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Coccini T, Schicchi A, Locatelli CA, Caloni F, Negri S, Grignani E, De Simone U. Methylglyoxal-induced neurotoxic effects in primary neuronal-like cells transdifferentiated from human mesenchymal stem cells: Impact of low concentrations. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:1819-1839. [PMID: 37431083 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) have aroused the interest of the scientific community due to the increasing evidence of their involvement in many pathophysiological processes including various neurological disorders and cognitive decline age related. Methylglyoxal (MG) is one of the reactive dicarbonyl precursors of AGEs, mainly generated as a by-product of glycolysis, whose accumulation induces neurotoxicity. In our study, MG cytotoxicity was evaluated employing a human stem cell-derived model, namely, neuron-like cells (hNLCs) transdifferentiated from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, which served as a source of human based species-specific "healthy" cells. MG increased ROS production and induced the first characteristic apoptotic hallmarks already at low concentrations (≥10 μM), decreased the cell growth (≥5-10 μM) and viability (≥25 μM), altered Glo-1 and Glo-2 enzymes (≥25 μM), and markedly affected the neuronal markers MAP-2 and NSE causing their loss at low MG concentrations (≥10 μM). Morphological alterations started at 100 μM, followed by even more marked effects and cell death after few hours (5 h) from 200 μM MG addition. Substantially, most effects occurred as low as 10 μM, concentration much lower than that reported from previous observations using different in vitro cell-based models (e.g., human neuroblastoma cell lines, primary animal cells, and human iPSCs). Remarkably, this low effective concentration approaches the level range measured in biological samples of pathological subjects. The use of a suitable cellular model, that is, human primary neurons, can provide an additional valuable tool, mimicking better the physiological and biochemical properties of brain cells, in order to evaluate the mechanistic basis of molecular and cellular alterations in CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Coccini
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, and Pavia Poison Centre-National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Azzurra Schicchi
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, and Pavia Poison Centre-National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlo Alessandro Locatelli
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, and Pavia Poison Centre-National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Negri
- Environmental Research Center, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Grignani
- Environmental Research Center, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Uliana De Simone
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, and Pavia Poison Centre-National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
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Sugimoto K, Mori M, Liu J, Shibuya K, Isose S, Koide M, Hiwasa T, Kuwabara S. Novel serum autoantibodies against ß-actin (ACTB) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2021; 22:388-394. [PMID: 33792444 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2021.1885448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To identify novel biomarkers using the serological analysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries (SEREX) method and to evaluate their clinical significance in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Serum of ALS patients were screened for autoantibodies using the SEREX method. The identified autoantibodies were validated by measuring their serum levels in 70 ALS patients, 60 normal controls (NC), and 62 Parkinson disease (PD) patients using the amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay-linked immunosorbent assay (AlphaLISA). The clinical relevance of these autoantibodies was investigated in ALS patients. SEREX identified 16 candidate antigens including β-actin (ACTB) in addition to proteasome subunit alpha type 7 (PSMA7) that we previously reported, and serum levels of antibodies against ACTB, were significantly higher in ALS patients than in NC (p < 0.001) and PD patients (p = 0.001). Moreover, serum levels of anti-ACTB antibody were higher in advanced stage ALS patients (Stage 4 on the King's ALS clinical staging) and in those with more severe disability (ALS Functional Rating Scale revised [ALSFRS-R] score < 40.5) compared to early stage (Stage 2 [2nd region involved)]) patients and those with less severe disability (ALSFRS-R score ≥ 40.5) (p = 0.003, p = 0.014). Anti-ACTB antibody levels were also negatively correlated with ALSFRS-R score (ρ = -0.409, p = 0.001), but positively correlated with clinical disease stage (ρ = 0.355, p = 0.003), and showed a weak positive correlation with disease duration (ρ = 0.294, p = 0.014). Anti-ACTB antibodies may be a potential biomarker of ALS could indicate disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Sugimoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Masahiro Mori
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Kazutomo Shibuya
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sagiri Isose
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Chibahigashi National Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mizuho Koide
