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Wu Z, Hong ZY, Xu Y, Wang DR, Han QB, Liu P, Liu XR, Zhang LY. Composition of Sphagnum palustre L. extracts using different extraction methods. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:2731-2736. [PMID: 37424239 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2232077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Sphagnum palustre L. is a Chinese herbal medicine with a long history, however, few studies have been performed on its chemical composition and active effects. In this study, we investigated the composition and antibacterial and antioxidant capacities of extracts obtained from Sphagnum palustre L. phytosomes extracted with conventional solvents (water, methanol, and ethanol) and two different hydrogen bond donors (citric acid and 1,2-propanediol) modified with choline chloride-type deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The results show that Sphagnum palustre extracts contained 253 compounds, including citric acid, ethyl maltol, and thymol. The highest total phenolic content (TPC) was obtained with a DES extraction method combining 1,2-propanediol and choline chloride (39.02 ± 7.08 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried weight (DW). This shows the composition of Sphagnum palustre as a natural product and the application of DESs in the extraction of active ingredients, demonstrating the potential of peat moss extracts in cosmetics and health products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wu
- Environmental Horticulture Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Yi Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Environmental Horticulture Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dai-Rong Wang
- Environmental Horticulture Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Bin Han
- Environmental Horticulture Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Environmental Horticulture Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Liu
- Environmental Horticulture Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan-Yue Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Guo YH, Liu YB, Ma YY, Li Y, Tian YE, Huang XB, Qian L, Liu SM, Chen GQ, Che ZP. Design, synthesis, and anti-oomycete activity of 3-acyloxymaltol/ethyl maltol derivatives. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38859556 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2024.2355144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Twenty 3-acyloxymaltol/ethyl maltol derivatives (7a-j and 8a-j) were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their anti-oomycete activity against Phytophthora capsici, respectively. Among all of twenty derivatives, more than half of the compounds 7f, 7h, 8a-h and 8j had anti-oomycete activity higher than the positive control zoxamide (EC50 = 22.23 mg/L), and the EC50 values of 18.66, 20.32, 12.80, 16.18, 10.59, 14.98, 16.80, 10.36, 15.32, 12.64, and 13.59 mg/L, respectively. Especially, compounds 8c and 8f exhibited the best anti-oomycete activity against P. capsici with EC50 values of 10.59 and 10.36 mg/L, respectively. Overall, hydroxyl group of maltol/ethyl maltol is important active modification site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hao Guo
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yi-Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Ying-Ying Ma
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yan Li
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yue-E Tian
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Huang
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Le Qian
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Sheng-Ming Liu
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Gen-Qiang Chen
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Che
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
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Wei R, Liu Y, Yin W, Wang R, Tian Y, Huang X, Qian L, Liu S, Chen G, Che Z. Design, synthesis and anti-oomycete activity of 2-acyloxyhinokitiol derivatives. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38501725 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2331021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
In order to explore novel natural product-based anti-oomycete agent, ten 2-acyloxyhinokitiol derivatives (5a-j) were designed and synthesised, and structurally confirmed by 1H NMR,13C NMR, HRMS, and melting point. The stereochemical configuration of compound 5f was unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, we evaluated the target compounds 5a-j as anti-oomycete activity against a serious agricultural disease of Phytophthora capsici. Among the ten hinokitiol ester derivatives tested, four compounds 5d, 5g, 5h and 5j had anti-oomycete activity higher than the positive control zoxamide (EC50 = 23.59 mg/L), and the EC50 values of 18.90, 20.62, 13.61 and 21.29 mg/L, respectively. Especially compound 5h exhibited the best anti-oomycete activity against P. capsici with EC50 value of 13.61 mg/L. Overall, the anti-oomycete activities of 2-acyloxyhinokitiol derivatives is higher than that of 2-sulfonyloxyhinokitiol derivatives. The results laid a good foundation for the subsequent synthesis of hinokitiol ester derivatives with significant anti-oomycete activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxue Wei
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yibo Liu
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Wanying Yin
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ruiguang Wang
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yuee Tian
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Le Qian
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Shengming Liu
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Genqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhiping Che
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Zhu L, Tian Y, Wang T, Huang X, Zhou L, Shengming L, Chen G, Che Z. Semisynthesis, anti-oomycete and anti-fungal activities of ursolic acid ester derivatives. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:906-915. [PMID: 37115170 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2207135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Using ursolic acid (UA) as the lead compound, thirteen UA ester derivatives (3 and 7a-l) were synthesized by modifying their C-3 and C-28 positions, respectively, and their structures were well characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS and melting points. Furthermore, we evaluated the anti-oomycete and anti-fungal activities of these compounds against Phytophthora capsici and Fusarium graminearum in vitro. The results showed that compound 7h exhibited prominent anti-oomycete and anti-fungal activities, and the median effective concentration (EC50) values of 7h against P. capsici and F. graminearum were 70.49 and 113.21 mg/L, respectively. This study suggested that the anti-oomycete and anti-fungal activities of esters synthesized by introducing acyloxy group at C-3 position of UA was more conspicuous than that of esters synthesized by introducing benzyloxy group at C-28 position. This result will pave the way for further modification of UA to develop potential new fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhu
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yuee Tian
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Tiewei Wang
- ShanDong New Power Biology Science &Technology Co., Ltd, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liu Shengming
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Genqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhiping Che
