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Mansour N, Mehanna S, Bodman-Smith K, Daher CF, Khnayzer RS. A Ru(II)-Strained Complex with 2,9-Diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline Ligand Induces Selective Photoactivatable Chemotherapeutic Activity on Human Alveolar Carcinoma Cells via Apoptosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:50. [PMID: 38256884 PMCID: PMC10819265 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
[Ru(bipy)2(dpphen)]Cl2 (where bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine and dpphen = 2,9-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) (complex 1) is a sterically strained compound that exhibits promising in vitro photocytotoxicity on an array of cell lines. Since lung adenocarcinoma cancer remains the most common lung cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths, the current study aims to evaluate the plausible effect and uptake of complex 1 on human alveolar carcinoma cells (A549) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), and assess its cytotoxicity in vitro while considering its effect on cell morphology, membrane integrity and DNA damage. MSC and A549 cells showed similar rates of complex 1 uptake with a plateau at 12 h. Upon photoactivation, complex 1 exhibited selective, potent anticancer activity against A549 cells with phototoxicity index (PI) values of 16, 25 and 39 at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. This effect was accompanied by a significant increase in A549-cell rounding and detachment, loss of membrane integrity and DNA damage. Flow cytometry experiments confirmed that A549 cells undergo apoptosis when treated with complex 1 followed by photoactivation. In conclusion, this present study suggests that complex 1 might be a promising candidate for photochemotherapy with photoproducts that possess selective anticancer effects in vitro. These results are encouraging to probe the potential activity of this complex in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najwa Mansour
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon; (N.M.); (S.M.); (C.F.D.)
| | - Stephanie Mehanna
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon; (N.M.); (S.M.); (C.F.D.)
| | - Kikki Bodman-Smith
- Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
| | - Costantine F. Daher
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon; (N.M.); (S.M.); (C.F.D.)
| | - Rony S. Khnayzer
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon; (N.M.); (S.M.); (C.F.D.)
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Lechner VM, Nappi M, Deneny PJ, Folliet S, Chu JCK, Gaunt MJ. Visible-Light-Mediated Modification and Manipulation of Biomacromolecules. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1752-1829. [PMID: 34546740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemically modified biomacromolecules-i.e., proteins, nucleic acids, glycans, and lipids-have become crucial tools in chemical biology. They are extensively used not only to elucidate cellular processes but also in industrial applications, particularly in the context of biopharmaceuticals. In order to enable maximum scope for optimization, it is pivotal to have a diverse array of biomacromolecule modification methods at one's disposal. Chemistry has driven many significant advances in this area, and especially recently, numerous novel visible-light-induced photochemical approaches have emerged. In these reactions, light serves as an external source of energy, enabling access to highly reactive intermediates under exceedingly mild conditions and with exquisite spatiotemporal control. While UV-induced transformations on biomacromolecules date back decades, visible light has the unmistakable advantage of being considerably more biocompatible, and a spectrum of visible-light-driven methods is now available, chiefly for proteins and nucleic acids. This review will discuss modifications of native functional groups (FGs), including functionalization, labeling, and cross-linking techniques as well as the utility of oxidative degradation mediated by photochemically generated reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, transformations at non-native, bioorthogonal FGs on biomacromolecules will be addressed, including photoclick chemistry and DNA-encoded library synthesis as well as methods that allow manipulation of the activity of a biomacromolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian M Lechner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Nappi
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J Deneny
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Folliet
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - John C K Chu
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Gaunt
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Estalayo-Adrián S, Garnir K, Moucheron C. Perspectives of ruthenium(ii) polyazaaromatic photo-oxidizing complexes photoreactive towards tryptophan-containing peptides and derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:322-337. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06542f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent advances in the search for RuII polyazaaromatic complexes as molecular photoreagents for tryptophan-containing peptides and proteins, in view of future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Estalayo-Adrián
- Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, (U. L. B.)
- 1050 Bruxelles
- Belgium
| | - K. Garnir
- Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, (U. L. B.)
- 1050 Bruxelles
- Belgium
| | - C. Moucheron
- Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, (U. L. B.)