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Chibahigashi National Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takaki Hiwasa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan, and.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Jiang L, Wang J, Wang Z, Huang W, Yang Y, Cai Z, Li K. Role of the Glyoxalase System in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:887-899. [PMID: 30400091 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an insidious and progressive neurodegenerative disease. The main pathological features of AD are the formation of amyloid-β deposits in the anterior cerebral cortex and hippocampus as well as the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Thus far, accumulating evidence shows that glycation is closely related to AD. As a final product resulting from the crosslinking of a reducing sugar or other reactive carbonyls and a protein, the advanced glycation end products have been found to be associated with the formation of amyloid-β and neurofibrillary tangles in AD. As a saccharification inhibitor, the glyoxalase system and its substrate methylglyoxal (MG) were certified to be associated with AD onset and development. As an active substance of AGEs, MG could cause direct or indirect damage to nerve cells and tissues. MG is converted to D-lactic acid after decomposition by the glyoxalase system. Under normal circumstances, MG metabolism is in a dynamic equilibrium, whereas MG accumulates in cells in the case of aging or pathological states. Studies have shown that increasing glyoxalase activity and reducing the MG level can inhibit the generation of oxidative stress and AGEs, thereby alleviating the symptoms and signs of AD to some extent. This paper focuses on the relevant mechanisms of action of the glyoxalase system and MG in the pathogenesis of AD, as well as the potential of inhibiting the production of advanced glycation end products in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianying Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixia Yang
- Department of Neurology, Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Keshen Li
- Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Su Y, Chen X, Liu M, Guo X. Effect of three lactobacilli with strain-specific activities on the growth performance, faecal microbiota and ileum mucosa proteomics of piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:52. [PMID: 28616225 PMCID: PMC5466754 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The beneficial effects of Lactobacillus probiotics in animal production are often strain-related. Different strains from the same species may exert different weight-gain effect on hosts in vivo. Most lactobacilli are selected based on their in vitro activities, and their metabolism and regulation on the intestine based on strain-related characters are largely unexplored. The objective of the present study was to study the in vivo effects of the three lactobacilli on growth performance and to compare the differential effects of the strains on the faecal microbiota and ileum mucosa proteomics of piglets. Methods Three hundred and sixty piglets were assigned to one of four treatments, which included an antibiotics-treated control and three experimental groups supplemented with the three lactobacilli, L. salivarius G1-1, L. reuteri G8-5 and L. reuteri G22-2, respectively. Piglets were weighed and the feed intake was recorded to compare the growth performance. The faecal lactobacilli and coliform was quantified using quantitative PCR and the faecal microbiota was profiled by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The proteomic approach was applied to compare the differential expression of proteins in the ileum mucosa. Results No statistical difference was found among the three Lactobacillus-treated groups in animal growth performance compared with the antibiotics-treated group (P > 0.05). Supplementation of lactobacilli in diets significantly increased the relative 16S rRNA gene copies of Lactobacillus genus on both d 14 and d 28 (P < 0.05)., and the bacterial community profiles based on DGGE from the lactobacilli-treated groups were distinctly different from the antibiotics-treated group (P < 0.05). The ileum mucosa of piglets responded to all Lactobacillus supplementation by producing more newly expressed proteins and the identified proteins were all associated with the functions beneficial for stabilization of cell structure. Besides, some other up-regulated and down-regulated proteins in different Lactobacillus-treated groups showed the expression of proteins were partly strain-related. Conclusions All the three lactobacilli in this study show comparable effects to antibiotics on piglets growth performance. The three lactobacilli were found able to modify intestinal microbiota and mucosa proteomics. The regulation of protein expression in the intestinal mucosa are partly associated with the strains administrated in feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Su
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430074 China
| | - Xingjie Chen
- Guangxi Yang-Xiang Animal Husbandry Co. Ltd., Guigang, Guangxi Province 537100 China
| | - Ming Liu
- Beijing China-agri Hong-Ke Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430074 China
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Kosmachevskaya OV, Shumaev KB, Topunov AF. Signal and regulatory effects of methylglyoxal in eukaryotic cells (review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683817030103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Deshmukh AB, Bai S, T. A, Kazi RS, Banarjee R, Rathore R, MV V, HV T, Kumar Bhat M, MJ K. Methylglyoxal attenuates insulin signaling and downregulates the enzymes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:2338-2349. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00305f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a highly reactive dicarbonyl known to be elevated under the hyperglycemic conditions of diabetes and is implicated in the development of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aarthy T.
