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Francescato G, Leitão MIPS, Orsini G, Petronilho A. Synthesis and Medicinal Applications of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes Based on Caffeine and Other Xanthines. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202400118. [PMID: 38668124 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Xanthines are purine derivatives predominantly found in plants. These include compounds such as caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine and exhibit a variety of pharmacological properties, demonstrating efficacy in treating neurodegenerative disorders, respiratory dysfunctions, and also cancer. The versatile attributes of these materials render them privileged scaffolds for the development of compounds for various biological applications. Xanthines are N-heterocyclic carbene precursors that combine a pyrimidine and an imidazole ring. Owing to their biological relevance, xanthines have been employed as N-heterocyclic carbenes in the development of metallodrugs for anticancer and antimicrobial purposes. In this conceptual review, we examine key examples of N-heterocyclic carbene complexes derived from caffeine and other xanthines, elucidating their synthetic methods and describing their pertinent medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Francescato
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Republica, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria Inês P S Leitão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Republica, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Giulia Orsini
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Republica, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Petronilho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Republica, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
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Chaudhary A, Mathur D, Gaba R, Pasricha R, Sharma K. Greening up organic reactions with caffeine: applications, recent developments, and future directions. RSC Adv 2024; 14:8932-8962. [PMID: 38500612 PMCID: PMC10945742 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00432a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies in the field of alkaloid chemistry have provided researchers with valuable insights into their unique properties as catalysts. Among the diverse natural catalysts, caffeine has emerged as a green, expedient, and biodegradable catalyst with high efficiency and applicability. Interest in using caffeine as a catalyst has burgeoned over the past few years with its role in diverse multicomponent reactions. Preparation of its imidazolium salts and further conversion to Nitrogen Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) ligands and ionic liquids offers new paradigms. Caffeine has also played a multifaceted role as a support material in influencing the structural properties of nanoparticles. We hope that the chemistry of caffeine and its applications for sustainable organic transformations discussed in this review will stimulate new thinking and open new avenues in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi Delhi - 110 021 India
| | - Divya Mathur
- Department of Chemistry, Daulat Ram College, University of Delhi Delhi - 110 007 India
| | - Ritu Gaba
- Department of Chemistry, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi Delhi - 110 021 India
| | - Raaina Pasricha
- Department of Chemistry, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi Delhi - 110 021 India
| | - Khyati Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi Delhi - 110 021 India
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Dar MO, Mir RH, Mohiuddin R, Masoodi MH, Sofi FA. Metal complexes of xanthine and its derivatives: Synthesis and biological activity. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 246:112290. [PMID: 37327591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine and its derivatives are considered an important class of N-heterocyclic purine compounds that have gained significant importance in medicinal chemistry. N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and N-coordinated metal complexes of xanthine and its derivatives have revealed a range of new possibilities for their use as therapeutic agents in addition to their established catalytic behavior. The metal complexes of xanthine and its derivatives have been designed and synthesized for the exploration of their potential therapeutic applications. These metal complexes based on the xanthine scaffold exhibited various potential medicinal applications including anticancer, antibacterial, and antileishmanial activity. The metal complexes of xanthine and its derivatives shall pave the way for the rational design and development of new therapeutic agents. In the present comprehensive review, we highlighted the recent advancements in the synthesis and medicinal applications of metal complexes based on N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) derived from xanthine scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ovais Dar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India.
| | - Reyaz Hassan Mir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, J & K, India
| | - Roohi Mohiuddin
- Department of General Medicine, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190001, India
| | - Mubashir H Masoodi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, J & K, India
| | - Firdoos Ahmad Sofi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, J & K, India.
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Facile N9-Alkylation of Xanthine Derivatives and Their Use as Precursors for N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123705. [PMID: 34204439 PMCID: PMC8234118 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The xanthine-derivatives 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, 1,3-dimethyl-7-benzylxanthine and 1,3-dimethyl-7-(4-chlorobenzyl)xanthine are readily ethylated at N9 using the cheap alkylating agents ethyl tosylate or diethyl sulfate. The resulting xanthinium tosylate or ethyl sulfate salts can be converted into the corresponding PF6- and chloride salts. The reaction of these xanthinium salts with silver(I) oxide results in the formation of different silver(I) carbene-complexes. In the presence of ammonia, ammine complexes [Ag(NHC)(NH3)]PF6 are formed, whilst with Et2NH, the bis(carbene) salts [Ag(NHC)2]PF6 were isolated. Using the xanthinium chloride salts neutral silver(I) carbenes [Ag(NHC)Cl] were prepared. These silver complexes were used in a variety of transmetallation reactions to give the corresponding gold(I), ruthenium(II) as well as rhodium(I) and rhodium(III) complexes. The compounds were characterized by various spectroscopic methods as well as X-ray diffraction.
