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Du R, Li K, Guo K, Chen Z, Han L, Bian H. FSTL1: A double-edged sword in cancer development. Gene 2024; 906:148263. [PMID: 38346455 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Flolistatin-related protein 1 (FSTL1), a secreted glycoprotein that is involved in many physiological functions, has attracted much interest and has been implicated in a wide range of diseases, including heart diseases and inflammatory diseases. In recent years, the involvement of FSTL1 in cancer progression has been implicated and researched. FSTL1 plays a contradictory role in cancer, depending on the cancer type as well as the contents of the tumor microenvironment. As reviewed here, the structure and distribution of FSTL1 are first introduced. Subsequently, the expression and clinical significance of FSTL1 in various types of cancer as a tumor enhancer or inhibitor are addressed. Furthermore, we discuss the functional role of FSTL1 in various processes that involve tumor cell proliferation, metastasis, immune responses, stemness, cell apoptosis, and resistance to chemotherapy. FSTL1 expression is tightly controlled in cancer, and a multitude of cancer-related signaling cascades like TGF-β/BMP/Smad signaling, AKT, NF-κB, and Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathways are modulated by FSTL1. Finally, FSTL1 as a therapeutic target using monoclonal antibodies is stated. Herein, we review recent findings showing the double-edged characteristics and mechanisms of FSTL1 in cancer and elaborate on the current understanding of therapeutic approaches targeting FSTL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Du
- Zhang Zhongjing School of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, 473004, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing Formulae and Herbs for Immunoregulation, Nanyang Institute of Technology, No. 80, Changjiang Road, Nanyang 473004, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Kai Li
- Zhang Zhongjing School of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, 473004, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing Formulae and Herbs for Immunoregulation, Nanyang Institute of Technology, No. 80, Changjiang Road, Nanyang 473004, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Kelei Guo
- Zhang Zhongjing School of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, 473004, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing Formulae and Herbs for Immunoregulation, Nanyang Institute of Technology, No. 80, Changjiang Road, Nanyang 473004, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Zhang Zhongjing School of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, 473004, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing Formulae and Herbs for Immunoregulation, Nanyang Institute of Technology, No. 80, Changjiang Road, Nanyang 473004, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Li Han
- Zhang Zhongjing School of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, 473004, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing Formulae and Herbs for Immunoregulation, Nanyang Institute of Technology, No. 80, Changjiang Road, Nanyang 473004, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Hua Bian
- Zhang Zhongjing School of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, 473004, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing Formulae and Herbs for Immunoregulation, Nanyang Institute of Technology, No. 80, Changjiang Road, Nanyang 473004, Henan Province, PR China.
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2
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Zhao C, Chen Z, Zhu L, Miao Y, Guo J, Yuan Z, Wang P, Li L, Ning W. The BMP inhibitor follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) suppresses cervical carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1100045. [PMID: 36756161 PMCID: PMC9901576 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) is a cancer-related matricellular secretory protein with contradictory organ-specific roles. Its contribution to the pathogenesis of cervical carcinoma is still not clear. Meanwhile, it is necessary to identify novel candidate genes to understand cervical carcinoma's pathogenesis further and find potential therapeutic targets. We collected cervical carcinoma samples and matched adjacent tissues from patients with the locally-advanced disease and used cervical carcinoma cell lines HeLa and C33A to evaluate the effects of FSTL1 on CC cells. The mRNA transcription and protein expression of FSTL1 in cervical carcinoma tumor biopsy tissues were lower than those of matched adjacent tissues. Patients with a lower ratio of FSTL1 mRNA between the tumor and its matched adjacent tissues showed a correlation with the advanced cervical carcinoma FIGO stages. High expression of FSTL1 markedly inhibited the proliferation, motility, and invasion of HeLa and C33A. Regarding mechanism, FSTL1 plays its role by negatively regulating the BMP4/Smad1/5/9 signaling. Our study has demonstrated the tumor suppressor effect of FSTL1, and these findings suggested a potential therapeutic target and biomarker for cervical carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongjie Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunheng Miao
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiasen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyong Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Lian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Wen Ning, ; Lian Li,
| | - Wen Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Wen Ning, ; Lian Li,