- 1050 Bruxelles
- Belgium
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4
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De Laet N, Madder A. Synthesis and evaluation of methylene blue oligonucleotide conjugates for DNA interstrand cross-linking. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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5
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Mari C, Pierroz V, Ferrari S, Gasser G. Combination of Ru(ii) complexes and light: new frontiers in cancer therapy. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2660-2686. [PMID: 29308166 PMCID: PMC5639435 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03759f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergistic action of light, oxygen and a photosensitizer (PS) has found applications for decades in medicine under the name of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of skin diseases and, more recently, for the treatment of cancer. However, of the thirteen PSs currently approved for the treatment of cancer over more than 10 countries, only two contain a metal ion. This fact is rather surprising considering that nowadays around 50% of conventional chemotherapies involve the use of cisplatin and other platinum-containing drugs. In this perspective article, we review the opportunities brought by the use of Ru(ii) complexes as PSs in PDT. In addition, we also present the recent achievements in the application of Ru(ii) complexes in photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT). In this strategy, the presence of oxygen is not required to achieve cell toxicity. This is of significance since tumors are generally hypoxic. Importantly, this perspective article focuses particularly on the Ru(ii) complexes for which an in vitro biological evaluation has been performed and the mechanism of action (partially) unveiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mari
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland . ; http://www.gassergroup.com ; ; Tel: +41 44 635 4630
| | - Vanessa Pierroz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland . ; http://www.gassergroup.com ; ; Tel: +41 44 635 4630
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Stefano Ferrari
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland . ; http://www.gassergroup.com ; ; Tel: +41 44 635 4630
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Sista P, Ghosh K, Martinez JS, Rocha RC. Metallo-Biopolymers: Conjugation Strategies and Applications. POLYM REV 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2014.913063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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7
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Nowak-Karnowska J, Chebib Z, Milecki J, Franzen S, Skalski B. Highly efficient fluorescent interstrand photo-crosslinking of DNA duplexes labeled with 5-fluoro-4-thio-2'-o-methyluridine. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2045-9. [PMID: 25111776 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The formation of a fluorescent photoadduct between 5-fluoro-4-thiouridine ((FS) U), in the sequence context 5'-A(FS) UA-3' and incorporated into a synthetic oligonucleotide either at its 3'- or 5'-end, and one of the thymines of the TAT motif in a complementary target DNA strand led to photo-crosslinking of the two strands for several oligonucleotide constructs. Enzymatic digestion, MS, UV, and fluorescence spectral analyses of the interstrand crosslinked oligonucleotides revealed the identity of the thymidine that participates in the photo-crosslinking reaction as well as the diastereomeric structures of the crosslinks. The proposed pathways of interstrand photo-crosslinking are supported by experiments with isotopically labeled oligonucleotide constructs and visualized by means of molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Nowak-Karnowska
- Centre of Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań (Poland)
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Marcélis L, Van Overstraeten-Schlögel N, Lambermont J, Bontems S, Spinelli N, Defrancq E, Moucheron C, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A, Raes M. Light-Triggered Green Fluorescent Protein Silencing in Human Keratinocytes in Culture Using Antisense Oligonucleotides Coupled to a Photoreactive Ruthenium(II) Complex. Chempluschem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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9
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Gicquel E, Souchard JP, Magnusson F, Chemaly J, Calsou P, Vicendo P. Role of intercalation and redox potential in DNA photosensitization by ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes: assessment using DNA repair protein tests. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 12:1517-26. [PMID: 23835850 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50070e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we report that the photoreactivity of ruthenium(II) complexes with nucleobases may not only be modulated by their photoredox properties but also by their DNA binding mode. The damage resulting from photolysis of synthetic oligonucleotides and plasmid DNA by [Ru(bpz)3](2+), [Ru(bipy)3](2+) and the two DNA intercalating agents [Ru(bpz)2dppz](2+) and [Ru(bipy)2dppz](2+) has been monitored by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by tests using proteins involved in DNA repair processes (DNA-PKCs, Ku80, Ku70, and PARP-1). The data show that intercalation controls the nature of the DNA damage photo-induced by ruthenium(II) complexes reacting with DNA via an electron transfer process. The intercalating agent [Ru(bpz)2dppz](2+) is