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Stoppa V, Scattolin T, Bevilacqua M, Baron M, Graiff C, Orian L, Biffis A, Menegazzo I, Roverso M, Bogialli S, Visentin F, Tubaro C. Mononuclear and dinuclear gold( i) complexes with a caffeine-based di(N-heterocyclic carbene) ligand: synthesis, reactivity and structural DFT analysis. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05906d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Two gold(i) complexes with caffeine-based di(N-heterocyclic carbene) ligands were synthesised and fully characterised.
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Kampert F, Brackemeyer D, Tan TTY, Ekkehardt Hahn F. Selective C8-Metalation of Purine Nucleosides via Oxidative Addition. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kampert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Brackemeyer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tristan Tsai Yuan Tan
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - F. Ekkehardt Hahn
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Schweiger MJ, Beck W. Metal Complexes of Biologically Important Ligands, Part CLXXVIII. Addition of the Pentacarbonylrhenium Cation [(OC) 5
Re] +
to the Xanthine Alkaloids Caffeine, Theophylline, and Theobromine. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201700218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Schweiger
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Wolfgang Beck
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München Germany
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Smith DP, Chen H, Ogo S, Elduque AI, Eisenstein M, Olmstead MM, Fish RH. Bioorganometallic Chemistry. 27. Synthetic, X-ray Crystallographic, and Competitive Binding Studies in the Reactions of Nucleobases, Nucleosides, and Nucleotides with [Cp*Rh(H2O)3](OTf)2, as a Function of pH, and the Utilization of Several Cp*Rh–DNA Base Complexes in Host–Guest Chemistry. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500106r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David P. Smith
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hong Chen
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Seiji Ogo
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate
School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ana I. Elduque
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty
of Science-ICMA, University of Zaragoza-CSIC, 5009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miriam Eisenstein
- Department of Chemical
Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Marilyn M. Olmstead
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Richard H. Fish
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Makhloufi A, Frank W, Ganter C. Converting Caffeine to Electronically Different N-Heterocyclic Carbenes with a Hypoxanthine Backbone. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300836w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Makhloufi
- Institut für
Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Walter Frank
- Institut für
Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Ganter
- Institut für
Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Monney A, Venkatachalam G, Albrecht M. Synthesis and catalytic activity of histidine-based NHC ruthenium complexes. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:2716-9. [PMID: 21327245 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01768j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Main-chain C,N-protected histidine has been successfully alkylated at both side-chain nitrogens. The corresponding histidinium salt was metallated with ruthenium(II) by a transmetalation procedure, thus providing histidine-derived NHC ruthenium complexes. These bio-inspired complexes show appreciable activity in the catalytic transfer hydrogenation of ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angèle Monney
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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11
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Studies on the coordination chemistry of methylated xanthines and their imidazolium salts. Part 1: benzyl derivatives. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-009-9310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Abu-Salem Q, Maichle-Mößmer C, Niquet E, Kuhn N. [Ph4P][(C5H6N3O3)M(CO)5] (M = Cr, Mo, W; C5H7N3O3= 1,3-Dimethyl-cyanuric Acid). Organometallic Complexes of the 1,3-Dimethylcyanurate Ligand. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200800273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kalyanaraman S, Krishnakumar V, Ganesan K. Crystal growth, structural and spectroscopic analysis of hypoxanthinium chloride monohydrate. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 67:750-5. [PMID: 17049911 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2006.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Protonated form of hypoxanthinium chloride monohydrate single crystal has been grown from dilute hydrochloric acid. Single crystal X-ray analysis was carried out and the titled crystal belong to the monoclinic P2(1)/c space group. Hypoxanthine is protonated at N(1) with the hypoxanthine cations, linked to chlorine anion via weak bifurcated N-H...Cl hydrogen bonds and interconnected by hydrogen bonding contacts of the type N-H...O. Infrared, Raman and UV spectroscopic tools were applied to characterize hypoxanthinium chloride monohydrate. By applying group theoretical methods the internal and external modes of vibrations of the title crystal have been identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kalyanaraman