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Wang X, Dai J, Xia J, Ye Z, Huang X, Cao W, Xiao R, He L. Pomalidomide enhances the maturation of dendritic cells derived from healthy donors and multiple myeloma patients. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1076096. [PMID: 36545316 PMCID: PMC9760666 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1076096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore the effect of pomalidomide on the maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) from healthy donors (HDs) and multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Methods: MoDCs were generated by the incubation of monocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for 7 days in a medium consisting of 800 U/ml granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), 500 U/ml interleukin-4 (IL-4), RPMI 1,640 medium, 5% human serum, 100 U/ml penicillin and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin. Meanwhile, the incubation system was administrated with 10 µM pomalidomide or 1 × PBS as the control group. On the eighth day, cells were harvested and analyzed by flow cytometry. The CD80+CD86+ cell population in total cells was gated as moDCs in the FACS analyzing system. After that, the expression of CD40 and HLA-DR on moDCs was analyzed. Meanwhile, the supernatant from the incubation system was evaluated for the secretion of cytokines interleukin-12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: When analyzing all the HD-moDCs together (n = 15), pomalidomide significantly increased the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD40 expression and HLA-DR expression on moDCs compared with the control group (p = 0.003, p = 0.040). Meanwhile, the proportion of CD40+ moDCs and HLA-DR+ moDCs in total moDCs was significantly higher in the pomalidomide group than in the control group (p = 0.008, p = 0.032). When analyzing all MM patient-moDCs together (n = 11), pomalidomide significantly increased the MFI of CD40 expression and HLA-DR expression on moDCs compared with the control group (p = 0.047, p = 0.006). Meanwhile, the proportion of HLA-DR+ moDCs in total DCs was significantly higher in the pomalidomide group than in the control group (p < 0.001). Moreover, HD-moDCs (n = 8) treated with pomalidomide secreted 192% IL-12, 110% TNF-α, and 112% MIP-1α of the untreated moDCs (p = 0.020, p = 0.006, p = 0.055). However, when analyzing MM patient-moDCs (n = 10) together, the secretion of IL-12, TNF-α and MIP-1α from moDCs showed no significant difference between the pomalidomide group and the control group (p = 0.458, p = 0.377, p = 0.248). Conclusion: In vitro, 10 µM pomalidomide enhances the maturation of moDCs derived from both HDs and MM patients. Pomalidomide shows potential to be applied as a DC adjuvant for DC-based immunotherapy, such as the DC vaccine and DC cell therapy in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingying Dai
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyi Xia
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zichen Ye
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobing Huang
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanjun Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Rong Xiao, ; Lin He,
| | - Lin He
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Rong Xiao, ; Lin He,
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Wang Z, Tu L, Chen M, Tong S. Identification of a tumor microenvironment-related seven-gene signature for predicting prognosis in bladder cancer. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:692. [PMID: 34112144 PMCID: PMC8194149 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidences demonstrated tumor microenvironment (TME) of bladder cancer (BLCA) may play a pivotal role in modulating tumorigenesis, progression, and alteration of biological features. Currently we aimed to establish a prognostic model based on TME-related gene expression for guiding clinical management of BLCA. Methods We employed ESTIMATE algorithm to evaluate TME cell infiltration in BLCA. The RNA-Seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used to screen out differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Underlying relationship between co-expression modules and TME was investigated via Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). COX regression and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis were applied for screening prognostic hub gene and establishing a risk predictive model. BLCA specimens and adjacent tissues from patients were obtained from patients. Bladder cancer (T24, EJ-m3) and bladder uroepithelial cell line (SVHUC1) were used for genes validation. qRT-PCR was employed to validate genes mRNA level in tissues and cell lines. Results 365 BLCA samples and 19 adjacent normal samples were selected for identifying DEGs. 2141 DEGs were identified and used to construct co-expression network. Four modules (magenta, brown, yellow, purple) were regarded as TME regulatory modules through WGCNA and GO analysis. Furthermore, seven hub genes (ACAP1, ADAMTS9, TAP1, IFIT3, FBN1, FSTL1, COL6A2) were screened out to establish a risk predictive model via COX and LASSO regression. Survival analysis and ROC curve analysis indicated our predictive model had good performance on evaluating patients prognosis in different subgroup of BLCA. qRT-PCR result showed upregulation of ACAP1, IFIT3, TAP1 and downregulation of ADAMTS9, COL6A2, FSTL1,FBN1 in BLCA specimens and cell lines. Conclusions Our study firstly integrated multiple TME-related genes to set up a risk predictive model. This model could accurately predict BLCA progression and prognosis, which offers clinical implication for risk stratification, immunotherapy drug screen and therapeutic decision. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08447-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- Department of Urology, Hunan Children's Hospital, No.86 Ziyuan Road, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Tu
