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Giaccari C, Antonouli S, Anifandis G, Cecconi S, Di Nisio V. An Update on Physiopathological Roles of Akt in the ReprodAKTive Mammalian Ovary. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:722. [PMID: 38929705 PMCID: PMC11204812 DOI: 10.3390/life14060722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is a key signaling cascade responsible for the regulation of cell survival, proliferation, and metabolism in the ovarian microenvironment. The optimal finetuning of this pathway is essential for physiological processes concerning oogenesis, folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation, and embryo development. The dysregulation of PI3K/Akt can impair molecular and structural mechanisms that will lead to follicle atresia, or the inability of embryos to reach later stages of development. Due to its pivotal role in the control of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and survival mechanisms, the dysregulation of this molecular pathway can trigger the onset of pathological conditions. Among these, we will focus on diseases that can harm female fertility, such as polycystic ovary syndrome and premature ovarian failure, or women's general health, such as ovarian cancer. In this review, we report the functions of the PI3K/Akt pathway in both its physiological and pathological roles, and we address the existing application of inhibitors and activators for the balancing of the molecular cascade in ovarian pathological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Giaccari
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
| | - Sevastiani Antonouli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41334 Larisa, Greece; (S.A.); (G.A.)
| | - George Anifandis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41334 Larisa, Greece; (S.A.); (G.A.)
| | - Sandra Cecconi
- Department of Life, Health, and Environmental Sciences, Università dell’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Nisio
- Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Alcaráz LP, Prellwitz L, Alves G, Souza-Fabjan JMG, Dias AJB. Role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/ protein kinase B/ phosphatase and tensin homologue (PI3K/AKT/PTEN) pathway inhibitors during in vitro maturation of mammalian oocytes on in vitro embryo production: A systematic review. Theriogenology 2022; 189:42-52. [PMID: 35724451 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/phosphatase and tensin homologue (PI3K/AKT/PTEN) pathway in mammals yields mixed results. A deep understanding of its regulation can be a powerful tool for better in vitro blastocyst production. This systematic review aims to map the evidence of PI3K/AKT/PTEN pathway modulation during in vitro maturation (IVM), to assess its effects on meiosis resumption and nuclear maturation progression of mammalian oocytes, and their impacts on embryo development and quality. A total of 1058 articles were screened in three databases, and 22 articles were included. Fifty-two IVM assessments were identified, among which 11 evaluated blastocyst yield. Three PI3K inhibitors (3-methyladenine, Wortmannin, and LY294002) and one AKT inhibitor (SH6) were investigated. The impact of this pathway modulation on meiosis resumption in swines and murines was not well established, depending on the inhibitor used, concentration, and media supplementation, while in bovines, resumption seems to be independent of PI3K/AKT/PTEN pathway. However, progression to metaphase II (MII) is highly controlled by this pathway on both bovines and swines. Studies that focused on the inhibition reversibility showed that the removal of the modulator produced MII rates similar to the control group. Experiments that aimed to temporarily block meiosis resumption or reduce PI3K activity resulted in blastocyst production equal to or even higher than control groups. Altogether, these data indicate the paramount potential of this pathway as a possible strategy to improve overall in vitro embryo production efficiency, by synchronizing both nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Pereira Alcaráz
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brazil Filho, 64, Cep, 24230-340, Niterói-RJ, Brazil.
| | - Lucia Prellwitz
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brazil Filho, 64, Cep, 24230-340, Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Gutemberg Alves
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brazil Filho, 64, Cep, 24230-340, Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Angelo José Burla Dias
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Cep, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, Brazil.
