut
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics Unit, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons—UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
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