- Department of Urology, Hunan Children's Hospital, No.86 Ziyuan Road, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Minfeng Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.88 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shiyu Tong
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.88 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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Ma J, Yang Y, Wang L, Jia X, Lu T, Zeng Y, Liu L, Gao Y. Follistatin-like 1 deficiency impairs T cell development to promote lung metastasis of triple negative breast cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:7211-7227. [PMID: 33639614 PMCID: PMC7993667 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Our study aims to detect the underlying mechanism of the suppressive effect of Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) on lung metastasis of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). We found that FSTL1 had no effect on the proliferation and metastasis of 4T1 cells in vitro, while in the tumor-bearing Fstl1 heterozygous (Fstl1+/-) mice, the number of anti-tumor T lymphocytes in the lung was significantly reduced with the increase in lung metastasis. Impaired development of T cells can cause dysfunction of adaptive immune system, which promotes cancer metastasis. Therefore the effect of FSTL1 on T cell development was further investigated. Lower population of T cells in periphery and decreased proliferation of CD4- CD8- double negative (DN) thymocytes and impairment development of T cells were found in Fstl1+/- mice. Furthermore, high expression of FSTL1 in medullary thymus epithelial (mTEC) cells and decreased mRNA expression of inducible costimulator on activated T-cell ligand (Icosl) in mTECsh Fstl1 were detected. Combining other studies that the generation of ICOSL by mTEC cells promotes CD4+ single positive (SP) thymocytes to produce IL-2, which promotes T cell development. Our results indicate FSTL1 deficiency in mTEC cells impairs T cell development to promote the lung metastasis of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyan Zeng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Experimental Center for Basic Medical Teaching, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Hillen MR, Chouri E, Wang M, Blokland SLM, Hartgring SAY, Concepcion AN, Kruize AA, Burgering BMT, Rossato M, van Roon JAG, Radstake TRDJ. Dysregulated miRNome of plasmacytoid dendritic cells from patients with Sjögren's syndrome is associated with processes at the centre of their function. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 58:2305-2314. [PMID: 31131409 PMCID: PMC6880856 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective A considerable body of evidence supports a role for type-I IFN in the pathogenesis of primary SS (pSS). As plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a major source of type-I IFN, we investigated their molecular regulation by measuring expression of a large set of miRNAs. Methods pDCs were isolated from peripheral blood of pSS patients (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 16) divided into two independent cohorts (discovery and replication). Screening of 758 miRNAs was assessed by an OpenArray quantitative PCR-based technique; replication of a set of identified miRNAs was performed by custom array. Functional annotation of miRNA targets was performed using pathway enrichment. Novel targets of miR-29a and miR-29c were identified using a proteomic approach (stable isotope labelling with amino acids in cell culture). Results In the discovery cohort, 20 miRNAs were differentially expressed in pSS pDCs compared with healthy control pDCs. Of these, differential expression of 10 miRNAs was confirmed in the replication cohort. The dysregulated miRNAs were involved in phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Ak strain transforming and mammalian target of rapamycin signalling, as well as regulation of cell death. In addition, a set of novel protein targets of miR-29a and miR-29c were identified, including five targets that were regulated by both miRs. Conclusion The dysregulated miRNome in pDCs of patients with pSS is associated with aberrant regulation of processes at the centre of pDC function, including type-I IFN production and cell death. As miR-29a and miR-29c are pro-apoptotic factors and several of the novel targets identified here are regulators of apoptosis, their downregulation in patients with pSS is associated with enhanced pDC survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten R Hillen
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eleni Chouri
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maojie Wang
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center Molecular Medicine, Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sofie L M Blokland
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarita A Y Hartgring
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arno N Concepcion
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aike A Kruize
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn M T Burgering
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center Molecular Medicine, Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marzia Rossato
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Joel A G van Roon
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy R D J Radstake
