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Mittal A, Katahira R, Himmel ME, Johnson DK. Effects of alkaline or liquid-ammonia treatment on crystalline cellulose: changes in crystalline structure and effects on enzymatic digestibility. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2011; 4:41. [PMID: 22011342 PMCID: PMC3219654 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-4-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In converting biomass to bioethanol, pretreatment is a key step intended to render cellulose more amenable and accessible to cellulase enzymes and thus increase glucose yields. In this study, four cellulose samples with different degrees of polymerization and crystallinity indexes were subjected to aqueous sodium hydroxide and anhydrous liquid ammonia treatments. The effects of the treatments on cellulose crystalline structure were studied, in addition to the effects on the digestibility of the celluloses by a cellulase complex. RESULTS From X-ray diffractograms and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, it was revealed that treatment with liquid ammonia produced the cellulose IIII allomorph; however, crystallinity depended on treatment conditions. Treatment at a low temperature (25°C) resulted in a less crystalline product, whereas treatment at elevated temperatures (130°C or 140°C) gave a more crystalline product. Treatment of cellulose I with aqueous sodium hydroxide (16.5 percent by weight) resulted in formation of cellulose II, but also produced a much less crystalline cellulose. The relative digestibilities of the different cellulose allomorphs were tested by exposing the treated and untreated cellulose samples to a commercial enzyme mixture (Genencor-Danisco; GC 220). The digestibility results showed that the starting cellulose I samples were the least digestible (except for corn stover cellulose, which had a high amorphous content). Treatment with sodium hydroxide produced the most digestible cellulose, followed by treatment with liquid ammonia at a low temperature. Factor analysis indicated that initial rates of digestion (up to 24 hours) were most strongly correlated with amorphous content. Correlation of allomorph type with digestibility was weak, but was strongest with cellulose conversion at later times. The cellulose IIII samples produced at higher temperatures had comparable crystallinities to the initial cellulose I samples, but achieved higher levels of cellulose conversion, at longer digestion times. CONCLUSIONS Earlier studies have focused on determining which cellulose allomorph is the most digestible. In this study we have found that the chemical treatments to produce different allomorphs also changed the crystallinity of the cellulose, and this had a significant effect on the digestibility of the substrate. When determining the relative digestibilities of different cellulose allomorphs it is essential to also consider the relative crystallinities of the celluloses being tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Mittal
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Rui Katahira
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Michael E Himmel
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - David K Johnson
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, CO 80401, USA
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Wada M, Kwon GJ, Nishiyama Y. Structure and Thermal Behavior of a Cellulose I−Ethylenediamine Complex. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:2898-904. [DOI: 10.1021/bm8006709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahisa Wada
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan, and Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, CNRS, Affiliated with the Joseph Fourier University of Grenoble, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Gu Joong Kwon
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan, and Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, CNRS, Affiliated with the Joseph Fourier University of Grenoble, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Yoshiharu Nishiyama
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan, and Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, CNRS, Affiliated with the Joseph Fourier University of Grenoble, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Numata Y, Kono H, Kawano S, Erata T, Takai M. Cross-polarization/magic-angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance study of cellulose I–ethylenediamine complex. J Biosci Bioeng 2003; 96:461-6. [PMID: 16233556 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(03)70132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2003] [Accepted: 08/21/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Complete assignments of the cross-polarization/magic-angle spinning (CP/MAS) 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of the cellulose I-ethylenediamine (EDA) complex, which is the intermediate of the reaction from cellulose I to cellulose III(I), were performed. In this paper, we used the 13C-enriched cellulose that was biosynthesized by Acetobacter xylinum ATCC10245 strain from culture medium containing D-(2-13C), D-(3-13C), or D-(5-13C)glucose as a carbon source. After conversion into cellulose I-EDA complex by sufficient EDA treatment, the CP/MAS 13C NMR spectra of the 13C-enriched cellulose I-EDA complexes were measured. As a result, 13C resonance lines of each carbon of the cellulose moiety in the complex appeared as a singlet, suggesting that all glucose residues of the complex are magnetically equivalent. The difference in chemical shifts for each carbon between cellulose I-EDA and cellulose I(alpha), I(beta), and III(I), respectively, suggests that the conformation of the cellulose chains for cellulose I-EDA differs from that for cellulose I(alpha), I(beta), and III(I). In addition, fitting analysis of the 13C spectrum of Valonia cellulose I-EDA complex revealed that the complex contains one EDA molecule per two glucose residues in the cellulose chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Numata
- Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
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Wada M, Heux L, Isogai A, Nishiyama Y, Chanzy H, Sugiyama J. Improved Structural Data of Cellulose IIII Prepared in Supercritical Ammonia. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma001406z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Wada
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (Affiliated with Joseph Fourier University of Grenoble), C.N.R.S. B.P. 53, 38401, Grenoble Cedex 9, France; and Wood Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - L. Heux
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (Affiliated with Joseph Fourier University of Grenoble), C.N.R.S. B.P. 53, 38401, Grenoble Cedex 9, France; and Wood Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - A. Isogai
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (Affiliated with Joseph Fourier University of Grenoble), C.N.R.S. B.P. 53, 38401, Grenoble Cedex 9, France; and Wood Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Y. Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (Affiliated with Joseph Fourier University of Grenoble), C.N.R.S. B.P. 53, 38401, Grenoble Cedex 9, France; and Wood Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - H. Chanzy
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (Affiliated with Joseph Fourier University of Grenoble), C.N.R.S. B.P. 53, 38401, Grenoble Cedex 9, France; and Wood Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - J. Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (Affiliated with Joseph Fourier University of Grenoble), C.N.R.S. B.P. 53, 38401, Grenoble Cedex 9, France; and Wood Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Yamashiki T, Matsui T, Saitoh M, Matsuda Y, Okajima K, Kamide K, Sawada T. Characterisation of cellulose treated by the steam explosion method. Part 3: Effect of crystal forms (cellulose I, II and III) of original cellulose on changes in morphology, degree of polymerisaion, solubility and supermolecular structure by steam explosion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4980220305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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