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van de Worp WRPH, Schols AMWJ, Theys J, van Helvoort A, Langen RCJ. Nutritional Interventions in Cancer Cachexia: Evidence and Perspectives From Experimental Models. Front Nutr 2020; 7:601329. [PMID: 33415123 PMCID: PMC7783418 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.601329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complex metabolic syndrome characterized by involuntary skeletal muscle loss and is associated with poor clinical outcome, decreased survival and negatively influences cancer therapy. No curative treatments are available for cancer cachexia, but nutritional intervention is recommended as a cornerstone of multimodal therapy. Optimal nutritional care is pivotal in the treatment of cancer cachexia, and the effects of nutrients may extend beyond provision of adequate energy uptake, targeting different mechanisms or metabolic pathways that are affected or deregulated by cachexia. The evidence to support this notion derived from nutritional intervention studies in experimental models of cancer cachexia is systematically discussed in this review. Moreover, experimental variables and readout parameters to determine skeletal muscle wasting and cachexia are methodologically evaluated to allow critical comparison of similar studies. Single- and multinutrient intervention studies including qualitative modulation of dietary protein, dietary fat, and supplementation with specific nutrients, such as carnitine and creatine, were reviewed for their efficacy to counteract muscle mass loss and its underlying mechanisms in experimental cancer cachexia. Numerous studies showed favorable effects on impaired protein turnover and related metabolic abnormalities of nutritional supplementation in parallel with a beneficial impact on cancer-induced muscle wasting. The combination of high quality nutrients in a multitargeted, multinutrient approach appears specifically promising, preferentially as a multimodal intervention, although more studies investigating the optimal quantity and combination of nutrients are needed. During the review process, a wide variation in timing, duration, dosing, and route of supplementation, as well as a wide variation in animal models were observed. Better standardization in dietary design, and the development of experimental models that better recapitulate the etiology of human cachexia, will further facilitate successful translation of experimentally-based multinutrient, multimodal interventions into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter R P H van de Worp
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Annemie M W J Schols
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jan Theys
- Department of Precision Medicine, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ardy van Helvoort
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ramon C J Langen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Carnier M, Silva FP, Miranda DAD, Hachul ACL, Silva Rischiteli AB, Pinto Neto NI, Boldarine VT, Seelaender M, Oller do Nascimento CM, Oyama LM. Diet Supplemented with Chia Flour did not Modified the Inflammatory Process and Tumor Development in Wistar Rats Inoculated with Walker 256 Cells. Nutr Cancer 2018; 70:1007-1016. [PMID: 30204475 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1502329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) contains high amounts of n-3 α-linolenic acid (ALA) and has been associated with many health benefits. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the AIN-93 diet supplemented by chia flour on cancer-cachexia development and tissues inflammatory response. Wistar rats at 30 days old were treated with control diet or diet supplemented with chia flour for eight weeks. After this period, half of the animals in each diet group were inoculated with Walker 256 tumor cells. On the 14th day after tumor inoculation, the animals were euthanized and white adipose tissue depots, liver, gastrocnemius muscle, and tumor were removed. The tumor weight was higher and IL-10 content was lower in chia flour group. The tumor bearing did not modify the cytokines content in gastrocnemius muscle, retroperitoneal and epididymal adipose tissue, however, it decreased IL-1β and TNF-α content in liver, and IL6R and IL-10R protein content in mesenteric adipose tissue. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that supplementation with chia flour did not prevent the tumor bearing effects in Walker 256 model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Carnier
- a Departamento de Fisiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo (SP) , Brazil
| | - Fernanda Pinheiro Silva
- a Departamento de Fisiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo (SP) , Brazil
| | - Danielle Araujo de Miranda
- a Departamento de Fisiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo (SP) , Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Losinskas Hachul
- a Departamento de Fisiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo (SP) , Brazil
| | | | - Nelson Inacio Pinto Neto
- a Departamento de Fisiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo (SP) , Brazil
| | - Valter Tadeu Boldarine
- a Departamento de Fisiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo (SP) , Brazil
| | - Marilia Seelaender
- b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo (SP) , Brazil
| | | | - Lila Missae Oyama
- a Departamento de Fisiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo (SP) , Brazil