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Wang H, Huang S, Wu S, Yin S, Tang A, Wen W. Follistatin-Like Protein-1 Upregulates Dendritic Cell-Based Immunity in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 37:494-502. [PMID: 29135371 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2017.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Follistatin-like protein-1 (FSTL1) is an inflammatory factor that can induce an inflammatory response and is expressed in cancers. However, little is known about its content and function in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-4 are primarily secreted by dendritic cells (DCs) and activated T lymphocytes, respectively; these factors can induce Th cell differentiation and cytotoxic lymphocyte production, both of which facilitate tumors through the STAT4 and STAT6 pathways, respectively. In this study, the relationship between FSTL1 and both IL-12 and IL-4 as well as the functional mechanism of these cytokines was explored. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, and Western blotting were used to assess the levels of key inflammatory factors and DC markers as well as elucidate the mechanism by which FSTL-1 mediates and exerts it antitumor effects. The results revealed that serum FSTL1 and IL-12 levels were significantly decreased in NPC patients compared with those in the control group (P < 0.05); conversely, IL-4 levels were increased (P < 0.05). Supernatants from the experimental groups (EGs) contained higher IL-4 and IL-12 levels than those from the control groups (P < 0.05). Additionally, phosphorylated-STAT6 and phosphorylated-STAT4 were increased in the EGs (P < 0.05). These results suggest that DC-mediated immunity was activated by FSTL1, which leads to an increase of IL-12 and IL-4 production and consequently activates the STAT4 and STAT6 pathways through upregulation of STAT4 and STAT6 phosphorylation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, China
| | - Shiping Huang
- 2 Department of Otolaryngology, The People's Hospital of Guigang , Guigang, China
| | - Senyong Wu
- 2 Department of Otolaryngology, The People's Hospital of Guigang , Guigang, China
| | - Shaolin Yin
- 3 Department of Otolaryngology, Guangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and West Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anzhou Tang
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, China
| | - Wensheng Wen
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, China
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Zhou Y, Xia L, Lin J, Wang H, Oyang L, Tan S, Tian Y, Su M, Wang H, Cao D, Liao Q. Exosomes in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. J Cancer 2018; 9:767-777. [PMID: 29581754 PMCID: PMC5868140 DOI: 10.7150/jca.22505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized (30-100nm) membrane microvesicles secreted through a complex cellular process. Exosomes contain a variety of bioactive molecules, such as proteins, microRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), playing an important role in the cell-to-cell substance transportation and signal transduction. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma-related exosomes (NPC-Exo) have been identified in circulating blood and contribute to tumor cell proliferation, angiopoiesis, and immune tolerance through remodeling of tumor microenvironment (TME). Nasopharyngeal carcinoma-related exosomes may also induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), thus promoting tumor metastasis and chemoradioresistance. Clinically, the exosomes may serve as novel biomarkers for diagnosis and targeted therapies of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. This review article updates the understanding of exosomes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Longzheng Xia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jingguan Lin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Heran Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Linda Oyang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Shiming Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yutong Tian
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Min Su
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Deliang Cao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine. 913 N. Rutledge Street, Springfield, IL 62794, USA
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
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Ni X, Cao X, Wu Y, Wu J. FSTL1 suppresses tumor cell proliferation, invasion and survival in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Rep 2017; 39:13-20. [PMID: 29115636 PMCID: PMC5783594 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.6061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Follistatin like-1 (FSTL1) is a secreted glycoprotein involved in a series of physiological and pathological processes. However, its contribution to the development of cancer, especially the pathogenesis of NSCLC, remains to be elucidated. We explored the expression, function, and molecular mechanism of FSTL1 in NSCLC. In this study, we detected the expression of FSTL1 in a panel of NSCLC cell lines and lung normal epithelial cell line by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis and found that FSTL1 was downregulated in NSCLC cells compared with normal control. Knockdown of FSTL1 with different shRNA sequences result in increased cell proliferation and cell migration, invasion and reduced cell apoptosis in A549 cell line with high FSTL1 endogenous level. FSTL1 overexpression in H446 cell line with low FSTL1 endogenous level suppressed cell proliferation and migration, invasion and increased cell apoptosis. Knockdown and overexpression of FSTL1 caused altered cell cycle. Reduced cell apoptosis was revealed in FSTL1 knockdown cells accompanied by increased FAS expression and decreased FASL, cleaved caspase‑3 and ‑7 expression. By contrast, overexpression of FSTL1 caused reduced FAS level and increased activated caspase‑3 and ‑7 expression, which may lead to increased cell apoptosis. Moreover, the changed migration and invasion ability in FSTL1 sufficient or deficient cells may be caused by alterations in MMP2, MMP3 and MMP9 expression. Altogether, our results revealed the critical tumor-suppression function of FSTL1 in NSCLC progression, suggesting that FSTL1 might be an important factor in NSCLC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Ni