- Department of Physics, Sri Paramakalyani College, Alwarkurichi 627412, India
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Kascatan-Nebioglu A, Panzner MJ, Tessier CA, Cannon CL, Youngs WJ. N-Heterocyclic carbene–silver complexes: A new class of antibiotics. Coord Chem Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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15
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Herrmann WA, Schütz J, Frey GD, Herdtweck E. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Synthesis, Structures, and Electronic Ligand Properties,. Organometallics 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/om0600801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang A. Herrmann
- Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Jan Schütz
- Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Guido D. Frey
- Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Eberhardt Herdtweck
- Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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Fish RH, Jaouen G. Bioorganometallic Chemistry: Structural Diversity of Organometallic Complexes with Bioligands and Molecular Recognition Studies of Several Supramolecular Hosts with Biomolecules, Alkali-Metal Ions, and Organometallic Pharmaceuticals. Organometallics 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/om0300777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard H. Fish
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Laboratoire de Chimie Organométallique, UMR CNRS 7576, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75213 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Gérard Jaouen
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Laboratoire de Chimie Organométallique, UMR CNRS 7576, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75213 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Badura D, Vahrenkamp H. Pyrazolylborate-zinc-nucleobase-complexes, 2:(1) preparations and structures of Tp(Cum,Me)Zn and Tp(Ph,Me)Zn complexes. Inorg Chem 2002; 41:6013-9. [PMID: 12425627 DOI: 10.1021/ic020280e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of the nine most significant nucleobases (thymine, uracil, dihydrouracil, cytosine, adenine, guanine, diaminopurine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, in their deprotonated forms) with zinc and with themselves in pyrazolylborate zinc complexes Tp(Cum,Me)Zn-base and Tp(Ph,Me)Zn-base are described. Except for guanine, the complexes Tp*Zn-base could be isolated in all cases. Structure determinations could be performed for seven of the eight product types. Except for dihydrouracil and xanthine, the zinc ion is attached to that nitrogen of the base which in nucleosides bears the sugar moiety. In the solid state, all zinc-bound nucleobases are involved in hydrogen bonding interactions. Except for xanthine, this includes homo base pairing across a crystallographic inversion center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Badura
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany. vahrenka@ uni-freiburg.de
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Beck WM, Calabrese JC, Kottmair ND. Palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes with nucleobases and nucleosides. Crystal structure of trans-bis(adeninato)bis(tri-n-butylphosphine)palladium(II). Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic50191a037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Herrmann WA, Weskamp T, Böhm VP. Metal Complexes of Stable Carbenes**Dedicated to Professor Henri Brunner on the occasion of his 65th birthday. