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Ishizuka T, Grover N, Kingsbury CJ, Kotani H, Senge MO, Kojima T. Nonplanar porphyrins: synthesis, properties, and unique functionalities. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7560-7630. [PMID: 35959748 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00391k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins are variously substituted tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, with wide-ranging biological and chemical applications derived from metal chelation in the core and the 18π aromatic surface. Under suitable conditions, the porphyrin framework can deform significantly from regular planar shape, owing to steric overload on the porphyrin periphery or steric repulsion in the core, among other structure modulation strategies. Adopting this nonplanar porphyrin architecture allows guest molecules to interact directly with an exposed core, with guest-responsive and photoactive electronic states of the porphyrin allowing energy, information, atom and electron transfer within and between these species. This functionality can be incorporated and tuned by decoration of functional groups and electronic modifications, with individual deformation profiles adapted to specific key sensing and catalysis applications. Nonplanar porphyrins are assisting breakthroughs in molecular recognition, organo- and photoredox catalysis; simultaneously bio-inspired and distinctly synthetic, these molecules offer a new dimension in shape-responsive host-guest chemistry. In this review, we have summarized the synthetic methods and design aspects of nonplanar porphyrin formation, key properties, structure and functionality of the nonplanar aromatic framework, and the scope and utility of this emerging class towards outstanding scientific, industrial and environmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Ishizuka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Nitika Grover
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Christopher J Kingsbury
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hiroaki Kotani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technical University of Munich, Focus Group - Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Takahiko Kojima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba and CREST (JST), 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
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A convenient, high-yielding, chromatography-free method for the insertion of transition metal acetates into porphyrins. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Du G, Woo LK. Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of Group 4 Metalloporphyrin Diolate Complexes. Organometallics 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/om020790g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Du
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111
| | - L. Keith Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111
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Buchler JW, Eberle M. Metal Complexes with Tetrapyrrole Ligands, LXIX. Facile Synthesis and13C-NMR Spectrum of Dichloro(octaethylporphyrinato)zirconium(IV). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19951281112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Brand H, Arnold J. Recent developments in the chemistry of early transition metal porphyrin compounds. Coord Chem Rev 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0010-8545(94)01119-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ryu S, Whang D, Yeo H, Kim K. Synthesis, characterization and X-ray crystal structure of the benzenedithiolatohafnium(IV) porphyrin complex. Inorganica Chim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1693(94)03848-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Buchler JW, Eberle M, Hammerschmitt P, Hüttermann J, Kappl R. Metal Complexes with Tetrapyrrole Ligands, LXV[1]. Generation and ESR Spectra of the Cation Radicals of Bis(octaethylporphyrinato)zirconium(IV) and Bis(chelate)(octaethylporphyrinato)zirconium(IV) Complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19931261209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Buchler JNW, Hammerschmitt P. Metallkomplexe mit Tetrapyrrol-Liganden, LX. Pseudo-Sandwichkomplexe: Komplexe drei- und vierwertiger Metall-Ionen mit Porphyrin- und Schiff-Base-Liganden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.1991199101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jiang J, Machida KI, Yamamoto E, Adachi GY. Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties of Water-Soluble Cerium(III) or Praseodymium(III) Mono[tetra(4-pyridyl)-porphyrinate] and Cerium(IV) Bis[tetra(4-pyridyl)-porphyrinate]. CHEM LETT 1991. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1991.2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Bilsel O, Buchler JW, Hammerschmitt P, Rodriguez J, Holten D. Electronic states and (π, π*) absorption and emission characteristics of strongly coupled porphyrin dimers: sandwich complexes of HfIV and ZrIV. Chem Phys Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(91)90100-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Buchler JW, Cian AD, Fischer J, Hammerschmitt P, Weiss R. Metal Complexes with Tetrapyrrole Ligands, LVIII. Zirconium(IV) and Hafnium(IV) Bisporphyrinate Double Deckers: Synthesis, Spectra, Redox Potentials, and Structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19911240511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sewchok M, Haushalter R, Merola J. Synthesis and structures of porphyrin complexes of scandium: ClSc(TTP)·2(C 10 H 7 Cl) and O[Sc(TTP)] 2 ·6THF. Inorganica Chim Acta 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)80965-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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