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kulkarni MJ
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
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Kulkarni MJ, Korwar AM, Mary S, Bhonsle HS, Giri AP. Glycated proteome: from reaction to intervention. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014. [PMID: 23184864 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201200101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycation, a nonenzymatic reaction between reducing sugars and proteins, is a proteome wide phenomenon, predominantly observed in diabetes due to hyperglycemia. Glycated proteome of plasma, kidney, lens, and brain are implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including diabetic complications, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and aging. This review discusses the strategies to characterize protein glycation, its functional implications in different diseases, and intervention strategies to protect the deleterious effects of protein glycation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh J Kulkarni
- Proteomics Facility, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India.
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Samara A, Tsangaris GT. Brain asymmetry: both sides of the story. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 8:693-703. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Li L, Huang S, Zhu X, Zhou Z, Liu Y, Qu S, Guo Y. Identification of Radioresistance-Associated Proteins in Human Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cell Lines by Proteomic Analysis. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2013; 28:380-4. [PMID: 23464856 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2012.1348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regional Cancer Hospital, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Shiting Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regional Cancer Hospital, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regional Cancer Hospital, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Zhirui Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regional Cancer Hospital, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regional Cancer Hospital, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Song Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regional Cancer Hospital, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Ya Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regional Cancer Hospital, Nanning, P.R. China
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Abstract
GAPDH interacts with a plethora of diverse cellular proteins. The network of interacting partners, or interactome, is presented for GAPDH with the interacting molecules grouped into specific functional and structural categories. By organizing the binding partners in this way, certain common structural features are beginning to surface, such as acidic dipeptide sequences that are found in several of these binding proteins. Additionally, the consensus sequences for target polynucleotides are being brought to light. The categories, which are presented according to function, offer an opportunity for research into the corresponding structural correlates to these interactions. Recent discoveries of interacting proteins have revealed novel relationships that are generating emerging mechanisms. Proteins that are associated with age-related neurodegenerative diseases appear to be particularly prone to binding GAPDH, suggesting that GAPDH may be playing a role in these diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases that are discussed are the conformational diseases of aging, suggesting that GAPDH may be a global sensor for cellular conformational stress. In addition to GAPDH's oxidoreductase activity, several other enzymatic functions have been discovered, including peroxidase, nitrosylase, mono-ADP-ribosylase and kinase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert W Seidler
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Distler MG, Palmer AA. Role of Glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) and methylglyoxal (MG) in behavior: recent advances and mechanistic insights. Front Genet 2012. [PMID: 23181072 PMCID: PMC3500958 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) is a ubiquitous cellular enzyme that participates in the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MG), a cytotoxic byproduct of glycolysis that induces protein modification (advanced glycation end-products, AGEs), oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The concentration of MG is elevated under high-glucose conditions, such as diabetes. As such, GLO1 and MG have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Recently, findings have linked GLO1 to numerous behavioral phenotypes, including psychiatric diseases (anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and autism) and pain. This review highlights GLO1's association with behavioral phenotypes, describes recent discoveries that have elucidated the underlying mechanisms, and identifies opportunities for future research.