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of Longyan Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Cao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Longyan Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Yongquan Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Longyan Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Longyan Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan, Fujian, P.R. China
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10
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Zhang DY, Sun WL, Ma X, Zhang P, Wu W, Wu H, Zhou S, Lu Z. Up-regulated FSTL5 inhibits invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma through the Wnt/β-catenin/YAP pathway. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:10325-10333. [PMID: 31966367 PMCID: PMC6965754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have a poor survival rate because of its high invasion ability. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms of HCC migration and invasion. Our previous study showed that follistatin-like 5 (FSTL5), which was associated with the prognosis of HCC patients, acts as an inhibitor of HCC cell proliferation. It also promotes the transition of cell morphology from mesenchymal to epithelial, which is associated with the process of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. In this study, we used two HCC cell lines (SK-Hep1 and SMMC-7721) to explore the effect of FSTL5 on HCC invasion and migration. We found that up-regulated FSTL5 restrained HCC invasion and migration by transwell, wound healing, detachment, and attachment assays. Decreased expression of YAP was found upon over-expression of FSTL5, as well as inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. YAP is a downstream gene of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and plays an important role in HCC metastasis. Thus, we speculate that FSTL5 inhibits the invasion of HCC through the Wnt/β-catenin/YAP pathway. In conclusion, FSTL5 exerts an inhibitory effect on HCC metastasis and proliferation through the Wnt/β-catenin/YAP pathway and may be a target gene for anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Yong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Wan-Liang Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Huan Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Shuo Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Zheng Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbu, Anhui, China
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11
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Wang H, Wu S, Huang S, Yin S, Zou G, Huang K, Zhang Z, Tang A, Wen W. Follistatin-like protein 1 contributes to dendritic cell and T-lymphocyte activation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients by altering nuclear factor κb and Jun N-terminal kinase expression. Cell Biochem Funct 2016; 34:554-562. [PMID: 27859422 PMCID: PMC5215428 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Follistatin‐like protein 1 (FSTL1) is a newly characterized protein that can regulate the immune response in various ways. Dendritic cells (DCs) are central to immune regulation. In this study, we explored the impact of FSTL1 on DC activity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients. The surface expression of CD40, CD86, and HLA‐DR on DCs was analyzed and showed significantly elevated expression levels, indicating DC maturity. After FSTL1 was added to DCs collected from NPC patients (n = 50), controls (n = 47), and healthy donors (n = 10), interferon γ secretion and T‐cell receptor expression in cytotoxic T lymphocytes were also investigated. In the experimental groups, the expression of the critical immune protein nuclear factor (NF)‐κb was upregulated, whereas Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) was downregulated. Our findings demonstrate that FSTL1 plays a critical role in immune regulation, enhancing the antigen presentation ability of DCs by up‐regulating NF‐κb expression and down‐regulating JNK expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Senyong Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The People's Hospital, Guigang, Guangxi, China
| | - Shiping Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The People's Hospital, Guigang, Guangxi, China
| | - Shaolin Yin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The People's Hospital, Guigang, Guangxi, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, The Cooperation of Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital in Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guilong Zou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The People's Hospital, Guigang, Guangxi, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, The People's Hospital of Hezhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Kuan'en Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The People's Hospital, Guigang, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, The Cooperation of Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital in Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anzhou Tang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wensheng Wen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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