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3055(01)48001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Darensbourg D, Frost B, Larkins D, Reibenspies J. Organometallic Complexes of Uracil and Orotic Acid Derivatives: Coordination Mode, Structure, and Reactivity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0682(200012)2000:12<2487::aid-ejic2487>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Darensbourg DJ, Frost BJ, Derecskei-Kovacs A, Reibenspies JH. Coordination Chemistry, Structure, and Reactivity of Thiouracil Derivatives of Tungsten(0) Hexacarbonyl: A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation into the Chelation/Dechelation of Thiouracil via CO Loss and Addition. Inorg Chem 1999; 38:4715-4723. [PMID: 11671196 DOI: 10.1021/ic990758n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 2-thiouracil and 6-methyl-2-uracil derivatives of tungsten carbonyl from the reaction of photogenerated W(CO)(5)(solvent) (solvent = MeOH or THF) and the corresponding [Et(4)N][thiouracilate] is described. The crystal structure of the [Et(4)N][W(CO)(5)(2-thiouracilate)], 1, derivative is reported where the thiouracilate is found to be bound to the tungsten center via the exocyclic sulfur atom. In the solid-state structure of 1 two anions are associated by means of two hydrogen bonds between the metal bound nucleobases. These pentacarbonyl complexes stereoselectively lose cis carbonyl ligands, as is apparent from (13)C-labeling studies, to provide the endocyclic nitrogen N(1)-chelated tungsten tetracarbonyl derivatives, e.g., [Et(4)N][W(CO)(4)(2-thiouracilate)], 3. The kinetics of the loss of CO from the pentacarbonyl anions to afford the metal tetracarbonyls, and the reverse of that process, were monitored by means of in situ infrared spectroscopy in the nu(CO) region as a function of temperature. These studies reveal that the tetracarbonyl anions in CO-saturated acetonitrile ([CO] approximately 6 x 10(-)(3) M) are unstable with respect to the formation of the pentacarbonyl derivatives, i.e., the equilibrium 1 right harpoon over left harpoon 3 + CO lies to the left under an atmosphere of carbon monoxide. From the activation parameters determined for the dissociative CO loss process (DeltaH() = 82.0 +/- 3.6 kJ mol(-)(1) and DeltaS() = -44.9 +/- 9.6 J mol(-)(1) K(-)(1) for complex 1) it is apparent that the sulfur-bound thiouracilate ligand is serving as a pi-donor during CO dissociation, i.e., behaving as a cis-labilizing ligand. Ab initio geometry optimizations carried out for the process 1 right harpoon over left harpoon 3 + CO at the Hartree-Fock and DFT levels support these experimental observations. For example, complex 1 is shown to be more stable than 3 + CO and chelation via the endocyclic N(1) donor is favored over N(3) binding. Finally, the "16-electron" intermediate resulting from CO dissociation in 1 was found to possess a significantly shortened W-S interaction, presumably due to the pi-donating ability of the thiouracilate ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J. Darensbourg
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012
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Korn S, Sheldrick WS. Oligomeric (η6-arene) ruthenium(II) complexes of adenine and adenosine with N6,N7 coordination. Inorganica Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(96)05146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Höpp M, Erxleben A, Rombeck I, Lippert B. The Uracil C(5) Position as a Metal Binding Site: Solution and X-ray Crystal Structure Studies of Pt(II) and Hg(II) Compounds. Inorg Chem 1996; 35:397-403. [PMID: 11666221 DOI: 10.1021/ic950842c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Dimethyluracil (1,3-DimeU) reacts with trans-[(CH(3)NH(2))(2)Pt(H(2)O)(2)](+) to give trans-[(CH(3)NH(2))(2)Pt(1,3-DimeU-C5)(H(2)O)]X (X = NO(3)(-), 1a, ClO(4)(-), 1b) and subsequently with NaCl to give trans-(CH(3)NH(2))(2)Pt(1,3-DimeU-C5)Cl (2) or with NH(3) to yield trans-[(CH(3)NH(2))(2)Pt(1,3-DimeU-C5)(NH(3))]ClO(4) (3). In a similar way, (dien)Pt(II) forms [dienPt(1,3-DimeU-C5)](+) (4). Reactions leading to formation of 1 and 4 are slow, taking days. In contrast, Hg(CH(3)COO)(2) reacts fast with 1,3-DimeU to give (1,3-DimeU-C5)Hg(CH(3)COO) (5). Both 1-methyluracil (1-MeUH) and uridine (urdH) react with (dien)Pt(II) initially at N(3) and subsequently with either (dien)Pt(II) or Hg(CH(3)COO)(2) also at C(5) to give the diplatinated species 7 and 9 or the mixed PtHg complex 8. C(5) binding of either Pt(II) or Hg(II) is evident from coupling of uracil-H(6) with either (195)Pt or (199)Hg nuclei and (3)J values of 47-74 Hz (for Pt compounds) and 185-197 Hz (for Hg compounds). J values of Pt compounds are influenced both by the ligands trans to the uracil C(5) position and by the number of metal entities bound to a uracil ring. Both 2 and 5 were X-ray structurally characterized. 2: monoclinic system, space group P2(1)/c, a = 15.736(6) Å, b = 11.481(6) Å, c = 25.655 (10) Å, beta = 145.55(3) degrees, V = 2621.9(28) Å(3), Z = 4. 5: monoclinic system, space group P2(1)/c, a = 4.905(2) Å, b = 18.451(6) Å, c = 11.801(5) Å, beta = 94.47(3) degrees, V = 1064.77(72) Å(3), Z = 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Höpp