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Sun J, Sun L, Zhang N, Lu X, Zhang H. A20 is up-regulated in primary mouse hepatocytes subjected to hypoxia and reperfusion. Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 30:683-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences; China Medical University; Shenyang; China
| | - Luning Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences; China Medical University; Shenyang; China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences; China Medical University; Shenyang; China
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences; China Medical University; Shenyang; China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences; China Medical University; Shenyang; China
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Advanced glycation end products and neurodegenerative diseases: Mechanisms and perspective. J Neurol Sci 2012; 317:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Distler MG, Plant LD, Sokoloff G, Hawk AJ, Aneas I, Wuenschell GE, Termini J, Meredith SC, Nobrega MA, Palmer AA. Glyoxalase 1 increases anxiety by reducing GABAA receptor agonist methylglyoxal. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2306-15. [PMID: 22585572 DOI: 10.1172/jci61319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) expression has previously been associated with anxiety in mice; however, its role in anxiety is controversial, and the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that GLO1 increases anxiety by reducing levels of methylglyoxal (MG), a GABAA receptor agonist. Mice overexpressing Glo1 on a Tg bacterial artificial chromosome displayed increased anxiety-like behavior and reduced brain MG concentrations. Treatment with low doses of MG reduced anxiety-like behavior, while higher doses caused locomotor depression, ataxia, and hypothermia, which are characteristic effects of GABAA receptor activation. Consistent with these data, we found that physiological concentrations of MG selectively activated GABAA receptors in primary neurons. These data indicate that GLO1 increases anxiety by reducing levels of MG, thereby decreasing GABAA receptor activation. More broadly, our findings potentially link metabolic state, neuronal inhibitory tone, and behavior. Finally, we demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of GLO1 reduced anxiety, suggesting that GLO1 is a possible target for the treatment of anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret G Distler
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Dual effect of methylglyoxal on the intracellular Ca2+ signaling and neurite outgrowth in mouse sensory neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:1047-57. [PMID: 22402835 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9823-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The formation of advanced glycation end products is one of the major factors involved in diabetic neuropathy, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. Reactive carbonyl compounds, such as methylglyoxal (MG), play a key role in cross-linking to various proteins in the extracellular matrix, especially in neurons, which have a high rate of oxidative metabolism. The MG effect was tested on dorsal root ganglia primary neurons in cultures from adult male Balb/c mice. Lower MG doses contribute to an increased adherence of neurons on their support and an increased glia proliferation, as proved by MTS assay and bright-field microscopy. Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy by Fura-2 was performed for monitoring the relative fluorescence ratio changes (ΔR/R(0)) upon depolarization and immunofluorescence staining for quantifying the degree of neurites extension. The relative change in fluorescence ratio modifies the amplitude and dispersion depending on the subtype of sensory neurons, the medium-sized neurons are more sensitive to MG treatment when compared to small ones. Low MG concentrations (0-150 μM) increase neuronal viability, excitability, and the capacity of neurite extension, while higher concentrations (250-750 μM) are cytotoxic in a dose-dependent manner. In our opinion, MG could be metabolized by the glyoxalase system inside sensory neurons up to a threshold concentration, afterwards disturbing the cell equilibrium. Our study points out that MG has a dual effect concentration dependent on the neuronal viability, excitability, and neurite outgrowth, but only the excitability changes are soma-sized dependent. In conclusion, our data may partially explain the distinct neuronal modifications in various neurodegenerative pathologies.
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Energy metabolism, proteotoxic stress and age-related dysfunction - protection by carnosine. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 32:267-78. [PMID: 22020113 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review will discuss the relationship between energy metabolism, protein dysfunction and the causation and modulation of age-related proteotoxicity and disease. It is proposed that excessive glycolysis, rather than aerobic (mitochondrial) activity, could be causal to proteotoxic stress and age-related pathology, due to the generation of endogenous glycating metabolites: the deleterious role of methylglyoxal (MG) is emphasized. It is suggested that TOR inhibition, exercise, fasting and increased mitochondrial activity suppress formation of MG (and other deleterious low molecular weight carbonyl compounds) which could control onset and progression of proteostatic dysfunction. Possible mechanisms by which the endogenous dipeptide, carnosine, which, by way of its putative aldehyde-scavenging activity, may control age-related proteotoxicity, cellular dysfunction and pathology, including cancer, are also considered. Whether carnosine could be regarded as a rapamycin mimic is briefly discussed.
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