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Liu Y, Li Y, Tian Y, Guo Y, Wei R, Huang X, Qian L, Liu S, Chen G, Che Z. Synthesis of novel 18 β-glycyrrhetinic acid sulfonate derivatives displaying significant anti-oomycete activity against Phytophthora capsici. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37950734 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2280999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Using 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) as the lead compound, fourteen GA sulphonate derivatives (3a-n) were prepared by modifying its C-3 OH group, and their structures were well confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS and melting points. Moreover, we screened the anti-oomycete activity of these compounds against Phytophthora capsici by using the mycelial growth rate method. Among the fourteen GA sulphonate derivatives evaluated, four compounds 3f, 3j, 3k and 3l exhibited more potent anti-oomycete activity than that of the positive control zoxamide (EC50 = 25.17 mg/L), and had the median effective concentration (EC50) values of 23.04, 16.16, 22.55, and 13.93 mg/L, respectively. Especially compound 3l showed the best anti-oomycete activity against P. capsici with EC50 value of 13.93 mg/L. Overall, the introduction of sulfonyloxy groups at the C-3 position of GA has a significant impact on its anti-oomycete activity, and the corresponding derivative activity varies significantly with different substituents R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Liu
- Department of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yuee Tian
- Department of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yihao Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ruxue Wei
- Department of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Department of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Le Qian
- Department of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Shengming Liu
- Department of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Genqiang Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhiping Che
- Department of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Chen Y, Zhang S, Tian Y, Huang X, Zhou L, Liu S, Chen G, Che Z. Synthesis, Anti-Oomycete and Anti-fungal Activities of Novel Cinchona Alkaloid Derivatives Containing Sulfonate Moiety. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300607. [PMID: 37334925 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Using cinchona alkaloid as the lead compound, twenty-four cinchona alkaloid sulfonate derivatives (1 a-l, 2 a-c, 3 a-c, 4 a-c, and 5 a-c) were designed and prepared by modifying their C9 position, and structurally confirmed by 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, HR-MS and melting points. Moreover, the stereochemical configurations of compounds 1 f and 1 l were unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, we determined the anti-oomycete and anti-fungal activities of these target compounds against Phytophthora capsici and Fusarium graminearum in vitro. The results showed that two compounds 4 b and 4 c exhibited prominent anti-oomycete activity, and the median effective concentration (EC50 ) values of 4 b and 4 c against P. capsici were 22.55 and 16.32 mg/L, respectively. This study suggested that when the C9 position of cinchona alkaloid sulfonate derivatives is in the S configuration and the 6'-position methoxy group is not present, the anti-oomycete activity is superior. In addition, five compounds 1 e, 1 f, 1 k, 3 c and 4 c displayed significant anti-fungal activity, with EC50 values of 43.64, 45.07, 80.18, 48.58 and 41.88 mg/L against F. graminearum, respectively. This result indicates that only when a specific substituent is introduced into the structural framework of the target compound, the corresponding compound exhibits significant inhibitory activity against fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwu Chen
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China
| | - Song Zhang
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China
| | - Yuee Tian
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Shengming Liu
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China
| | - Genqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China
| | - Zhiping Che
- Laboratory of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China
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Synthesis and Anti‐Fungal/Oomycete Activity of Novel Sulfonamide Derivatives Containing Camphor Scaffold. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200608. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Che Z, Liu Y, Chen L, Xing P, Li X, Huang X, Liu S, Chen G, Lin X, Tian Y. Synthesis of hinokitiol sulfonate derivatives and their anti-oomycete and nematicidal activities. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200580. [PMID: 35975883 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In order to explore novel natural product-based anti-oomycete and nematicidal agents, sixteen unreported 2-sulfonyloxyhinokitiol derivatives were prepared using the principle of active splicing, and structurally confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and melting point. Moreover, we evaluated the title compounds as anti-oomycete and nematicidal agents against two serious agricultural pests of Phytophthora capsici and Meloidogyne incongnita. Among the sixteen hinokitiol esters tested: (1) Compounds 3a and 3m exhibited the most potent anti-oomycete activity compared to zoxamide against P. capsici, and the median effective concentration (EC50) values of 3a, 3m, and zoxamide were 18.64, 21.11, and 23.15 mg/L, respectively; Further studies showed that the existence of seven membered ring and carbonyl group was the necessary condition for the high anti-oomycete activity of hinokitiol. (2) Compounds 3n and 3p exhibited more promising nematicidal activity than hinokitiol, and the median lethal concentration (LC50) values of 3n, 3p and 1 against M. incongnita were 0.2111, 0.2079, and 0.3933 mg/L, respectively. This result will pave the way for further modification of hinokitiol to develop potential new fungicides and nematicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Che
- Henan University of Science and Technology, Plant Protection, No 263 kaiyuandadao, 471023, Luoyang, CHINA
| | - Yibo Liu
- Henan University of Science and Technology, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, PR China, 471023, Luoyang, CHINA
| | - Luyao Chen
- Henan University of Science and Technology, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, PR China, Luoyang, CHINA
| | - Puhou Xing
- Henan University of Science and Technology, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, PR China, Luoyang, CHINA
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Henan University of Science and Technology, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, PR China, Luoyang, CHINA
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Henan University of Science and Technology, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, PR China, Luoyang, CHINA
| | - Shengming Liu
- Henan University of Science and Technology, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, PR China, Luoyang, CHINA
| | - Genqiang Chen
- Henan University of Science and Technology, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, PR China, Luoyang, CHINA
| | - Xiaomin Lin
- Henan University of Science and Technology, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, PR China, Luoyang, CHINA
| | - Yuee Tian
- Henan University of Science and Technology, College of Horticultrue and Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, Henan Province, PR China, Luoyang, CHINA
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