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Jain M, Sharma BM, Sachdeva S, Kuta J, Červenka R, Nizzetto L, Kukreti P, Bharat GK, Chakraborty P. Occurrence, Source and Dietary Exposure of Toxic and Essential Elements in the Indian Food Basket. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 85:466-484. [PMID: 37650953 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-01017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, representative urban and peri-urban Indian food baskets have been studied for the presence of toxic and essential elements. The concentration of target toxic and essential elements was used to estimate dietary intakes (EDIs) and health risks. Across all food matrices, toxic elements like Cd and Pb were dominant. The highest concentrations of the target elements were found in vegetables, with Cd, Pb, and Ni being beyond permissible limits of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health organization (0.05 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg, and 1.5 mg/kg, respectively) in okra, spinach, and cauliflower. The sum of concentrations of the toxic elements (As, Ni, Hg, Cr, Cd, Pb) in vegetables had a range of 0.54-12.08 mg/kg, the highest sum was found in spinach (median 12.08 mg/kg), followed by okra (median 1.68 mg/kg). The EDI was observed for vegetables with a contribution as high as 92% for Cd. Dairy products were found with the highest loading for Ni with a dietary intake of 3.1 mg/kg/day for adults and twice as much for children. Carcinogenic risk for Ni was the highest and found above the threshold for all food categories, as was the case with As. Cumulative carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were mostly contributed by milk and vegetables, in particular, spinach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Jain
- Mu Gamma Consultants Pvt. Ltd, Sector-50, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122018, India
- Manav Rachna International University, Sector 43, Faridabad, Haryana, 121004, India
| | - Brij Mohan Sharma
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarita Sachdeva
- Manav Rachna International University, Sector 43, Faridabad, Haryana, 121004, India
| | - Jan Kuta
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rostislav Červenka
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luca Nizzetto
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, Oslo, 0349, Norway
| | - Praveen Kukreti
- The Energy and Resources Institute, IHC Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003, India
| | - Girija K Bharat
- Mu Gamma Consultants Pvt. Ltd, Sector-50, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122018, India
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Group, Centre for Research in Environment, Sustainability Advocacy and Climate Change (REACH), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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Gałgowska M, Pietrzak-Fiećko R. Mineral Composition of Three Popular Wild Mushrooms from Poland. Molecules 2020; 25:E3588. [PMID: 32781786 PMCID: PMC7463485 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The region of Warmia and Mazury is characterized by the special diversity and richness of its natural environment, including large forest complexes, where wild mushrooms are commonly collected and consumed. This study aimed to examine the differences in mineral content (calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese) of three species of mushrooms collected in north-eastern Poland. The research material consisted of dried samples of king bolete (Boletus edulis), bay bolete (Boletus badius), and chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius) collected in the region of Warmia and Mazury. The content of the above-mentioned elements in mushroom fruit bodies was determined using the flame atomic absorption spectrometry (acetylene-air flame) and the emission technique (acetylene-air flame) for sodium and potassium. For the majority of micro- and macroelements, the studies confirmed the presence of significant differences in their content, depending on the species of fungi. The studied mushrooms cover a significant percentage of daily demand for many of the minerals. This concerns mainly copper, zinc, and potassium, although none of the species was a good source of calcium and sodium. Among the analyzed mushrooms, chanterelle is the best source of most minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Gałgowska
- Department of Meat Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Cieszyński 1 Sq, 10719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Renata Pietrzak-Fiećko
- Department of Commodities and Food Analysis, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Cieszyński 1 Sq, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
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Mędyk M, Treu R, Falandysz J. Accumulation of Minerals by
Leccinum scabrum
from Two Large Forested Areas in Central Europe: Notecka Wilderness and Tuchola Forest (Pinewoods). Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000264. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Mędyk
- University of Gdańsk, Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology 63 Wita Stwosza Str. 80-308 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Roland Treu
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyAthabasca University 1 University Drive Athabasca AB T9S 3A3 Canada
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- University of Gdańsk, Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology 63 Wita Stwosza Str. 80-308 Gdańsk Poland
- University of CartagenaEnvironmental and Computational Chemistry GroupSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus 130015 Cartagena Colombia
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