a powerful DNA breaker inducing the formation of both single and double (DSBs) strand breaks which are recognized by the PARP-1 and DNA-PKCs proteins respectively. [Ru(bpz)2dppz](2+) is the first ruthenium(II) complex described in the literature that is able to induce DSBs by an electron transfer process. In contrast, its non-intercalating parent compound, [Ru(bpz)3](2+), is mostly an efficient DNA alkylating agent. Photoadducts are recognized by the proteins Ku70 and Ku80 as with cisplatin adducts. This result suggests that photoaddition of [Ru(bpz)2dppz](2+) is strongly affected by its DNA intercalation whereas its photonuclease activity is exalted. The data clearly show that DNA intercalation decreases drastically the photonuclease activity of ruthenium(II) complexes oxidizing guanine via the production of singlet oxygen. Interestingly, the DNA sequencing data revealed that the ligand dipyridophenazine exhibits on single-stranded oligonucleotides a preference for the 5'-TGCGT-3' sequence. Moreover the use of proteins involved in DNA repair processes to detect DNA damage was a powerful tool to examine the photoreactivity of ruthenium(II) complexes with nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Gicquel
- Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR 5623 CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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10
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Marcélis L, Moucheron C, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A. Ru-TAP complexes and DNA: from photo-induced electron transfer to gene photo-silencing in living cells. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20120131. [PMID: 23776293 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this review, examples of applications of the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) process between photo-oxidizing Ru-TAP (TAP = 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene) complexes and DNA or oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) are discussed. Applications using a free Ru-TAP complex (not chemically anchored to an ODN) are first considered. In this case, the PET gives rise to the production of an irreversible adduct of the Ru complex on a guanine (G) base, with formation of a covalent bond. After absorption of a second photon, this adduct can generate a bi-adduct, whereby the same complex binds to a second G moiety. These bi-adduct formations are responsible for photo-cross-linking between two strands of a duplex, each containing a G base, or between two G moieties of a single strand such as a telomeric sequence, as demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses or mass spectrometry. Scanning force microscopy also allows the detection of such photobridgings with plasmid DNA. Other applications, for example with Ru-ODN, i.e. ODN with chemically anchored Ru-TAP complexes, are also discussed. It is shown that such Ru-ODN probes containing a G base in their own sequences are capable of photo-cross-linking selectively with their targeted complementary sequences, and, in the absence of such targets, they self-photo-inhibit. Such processes are applied successfully in gene photo-silencing of human papillomavirus cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Marcélis
- Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/08, 50 Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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11
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Le Gac S, Surin M, Defrancq E, Moucheron C, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A. What Are the Parameters Controlling Inter- vs. Intra-Strand DNA Photodamage with Ru-TAP Oligonucleotides? Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201201019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Marcélis L, Ghesquière J, Garnir K, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A, Moucheron C. Photo-oxidizing RuII complexes and light: Targeting biomolecules via photoadditions. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Ruthenium oligonucleotides, targeting HPV16 E6 oncogene, inhibit the growth of cervical cancer cells under illumination by a mechanism involving p53. Gene Ther 2012; 20:435-43. [PMID: 22809997 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
High-risk Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) has been found to be associated with carcinomas of the cervix, penis, vulva/vagina, anus, mouth and oro-pharynx. As the main tumorigenic effects of the HPV have been attributed to the expression of E6 and E7 genes, different gene therapy approaches have been directed to block their expression such as antisense oligonucleotides (ASO), ribozymes and small interfering RNAs. In order to develop a gene-specific therapy for HPV-related cancers, we investigated a potential therapeutic strategy of gene silencing activated under illumination. Our aim according to this antisense therapy consisted in regulating the HPV16 E6 oncogene by using an E6-ASO derivatized with a polyazaaromatic ruthenium (Ru(II)) complex (E6-Ru-ASO) able, under visible illumination, to crosslink irreversibly the targeted sequence. We examined the effects of E6-Ru-ASO on the expression of E6 and on the cell growth of cervical cancer cells. We demonstrated using HPV16(+) SiHa cervical cancer cells that E6-Ru-ASO induces after illumination, a reactivation of p53, the most important target of E6, as well as the inhibition of cell proliferation with a selective repression of E6 at the protein level. These results suggest that E6-Ru ASOs, activated under illumination and specifically targeting E6, are capable of inhibiting HPV16(+) cervical cancer cell proliferation.
