Three New Pregnanes Isolated from the Cynanchum auriculatum

Pregnane C21-Steroids with Anti-Inflammatory Activity from the Roots of Cynanchum bungei

Five pregnane C21-steroids, including three 5,6-epoxy steroids (1-3) and two 8,14-seco-steroids (4 and 5), were isolated from the acid hydrolysate of Cynanchum bungei roots. Cynbungenins L-O (1-4) are previously undescribed compounds. Compound 3 with a 5α,6α-epoxy group represents the first example found in the Cynanchum plants. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by a variety of spectroscopic analysis and theoretical ECD calculations. All compounds (1-5) were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) released in RAW264.7 cells. The results showed that they all possessed NO inhibitory activity at 50 µM, and compounds 3 and 4 exhibited stronger NO inhibitory activity than indomethacin.

Cynbungenins A-K, structurally diverse steroids with cytotoxic activity from the roots of Cynanchum bungei Decne

Chemical investigation of the acid hydrolysate of Cynanchum bungei roots led to the isolation of eleven undescribed steroids, namely cynbungenins A-K (1-11), and seven previously described analogues (12-18). The complete structures of these compounds were elucidated using the comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and reference data. Structurally, compounds 1 and 2 represent the first example of androstane-type steroids found in the Cynanchum plants, and compounds 3-6 and 12 are characterized as pregnane-type steroids with a rare 8,14-seco-steroid core. In the cytotoxic activity assay, compound 16 displayed the strongest cytotoxic effect against MCF-7, HCT-116, HeLa, and HepG2 cancer cell lines, with IC50 values of 9.98-16.42 μM, and further research indicated that it induced both apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase in a dose-dependent manner toward HepG2 cells.

Isolating Antipathogenic Fungal Coumarins from Coriaria nepalensis and Determining Their Primary Mechanism In Vitro

Through bioassay-guided isolation, eight undescribed coumarins (1-8), along with six reported coumarins (9-14), were obtained from Coriaria nepalensis. The new structures were determined by using IR, UV, NMR, HRESIMS, and ECD calculations. The results of the biological activity assays showed that compound 9 exhibited broad spectrum antifungal activities against all tested fungi in vitro and a significant inhibitory effect on Phytophthora nicotianae with an EC50 value of 3.00 μg/mL. Notably, compound 9 demonstrated greater curative and protective effects against tobacco balack shank than those of osthol in vivo. Thus, 9 was structurally modified to obtain new promising antifungal agents, and the novel derivatives (17b, 17j, and 17k) exhibited better effects on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum than did lead compound 9. Preliminary mechanistic exploration illustrated that 9 could enhance cell membrane permeability, destroy the morphology and ultrastructure of cells, and reduce the exopolysaccharide content of P. nicotianae mycelia. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity results revealed that compound 9 exhibited relatively low cytotoxicity against HEK293 cell lines with an inhibition rate of 33.54% at 30 μg/mL. This research is promising for the discovery of new fungicides from natural coumarins with satisfactory ecological compatibility.

Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of 2-(2-Benzoxazolyl)-1-arylethanone and 2-(2-Benzoxazolyl)-1-alkylethanone Derivatives

To discover more effective antifungal candidates, 33 benzoxazole derivatives, were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their antifungal activity against seven phytopathogenic fungi by the mycelium growth rate method. Among 33 benzoxazole derivatives had thirteen derivatives no reported, and new derivatives C17 exhibited good inhibitory activity against Phomopsis sp. with EC50 values of 3.26 μM. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) of these derivatives analysis indicated that the substituent played a key role in antifungal activity in ortho-, meta- and para- substituted acetophenones. The preliminary mechanistic exploration demonstrated that C17 might exert its antifungal activity by targeting the mycelia cell membrane, which was verified by the observed changes in mycelial morphology, the formation of extracellular polysaccharides, cellular contents, cell membrane permeability and integrity, among other effects. Furthermore, C17 had potent curative effect against Phomopsis sp. in vivo, which indicated that C17 may be as a novelty potent antifungal agent.

Five New C21 -Steroidal Sapogenins from the Acid Hydrolysate of Cynanchum otophyllum Roots

Five new C₂₁ -steroidal sapogenins (1-5) named cynotogenins J-N, were isolated from the acid hydrolysate of Cynanchum otophyllum roots. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis (UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, and NMR). Most notably, compounds 1-3 harboring a rare 5β,6β-epoxy group in the C₂₁ -steroidal skeleton of Cynanchum plants. All compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicities against multiple cancer cell lines, in which compounds 5 showed weak cytotoxicity against HepG2 cancer cells with IC₅₀ values of 44.90 μM.