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Marega P, Liberti EA, Freitas JJS, Kietzer KS. Walker-256 tumor alters morphology of intestinal myenteric plexus in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30. [PMID: 29542845 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) dysmotility is common in patients with cancer. There are a few studies about the myenteric plexus in the presence of anatomically remote tumors. METHODS Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into a control (CT) or Walker-256 (TW) group. Tumor cells were subcutaneously injected and saline was injected in the CT group. After 14 days, the small and large intestines were removed for histochemical analysis. The macroscopic morphology of the intestines and the fecal excretion were also observed. KEY RESULTS The upper GI transit and weight of fecal pellets were reduced and the walls of the large intestine in tumor-bearing rats showed multiple constrictions. In the capsules' constitution of the myenteric plexus of the TW group, there were type III collagen fibers in addition to type I fibers, and the thin septa inside the capsule were absent. The large intestine in the TW group exhibited smaller neurons and the number of nitrergic-positive neurons was also reduced in the myenteric plexus, compared to the CT group. In the TW group, the neuronal numbers and the staining intensity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were reduced in the large intestine. Staining was not different in the small intestine. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES This study showed that the Walker-256 tumor induced alterations in the morphology of nitrergic and cholinergic neurons in the myenteric plexus and decreased the upper GI transit with the presence of multiple constrictions in the colon. Therefore, these alterations can interfere on neurotransmission and can be related to the intestinal motility alterations observed in tumor-bearing rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marega
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - E A Liberti
- University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - K S Kietzer
- University of Pará State, Belem, Pará, Brazil
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Martins HA, Bazotte RB, Vicentini GE, Lima MM, Guarnier FA, Hermes-Uliana C, Frez FCV, Bossolani GDP, Fracaro L, Fávaro LDS, Manzano MI, Zanoni JN. l-Glutamine supplementation promotes an improved energetic balance in Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317695960. [PMID: 28345452 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317695960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of supplementation with oral l-glutamine in Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats. A total of 32 male Wistar rats aged 54 days were randomly divided into four groups: rats without Walker-256 tumor, that is, control rats (C group); control rats supplemented with l-glutamine (CG group); Walker-256 tumor rats without l-glutamine supplementation (WT group); and WT rats supplemented with l-glutamine (WTG group). l-Glutamine was incorporated into standard food at a proportion of 2 g/100 g (2%). After 10 days of the experimental period, the jejunum and duodenum were removed and processed. Protein expression levels of key enzymes of gluconeogenesis, that is, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase, were analyzed by western blot and immunohistochemical techniques. In addition, plasma corticosterone, glucose, insulin, and urea levels were evaluated. The WTG group showed significantly increased plasma glucose and insulin levels ( p < 0.05); however, plasma corticosterone and urea remained unchanged. Moreover, the WTG group showed increased immunoreactive staining for jejunal phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and increased expression of duodenal glucose-6-phosphatase. Furthermore, the WTG group presented with less intense cancer cachexia and slower tumor growth. These results could be attributed, at least partly, to increased intestinal gluconeogenesis and insulinemia, and better glycemia maintenance during fasting in Walker-256 tumor rats on a diet supplemented with l-glutamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heber Amilcar Martins
- 1 Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Roberto Barbosa Bazotte
- 1 Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Machado Lima
- 1 Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | - Catchia Hermes-Uliana
- 1 Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciane Fracaro
- 1 Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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Vicentini GE, Fracaro L, de Souza SRG, Martins HA, Guarnier FA, Zanoni JN. Experimental Cancer Cachexia Changes Neuron Numbers and Peptide Levels in the Intestine: Partial Protective Effects after Dietary Supplementation with L-Glutamine. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162998. [PMID: 27635657 PMCID: PMC5026352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal dysmotility frequently occurs in cancer cachexia and may result from damage to enteric innervation caused by oxidative stress, especially due to glutathione depletion. We assessed the effect of dietary supplementation with 20 g/kg l-glutamine (a glutathione precursor) on the intrinsic innervation of the enteric nervous system in healthy and Walker 256 tumor-bearing Wistar rats during the development of experimental cachexia (14 days), in comparison with non-supplemented rats, by using immunohistochemical methods and Western blotting. The total neural population and cholinergic subpopulation densities in the myenteric plexus, as well as the total population and VIPergic subpopulation in the submucosal plexus of the jejunum and ileum, were reduced in cachectic rats, resulting in adaptive morphometric alterations and an increase in vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression, suggesting a neuroplastic response. l-glutamine supplementation prevented decrease in myenteric neuronal density in the ileum, morphometric alterations in the neurons and nerve fibers (in both the plexuses of the jejunum and ileum), and the overexpression of VIP and CGRP. Cancer cachexia severely affected the intrinsic innervation of the jejunum and ileum to various degrees and this injury seems to be associated with adaptive neural plasticity. l-glutamine supplementation presented partial protective effects on the enteric innervation against cancer cachexia, possibly by attenuating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldo E. Vicentini