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Yu H, Yong W, Gao T, Na M, Zhang Y, Kuguminkiriza IH, Kenechukwu AA, Guo Q, Zhang G, Deng X. Hormesis of low-dose inhibition of pAkt1 (Ser473) followed by a great increase of proline-rich inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (PIPP) level in oocytes. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:342-349. [PMID: 33537929 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-021-00546-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hormesis describes a biphasic dose-response relationship generally characterized by a low-dose excitement and a high-dose inhibition. This phenomenon has been observed in the regulation of cell, organ, and organismic level. However, hormesis has not reported in oocytes. In this study, we observed, for the first time, hormetic responses of PIPP levels in oocytes by inhibitor of Akt1 or PKCδ. The expression of PIPP was detected by qPCR, immunofluorescent (IF), and Western Blot (WB). To observe the changes of PIPP levels, we used the inhibitors against pAkt1 (Ser473) or PKCδ, SH-6 or sotrastaurin with low and/or high-dose, treated GV oocytes and cultured for 4 h, respectively. The results showed that PIPP expression was significantly enhanced when oocytes were treated with SH-6 or sotrastaurin 10 μM, but decreased with SH-6 or sotrastaurin 100 μM. We also examined the changes of PIPP levels when GV oocytes were treated with exogenous PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 or LY294002 for 4 h. Our results showed that PIPP level was enhanced much higher under the treatment of 0.1 μM PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 than that of 1 μM PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, which is consistent with the changes of PIPP when oocytes were treated with inhibitors of pAkt1 (Ser473) or PKCδ. In addition, with PIPP siRNA, we detected that down-regulated PIPP may affect distributions of Akt, Cdc25, and pCdc2 (Tyr15). Taken together, these results show that the relationships between PIPP and Akt may follow the principle of hormesis and play a key role during release of diplotene arrest in mouse oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yu
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yong
- Center Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, 110032, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Gao
- Center Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, 110032, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Na
- Center Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, 110032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Center Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, 110032, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Qingguo Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CMU, Shenyang, China
| | - Guoli Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, The Academy of Military Medical Sciences of PLA, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Deng
- Center Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, 110032, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang J, Zhang YL, Zhao LW, Pi SB, Zhang SY, Tong C, Fan HY. The CRL4-DCAF13 ubiquitin E3 ligase supports oocyte meiotic resumption by targeting PTEN degradation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2181-2197. [PMID: 31492966 PMCID: PMC11105099 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cullin ring-finger ubiquitin ligase 4 (CRL4) has multiple functions in the maintenance of oocyte survival and meiotic cell cycle progression. DCAF13, a novel CRL4 adaptor, is essential for oocyte development. But the mechanisms by which CRL4-DCAF13 supports meiotic maturation remained unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that DCAF13 stimulates the meiotic resumption-coupled activation of protein synthesis in oocytes, partially by maintaining the activity of PI3K signaling pathway. CRL4-DCAF13 targets the polyubiquitination and degradation of PTEN, a lipid phosphatase that inhibits PI3K pathway as well as oocyte growth and maturation. Dcaf13 knockout in oocytes caused decreased CDK1 activity and impaired meiotic cell cycle progression and chromosome condensation defects. As a result, chromosomes fail to be aligned at the spindle equatorial plate, the spindle assembly checkpoint is activated, and most Dcaf13 null oocytes are arrested at the prometaphase I. The DCAF13-dependent PTEN degradation mechanism fits in as a missing link between CRL4 ubiquitin E3 ligase and PI3K pathway, both of which are crucial for translational activation during oocyte GV-MII transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Rd., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yin-Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province; Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Long-Wen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Rd., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuai-Bo Pi
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Rd., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Song-Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province; Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Chao Tong
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Rd., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Heng-Yu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province; Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Rd., Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Zhang NN, Zhang T, Gao WY, Wang X, Wang ZB, Cai JY, Ma Y, Li CR, Chen XC, Zeng WT, Hu F, Li JM, Yang ZX, Zhou CX, Zhang D. Fam70A binds Wnt5a to regulate meiosis and quality of mouse oocytes. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12825. [PMID: 32391621 PMCID: PMC7309945 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Little is known about the roles of integral membrane proteins beyond channels, carriers or receptors in meiotic oocytes. The transmembrane protein Fam70A was previously identified as a likely "female fertility factor" in Fox3a-knockout mouse ovaries where almost all follicles underwent synchronous activation and the mice became infertile very early. However, whether Fam70A functions in oocyte meiosis remains unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to address this question. MATERIALS AND METHODS Co-immunoprecipitation, immunogold labelling-electron microscopy, co-localization and yeast two-hybrid assays were used to verify the interaction. Antibody or small interfering RNA transfection was used to deplete the proteins. Immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry and live tracker staining were used to examine the localization or characterize phenotypes. Western blot was used to examine the protein level. RESULTS Fam70A was enriched in