Phytochemical contents of different parts of the seeded raisins from the South-East Anatolia: Enzyme inhibitory potential of pulp extracts

The Phenolic Content and Bioactivity Assessment of Rubus sanctus Schreber Species with Potential for Food and Ethnopharmacological Uses

In this study, the phytochemical content and various biological activities of Rubus sanctus Schreber species, widely distributed in Turkiye and used in folk medicine, were determined. The ethanol extracts of the root and aerial parts of the species were prepared and their bioactive phytochemical composition was identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. Furthermore, various antioxidant tests and enzyme inhibition tests were applied to reveal the bioactivity of the species. According to the LC-MS/MS results, the main components of the species were determined as epicatechin (root: 78.370 and aerial part; 45.358 mg analyte/g extract), ellagic acid (root: 41.179, aerial part: 33.679), and miquelianin (root: 23.566, aerial part; 11.560). In compliance with the GC-MS results, it was determined that the species merely contained oleanolic acid (aerial part; 4.460 mg analyte/g extract) as triterpene. The analysis of the antioxidant tests revealed that the species' root and aerial parts showed the greatest activity and a high antioxidant capacity, particularly in the cupric reducing antioxidant capacity test method (A0.5 (µg/mL): 1.48 ± 0.01 and 3.16 ± 0.02). In general, the enzyme inhibitory potential of the species was found to be quite high. Acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and α-glucosidase were found to exhibit high activity in the root part of the species (inhibition %: 74.92 ± 0.76, 76.64 ± 1.41, and 94.19 ± 1.37, respectively). Moreover, BChE, elastase, and α-glucosidase were found to exhibit high activity in the aerial parts of the species (inhibition %: 54.46 ± 0.24, 69.24 ± 0.69, and 86.70 ± 0.137, respectively). Therefore, owing to its rich chemical composition and potential for biological activity, the species might be considered a natural resource in the pharmaceutical and functional food industries.

Detailed Phytochemical Evaluation of a Locally Endemic Species (Campanula baskilensis) by LC-MS/MS and Its In-Depth Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities

The importance of bioactive plant species in the scientific world is increasing day by day. The relationship between health and traditional-modern life, promotes the creation of new value-added natural products. This is the first research to conduct a bioactivity and chemical composition analysis of Campanula baskilensis species, which belongs to the medicinally important genus Campanula L (Campanulaceae). The aim of the current study is to quantitatively investigate the phytochemical contents of aerial and root parts of different C. baskilensis extracts (ethanol, methanol, and water) by LC-MS/MS and to evaluate their total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. Remarkably, LC-MS/MS results revealed that, high amounts of quinic acid (53.6 mg/g aerial-MeOH extract), fumaric acid (6.3 mg/g aerial-H2 O extract, 2.5 mg/g root-H2 O extract), protocatechuic acid (11.4 mg/g aerial-H2 O extract), vanillic acid (1.4 mg/g aerial-EtOH extract), quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin) (2.3 mg/g aerial-EtOH extract), hesperetin 7-rutinoside (hesperidin) (2.0 mg/g aerial-EtOH extract), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (nicotiflorin) (5.5 mg/g aerial-EtOH extract) were detected in the extracts of the species. Considering the bioactivity tests performed on C. baskilensis extracts, aerial-H2 O extract showed significant activity in all antioxidant assays. However, ethanol extracts of root and aerial parts exhibited the highest activities in all enzyme inhibitory tests.

In Vitro and in Silico Analysis of Phytochemicals From Fallopia dentatoalata as Dual Functional Cholinesterase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

Current studies have found that butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) replaces the biological function of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the late stage of Alzheimer’s disease. Species in the genus of Fallopia, rich in polyphenols with diverse chemical structures and significant biological activities, are considered as an important resource for screening natural products to against AD. In this study, thirty-four compounds (1–34) were isolated from Fallopia dentatoalata (Fr. Schm.) Holub, and their inhibitory effects against AChE and BuChE were assessed. Compounds of the phenylpropanoid sucrose ester class emerged as the most promising members of the group, with 31–33 displaying moderate AChE inhibition (IC50 values ranging from 30.6 ± 4.7 to 56.0 ± 2.4 µM) and 30–34 showing potential inhibitory effects against BuChE (IC50 values ranging from 2.7 ± 1.7 to 17.1 ± 3.4 µM). Tacrine was used as a positive control (IC50: 126.7 ± 1.1 in AChE and 5.5 ± 1.7 nM in BuChE). Kinetic analysis highlighted compounds 31 and 32 as non-competitive inhibitors of AChE with Ki values of ∼30.0 and ∼34.4 µM, whilst 30–34 were revealed to competitively inhibit BuChE with Ki values ranging from ∼1.8 to ∼17.5 µM. Molecular binding studies demonstrated that 30–34 bound to the catalytic sites of BuChE with negative binding energies. The strong agreement between both in vitro and in silico studies highlights the phenylpropanoid sucrose esters 30–34 as promising candidates for use in future anti-cholinesterase therapeutics against Alzheimer’s disease.