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Luciane Fracaro
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Sara R. G. de Souza
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Heber A. Martins
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Flávia A. Guarnier
- Department of General Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline N. Zanoni
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Supplementation with l-glutamine prevents tumor growth and cancer-induced cachexia as well as restores cell proliferation of intestinal mucosa of Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2773-2784. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Fracaro L, Frez F, Silva B, Vicentini G, de Souza S, Martins H, Linden D, Guarnier F, Zanoni J. Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats demonstrate altered interstitial cells of Cajal. Effects on ICC in the Walker 256 tumor model. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:101-15. [PMID: 26526599 PMCID: PMC4688090 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia is a significant problem in patients with cancer. The effect of cancer on interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and neurons of the gastrointestinal tract have not been studied previously. Although supplementation with L-glutamine 2% may have beneficial effects in cancer-related cachexia, and be protective of ICC in models of oxidative stress such as diabetes, its effects on ICC in cancer have also not been studied. METHODS Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (C), control supplemented with L-glutamine (CG), Walker 256 tumor (WT), and Walker 256 tumor supplemented with L-glutamine (WTG). Rats were implanted with tumor cells or injected with saline in the right flank. After 14 days, the jejunal tissues were collected and processed for immunohistochemical techniques including whole mounts and cryosections and Western blot analysis. KEY RESULTS Tumor-bearing rats demonstrate reduced numbers of Myenteric ICC and deep muscular plexus ICC and yet increased Ano1 protein expression and enhanced ICC networks. In addition, there is more nNOS protein expressed in tumor-bearing rats compared to controls. L-glutamine treatment had a variety of effects on ICC that may be related to the disease state and the interaction of ICC and nNOS neurons. Regardless, L-glutamine reduced the size of tumors and also tumor-induced cachexia that was not due to altered food intake. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES There are significant effects on ICC in the Walker 256 tumor model. Although supplementation with L-glutamine has differential and complex effects of ICC, it reduces tumor size and tumor-associated cachexia, which supports its beneficial therapeutic role in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Fracaro
- Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - F.C.V. Frez
- Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - B.C. Silva
- Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - G.E. Vicentini
- Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - S.R.G. de Souza
- Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - H.A. Martins
- Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - D.R. Linden
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - F.A. Guarnier
- Department of General Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - J.N. Zanoni
- Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil,Address for Correspondence: Prof Jacqueline Nelisis Zanoni, Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, n 5790 Bloco O-33, Maringá, 87020-900, Brazil. Tel: (+55) 443011-5944; ,
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El-Sheikh NM, Khalil FA. L-arginine and L-glutamine as immunonutrients and modulating agents for oxidative stress and toxicity induced by sodium nitrite in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 49:758-62. [PMID: 21130833 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sodium nitrite (NaNO(2)) is a flavoring, coloring and preservative agent in meat and fish products. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of L-arginine and L-glutamine supplementation as a potentially novel and useful strategy for the modulation of oxidative stress and toxicity induced by NaNO(2) in male rats. Rats were divided into six groups each of 10 rats and treated for 6 weeks: group 1 as normal control; group 2 fed standard diet containing 0.2% NaNO(2); group 3 and 4 fed the previous diet supplemented with 1% and 2% arginine, respectively; group 5 and 6 fed NaNO(2) diet supplemented with 1% and 2% glutamine, respectively. NaNO(2) treatment induced a significant increase in serum malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, arginase, glutathione-S-transferase activities, urea and creatinine as well as differential leucocytes%. However, a significant decrease was recorded in reduced glutathione, catalase activity, total protein, albumin and some hematological parameters as well as immunoglobulin G. On the other hand, arginine or glutamine showed a remarkable modulation of these abnormalities as indicated by reduction of malondialdehyde and improvement of the investigated antioxidant and hematological parameters. It can be concluded that arginine or glutamine supplementation may reduce oxidative stress and improve the hazard effects of NaNO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora M El-Sheikh