oocyte membranes important for normal meiosis. Fam70A depletion remarkably disrupted spindle assembly, chromosome congression and first polar body extrusion, which subsequently increased aneuploidy and abnormal fertilization. Moreover, Fam70A directly bound Wnt5a, the most abundant Wnt member within oocytes. Depletion of either Fam70A or Wnt5a remarkably increased adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), which stabilizes active β-catenin and microtubules. Consequently, depletion of either Fam70A or Wnt5a remarkably increased p-β-catenin (inactive form) and acetylated tubulin, while APC knockdown remarkably decreased these two. Furthermore, Fam70A depletion remarkably reduced Akt phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Fam70A regulates meiosis and quality of mouse oocytes through both canonical and non-canonical Wnt5a signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Na Zhang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- State Key Lab of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Yi Gao
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zi-Bin Wang
- Analysis and Test Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Yang Cai
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Ma
- The Second Hospital of Changzhou, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cong-Rong Li
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi-Chen Chen
- Analysis and Test Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Tao Zeng
- Animal Core Facility, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Fan Hu
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Min Li
- Animal Core Facility, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Xia Yang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun-Xiang Zhou
- Drum Tower Hospital, Medical College of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Animal Core Facility, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Wen L, Liu Q, Xu J, Liu X, Shi C, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Xu H, Liu J, Yang H, Huang H, Qiao J, Tang F, Chen ZJ. Recent advances in mammalian reproductive biology. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:18-58. [PMID: 31813094 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive biology is a uniquely important topic since it is about germ cells, which are central for transmitting genetic information from generation to generation. In this review, we discuss recent advances in mammalian germ cell development, including preimplantation development, fetal germ cell development and postnatal development of oocytes and sperm. We also discuss the etiologies of female and male infertility and describe the emerging technologies for studying reproductive biology such as gene editing and single-cell technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Third Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Third Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xixi Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Third Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chaoyi Shi
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zuwei Yang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yili Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Hong Xu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Hui Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Hefeng Huang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Jie Qiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Third Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Fuchou Tang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Third Hospital, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, 250021, China.
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Liu L, Li H, Labbe B, Wang Y, Mao S, Cao Y, Zhao M, Liu S, Yu H, Deng X. Involvement of CaMKII in regulating the release of diplotene-arrested mouse oocytes by pAkt1 (Ser473). Cell Cycle 2019; 18:2986-2997. [PMID: 31530151 PMCID: PMC6791694 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1666596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) had been reported to play a role in the process of fertilization. However, the role of CaMKII in the release of diplotene-arrested oocytes is poorly understood. In this study, we explored the potential effect of CaMKII on Akt1 and the relationship among CaMKII, Akt1 and phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) during the meiotic resumption of mouse oocytes. We found that inhibition of CaMKII aggravated diplotene arrest. We detected the expression and distribution of pCaMKII (Thr286), pAkt1 (Ser473), Cdc25B and pCdc2 (Tyr15) when oocytes were treated with KN-93, SH-6, LY294002 or PIP3, respectively. Our data showed that down-regulated CaMKII by KN-93 decreased the levels of pAkt1 (Ser473) and rearranged the distribution of pAkt1 (Ser473). Meanwhile, down-regulated pAkt1 (Ser473) by SH-6 also decreased the levels of pCaMKII (Thr286), Cdc25B and pCdc2 (Tyr15) significantly and rearranged the distributions of pCaMKII (Thr286). Furthermore, our data showed that exogenous PIP3 up-regulated GVBD rates significantly and increased the levels of pCaMKII (Thr286) and pAkt1 (Ser473). On the contrary, down-regulation of PIP3 by LY294002 decreased GVBD rates and the levels of pCaMKII (Thr286) and pAkt1 (Ser473), respectively. Our results showed that Akt1 and CaMKII regulated each other, and PIP3 may be involved in these regulations during the release of mouse oocytes from diplotene arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Liu
- Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, CMU, Shenyang, PR China
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, PR China
- Mouse Genome Editing Core, Dept of Laboratory Animal Science, Shanghai Public Health Clincial Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hanwen Li
- Department of Anorectum, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, PR China
| | - Ben Labbe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, PR China
| | - Shitao Mao
- Department of Pneumology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, CMU, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, PR China
| | - Mingjing Zhao
- Department of Pneumology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, CMU, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Department of Pneumology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, CMU, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Hang Yu
- Department of Biophysics, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, CMU, Shenyang, PR China
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, PR China
- Department of Pneumology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, CMU, Shenyang, PR China
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