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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Pill T, Polborn K, Kleinschmidt A, Erfle V, Breu W, Wagner H, Beck W. Metallkomplexe mit biologisch wichtigen Liganden, LX. Metallkomplexe von 3′-Azido-3′-desoxythymidin (AZT) und 3′-Isocyan-3′-desoxythymidin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19911240710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Sheldrick WS, Günther B. Synthesis and structural characterization of diene-and carbonyl-rhodium(I) complexes containing bridging adeninate ligands. J Organomet Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(91)83070-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mikulski CM, Grossman S, Bayne ML, Gaul M, Kanach D, Udell K, Karayannis NM. Theophylline Adducts with cobalt(II), Nickel(II) and Iron(III) Halides. J COORD CHEM 1990. [DOI: 10.1080/00958979009408213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mikulski CM, Grossman S, Bayne ML, Gaul M, Kanach D, Udell K, Karayannis NM. Cobalt(II), nickel(II) and iron(IlI) halide adducts with theobromine. Inorganica Chim Acta 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)91051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Synthesis and structure of the mixed bridged diene-rhodium(I) complex [(cod)Rh(μ-Cl)(μ-OAc)Rh(cod)]. Reactions with the modified purine bases N6,N6-dimethyladenine and 8-aza-9-methyladenine. J Organomet Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(89)85117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mikulski CM, Kurlan MK, Bayne ML, Gaul M, Karayannis NM. HYPOXANTHINE COMPLEXES WITH FIRST ROW TRANSITION METAL PERCHLORATES+. J COORD CHEM 1988. [DOI: 10.1080/00958978808080970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mikulski CM, Kurlan MK, Bayne M, Gaul M, Karayannis NM. ADDUCTS OF THEOBROMINE WITH 3d METAL PERCHLORATES. J COORD CHEM 1988. [DOI: 10.1080/00958978808070777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mikulski CM, Kurlan MK, Grossman S, Bayne M, Gaul M, Karayannis NM. THEOPHYLLINE ADDUCTS WITH 3d METAL PERCHLORATES. J COORD CHEM 1987. [DOI: 10.1080/00958978708079791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mikulski CM, Grossman S, Lee CJ, Karayannis NM. Hypoxanthine, xanthine and theobromine complexes with palladium(II) and platinum(IV) chlorides. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01023123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cardin CJ, Roy A. Anticancer activity of organometallic compounds. 3. The reaction of dimethyltin dichloride with nucleosides under biologically relevant conditions. Inorganica Chim Acta 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)82088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mikulski CM, Minutella R, De Franco N, Borges G, Karayannis NM. Adenosine adducts with first row transition metal perchlorates. Inorganica Chim Acta 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)84309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Metal ions-purine interactions: Dichloro-gold(III) complexes of some theophylline derivatives. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00811263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cisplatin analogues. cis-Dichloroaminoacid-tert-butylamineplatinum(II) complexes and their adducts with guanosine. Inorganica Chim Acta 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)82298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mikulski CM, Mattucci L, Weiss L, Karayannis NM. Manganese(II), iron(II) and nickel(II) chloride complexes with monodeprotonated anionic guanine. Inorganica Chim Acta 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)82288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cardin CJ, Roy A. Anticancer activity of organotin compounds. 2. Interaction of diorganotin dihalides with nucleic acid bases and nucleosides; the synthesis of adenine, adenosine and 9-methyladenine adducts. Inorganica Chim Acta 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)80690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mikulski CM, Minutella R, DeFranco N, Karayannis NM. Adenosine adducts with 3d metal perchlorates. Inorganica Chim Acta 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)82262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rosopulos Y, Nagel U, Beck W. Metallkomplexe mit biologisch wichtigen Liganden, XXXIV. Allyl-Palladium(II)- und Triphenylphosphan-Gold(I)-Komplexe mit Nucleobasen und Nucleosiden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19851180311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ruisi G, Lo Giudice M, Pellerito L. Synthesis of diorganotin(IV) complexes with nucleosides and their Characterization by Mössbauer and infrared spectroscopy. Inorganica Chim Acta 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)88157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mikulski CM, Mattucci L, Weiss L, Karayannis NM. Adducts of guanine with chromium(III), iron(III) and oxovanadium(IV) chlorides. Inorganica Chim Acta 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)80050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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