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Department, Women's College, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Halder AK, Adhikary N, Maity MK, Jha T. Synthesis, pharmacological activity and comparative QSAR modeling of 1,5-N,N′-substituted-2-(substituted naphthalenesulphonyl) glutamamides as possible anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:1760-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gruia MI, Oprea E, Gruia I, Negoita V, Farcasanu IC. The antioxidant response induced by Lonicera caerulaea berry extracts in animals bearing experimental solid tumors. Molecules 2008; 13:1195-206. [PMID: 18560338 PMCID: PMC6245305 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13051195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 05/21/1995] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lonicera caerulea is a species of bush native to the Kamchatka Peninsula (Russian Far East) whose berries have been extensively studied due to their potential high antioxidant activity. The aim of our work was to investigate the in vivo effects of the antioxidant action of Lonicera caerulea berry extracts on the dynamics of experimentally-induced tumors. Our data showed that aqueous Lonicera caerulaea extracts reduced the tumor volume when administered continuously during the tumor growth and development stages, but augmented the tumor growth when the administration of extracts started three weeks before tumor grafting. Prolonged administration of Lonicera caerulaea berry extracts induced the antioxidant defense mechanism in the tumor tissues, while surprisingly amplifying the peripheral oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eliza Oprea
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, 4-12 Regina Elisabeta, 030018, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ion Gruia
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics, MG-11 Magurele, 077125, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentina Negoita
- Institute of Oncology Bucharest, 252 Fundeni, 022338, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ileana Cornelia Farcasanu
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, 4-12 Regina Elisabeta, 030018, Bucharest, Romania
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail:
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Caperuto EC, Tomatieli RV, Colquhoun A, Seelaender MCL, Costa Rosa LFBP. β-Hydoxy-β-methylbutyrate supplementation affects Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats in a time-dependent manner. Clin Nutr 2007; 26:117-22. [PMID: 17011676 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2005] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cancer cachexia affects intermediary metabolism with intense and general catabolism. Walker 256 tumor is a model injected either subcutaneously (Sc) or intraperitoneally (Ip), with different metabolic features. Beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate (HMbeta) is a leucine metabolite with anti-catabolic properties, the aim of this study being to investigate its effects on metabolic parameters in both tumor models. METHODS Controls (subcutaneous control group (ScC) and intraperitoneal control group (IpC)) and supplemented animals (subcutaneous supplemented group (ScS) and intraperitoneal supplemented group (IpS)) showed these results. RESULTS Protein Sc values were (47.8%) lower than Ip groups. Sc group fat content was (65.16%) higher than Ip groups. Liver glycogen value for Sc groups was (38.4%) higher than Ip groups. Muscle glycogen value for Sc groups were (2.75 times) higher than Ip groups. Corticosterone and insulin values were lower (44.53%) and higher (45.94%), respectively, in Sc when compared with Ip groups. Glucose and lactate values for ScS were the lowest (61.7% and 41.53%) compared to other groups. ScC glutamine value was the highest (40.8%) of all groups. Glutamate Sc values were (42.65%) lower than Ip groups. Sc groups showed greater survival time compared with Ip groups. ScS group showed 100% increase in survival time when compared with ScC. CONCLUSIONS HMbeta supplementation can increase survival time and promotes metabolic changes in cancer-bearing animals, but it seems to work in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erico Chagas Caperuto
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Cell Biology and Development, Lineu Prestes Av. 1524 ICB 1 Room 430, 05508-900 Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Hirabara SM, Silveira LR, Abdulkader FRM, Alberici LC, Procopio J, Carvalho CRO, Pithon-Curi TC, Curi R. Role of fatty acids in the transition from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism in skeletal muscle during exercise. Cell Biochem Funct 2006; 24:475-81. [PMID: 16924590 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In moderate physical exercise, the transition from predominantly anaerobic towards predominantly aerobic metabolism is a key step to improve performance. Increase in the supply of oxygen and nutrients, such as free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose, which accompanies high blood flow, is required for this transition. The mechanisms involved in the vasodilation in skeletal muscle during physical activity are not completely known yet. In this article, we postulate a role of FFA and heat production in this process. The presence of uncoupling protein-2 