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14
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Vanderlinden W, Blunt M, David CC, Moucheron C, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A, De Feyter S. Mesoscale DNA Structural Changes on Binding and Photoreaction with Ru[(TAP)2PHEHAT]2+. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:10214-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ja303091q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Willem Vanderlinden
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory
of Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Division of Molecular Imaging
and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory
of Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Division of Molecular Imaging
and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charlotte C. David
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory
of Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Division of Molecular Imaging
and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt 50,
1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrée Kirsch-De Mesmaeker
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt 50,
1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory
of Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Division of Molecular Imaging
and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Photochemically relevant DNA-based molecular systems enabling chemical and signal transductions and their analytical applications. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mattiuzzi A, Jabin I, Moucheron C, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A. Ru-TAP complexes with btz and pytz ligands: novel candidates as photooxidizing agents. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:7395-402. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10235d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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17
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Chou C, Uprety R, Davis L, Chin JW, Deiters A. Genetically encoding an aliphatic diazirine for protein photocrosslinking. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00373e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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18
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Rebarz M, Ghesquière J, Boisdenghien A, Defrancq E, Moucheron C, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A. Photoinduced Electron Transfer from Tryptophan to RuIITAP Complexes: The Primary Process for Photo-Cross-Linking with Oligopeptides. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:10867-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ic101214m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Rebarz
- Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/08, 50 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Ghesquière
- Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/08, 50 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Boisdenghien
- Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/08, 50 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Eric Defrancq
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/08, 50 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Andrée Kirsch-De Mesmaeker
- Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/08, 50 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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Le Gac S, Foucart M, Gerbaux P, Defrancq E, Moucheron C, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A. Photo-reactive Ru(II)-oligonucleotide conjugates: influence of an intercalating ligand on the inter- and intra-strand photo-ligation processes. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:9672-83. [PMID: 20830393 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00355g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The damaging efficacy towards OligoDeoxyriboNucleotides (ODNs) of two photoreactive polyazaaromatic ruthenium(II) complexes, Ru(T) and Ru(D), has been evaluated. Both compounds correspond to the known [Ru(TAP)(2)(dppz)](2+) complex, but they are anchored differently to a guanine-containing single strand ODN (probe strand). This has allowed us to investigate the influence of the interactions existing between the tethered complexes and the single or double strand, on the photo-ligation processes. From melting temperature measurements of the duplex formed between these Ru-ODNs and their complementary sequence (target strand), it has been found that Ru(T) anchored via the TAP ligand interacts with the duplex by means of the intercalating dppz ligand (head on geometry), while Ru(D) anchored via the dppz ligand likely adopts a side on geometry without intercalation. Both single stranded Ru conjugates self-inhibit in the absence of their target ODN by forming exclusively a cyclic "seppuku" photo-adduct (intra-molecular photoreaction). In contrast, this intra-molecular photo-product is precluded in presence of the target strand, and the Ru-ODN sequence photo-crosslinks with the latter (inter-molecular photoreaction). Both intra- and inter-molecular processes with both complexes are efficient (80% yields) and lead to stable photo-adducts. Interestingly, detailed studies have revealed that the similar photo-damaging efficacy of crosslinking by Ru(T) and Ru(D) is a consequence of a cascade of events with compensatory effects, originating from the different geometry of interaction of the tethered complexes. Notably, antagonistic effects are present when the complex is intercalated, the guanine oxidation step being highly favoured and the recombination of the quenching products being hindered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Le Gac
- Chimie Organique et Photochimie CP160/08, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