and -3 (UCP-2 and -3) in skeletal muscle, whose activity is dependent on FFA, suggests that these metabolites can act as mitochondrial uncouplers in this tissue. Evidence indicates however that UCPs act as uncouplers only when coenzyme Q is predominantly in the reduced state (i.e. under nonphosphorylation conditions or state 4 respiration) as is observed in resting muscles and in the beginning of physical activity (predominantly anaerobic metabolism). The increase in the lipolytic activity in adipose tissue in the beginning of physical activity results in elevated plasma FFA levels. The FFA can then act on the UCPs, increasing the local heat production. We propose that this calorigenic effect of FFA is important to activate nitric oxide synthase, resulting in nitric oxide production and consequent vasodilation. Therefore, FFA would be important mediators for the changes that occur in muscle metabolism during prolonged physical activity, ensuring the appropriate supply of oxygen and nutrients by increasing blood flow at the beginning of exercise in the contracting skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro M Hirabara
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, CEP 05508-900 Butantã, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Curi R, Lagranha CJ, Doi SQ, Sellitti DF, Procopio J, Pithon-Curi TC, Corless M, Newsholme P. Molecular mechanisms of glutamine action. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:392-401. [PMID: 15795900 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid in the body and is known to play a regulatory role in several cell specific processes including metabolism (e.g., oxidative fuel, gluconeogenic precursor, and lipogenic precursor), cell integrity (apoptosis, cell proliferation), protein synthesis, and degradation, contractile protein mass, redox potential, respiratory burst, insulin resistance, insulin secretion, and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. Glutamine has been shown to regulate the expression of many genes related to metabolism, signal transduction, cell defense and repair, and to activate intracellular signaling pathways. Thus, the function of glutamine goes beyond that of a simple metabolic fuel or protein precursor as previously assumed. In this review, we have attempted to identify some of the common mechanisms underlying the regulation of glutamine dependent cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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de Lima TM, Lima MMR, Almeida DCG, Mendonça JR, Curi R. Cachexia induced by Walker 256 tumor growth causes rat lymphocyte death. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:179-86. [PMID: 15378280 PMCID: PMC11034229 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Death induction by Walker 256 tumor cachexia in non-tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes was investigated. Lymphocytes from cachectic tumor-bearing rats presented a higher proportion of cells with ruptured membranes, indicating necrotic cell death. The cachexia induced by Walker 256 tumor also increased by 3.6-fold the percentage of cells with fragmented DNA, suggestive of apoptotic cell death. The mitochondria involvement was examined by analysis of mitochondria transmembrane potential using rhodamine 123. Lymphocytes from cachectic tumor-bearing rats presented a more pronounced depolarization of mitochondrial transmembrane potential in comparison with cells from the control group. The expression of important proapoptotic (Bcl-xs, Bax, p53, caspase-3) and antiapoptotic genes (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL) was also altered by tumor cachexia. These results suggest that the immunosuppression induced by Walker 256 tumor cachexia is at least in part a result of lymphocyte death. Evidence was found for the involvement of mitochondria and important proapoptotic genes in the process of lymphocyte death by Walker 256 tumor cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Martins de Lima
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 1524, Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-900 Brazil
| | | | - Débora C. G. Almeida
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 1524, Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-900 Brazil
| | - José Roberto Mendonça
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 1524, Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-900 Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 1524, Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-900 Brazil
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Curi R, Lagranha CJ, Doi SQ, Sellitti DF, Procopio J, Pithon-Curi TC. Glutamine-dependent changes in gene expression and protein activity. Cell Biochem Funct 2005; 23:77-84. [PMID: 15386529 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The functions of glutamine are many and include, substrate for protein synthesis, anabolic precursor for muscle growth, acid-base balance in the kidney, substrate for ureogenesis in the liver, substrate for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis, an oxidative fuel for intestine and cells of the immune system, inter-organ nitrogen transport, precursor for neurotransmitter synthesis, precursor for nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis and precursor for glutathione production. In the present review information on the mechanism of glutamine action is presented. This amino acid has been shown to regulate the expression of several genes (such as p47phox, p22phox, gp91phox, alpha-actin and fibronectin) and activate several proteins (such as ASK1, c-myc, c-jun and p70s6k).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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