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Bencini A, Lippolis V. 1,10-Phenanthroline: A versatile building block for the construction of ligands for various purposes. Coord Chem Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Biton A, Ezra A, Kasparkova J, Brabec V, Yavin E. DNA photocleavage by DNA and DNA-LNA amino acid-dye conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:616-21. [PMID: 20345124 DOI: 10.1021/bc900372h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
DNA photocleavage by triplex forming oligonucleotides (TFO) has potential implications in both biotechnology and medicine. We have synthesized a series of homopurine DNA and DNA/LNA 14-mers to which an amino acid (glycine or l-tryptophan) and a cyanine dye are covalently linked. Two cyanine dyes were examined that include a quinolinium ring linked to a benzothiazolium ring through a monomethine (TO1) or trimethine (TO2) linker. The 14-mer sequence was chosen to target mdm2, a ubiquitin ligase (E3) that regulates p53 by promoting its ubiquitylation and proteosomal degradation. Such inhibition has been previously proposed as a therapeutic approach to target wild-type p53-expressing cancers. To examine whether our TFO conjugates photocleave the mdm2 target, we incubated the various conjugates with the mdm2 plasmid and irradiated the samples with visible light. We show that only the TFO with the complementary sequence and with an intervening l-tryptophan leads to the linearization of the plasmid after a short irradiation time (10 min) exciting the dye (lambda(max)(TO1) = 500 nm and lambda(max)(TO2) = 630 nm) with visible light. Furthermore, the photoreactivity is more pronounced for the LNA/DNA conjugate, an observation that is consistent with improved hybridization to the DNA target. Sequence specificity of the photoreaction is further corroborated on a synthetic 44-mer duplex containing the TFO site. Evidence for a ROS-dependent mechanism is also given and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adva Biton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Ein-Karem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Rickling S, Ghisdavu L, Pierard F, Gerbaux P, Surin M, Murat P, Defrancq E, Moucheron C, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A. A rigid dinuclear ruthenium(II) complex as an efficient photoactive agent for bridging two guanine bases of a duplex or quadruplex oligonucleotide. Chemistry 2010; 16:3951-61. [PMID: 20175157 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The rigid dinuclear [(tap)(2)Ru(tpac)Ru(tap)(2)](4+) complex (1) (TAP=1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene, TPAC=tetrapyridoacridine) is shown to be much more efficient than the mononuclear bis-TAP complexes at photodamaging oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) containing guanine (G). This is particularly striking with the G-rich telomeric sequence d(T(2)AG(3))(4). Complex 1, which interacts strongly with the ODNs as determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and emission anisotropy experiments, gives rise under illumination to the formation of covalent adducts with the G units of the ODNs. The yield of photocrosslinking of the two strands of duplexes by 1 is the highest when the G bases of each strand are separated by three to four base pairs. This corresponds with each Ru(tap)(2) moiety of complex 1 forming an adduct with the G base. This separation distance of the G units of a duplex could be determined thanks to the rigidity of complex 1. On the basis of results of gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and molecular modelling, it is suggested that such photocrosslinking can also occur intramolecularly in the human telomeric quadruplex d(T(2)AG(3))(4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Rickling
- Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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23
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Di Pietro ML, Puntoriero F, Tuyéras F, Ochsenbein P, Lainé PP, Campagna S. Photochemically driven intercalation of small molecules into DNA by in situ irradiation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:5169-71. [PMID: 20544073 DOI: 10.1039/c002748k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intercalation of small molecules into DNA is photochemically achieved by in situ irradiation of a tetraaryl-pyridinium species. Such a "DNA intercalation on demand" process could highlight an alternative pathway to anticancer basic research, based on photo-activable DNA binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Letizia Di Pietro
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, Via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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24
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Ghizdavu L, Pierard F, Rickling S, Aury S, Surin M, Beljonne D, Lazzaroni R, Murat P, Defrancq E, Moucheron C, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A. Oxidizing Ru(II) complexes as irreversible and specific photo-cross-linking agents of oligonucleotide duplexes. Inorg Chem 2010; 48:10988-94. [PMID: 19874040 DOI: 10.1021/ic901007w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidizing polyazaaromatic Ru(II) complexes containing two TAP ligands (TAP = 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene) are able under illumination to cross-link irreversibly the two strands of an oligonucleotide (ODN) duplex by covalent bond formation. The cross-linking proceeds by two successive absorptions of a photon. An adduct of the metallic complex on a guanine (G) base of one ODN strand is first photoproduced, followed by a second photoaddition of the same Ru species to a G base of the complementary strand, provided that the two G moieties are separated by 0 or 1 base pair. These two processes lead to the cross-linking of the two strands. Such a photo-cross-linking is easily detected with [Ru(TAP)(2)(phen)](2+) (1; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) and [Ru(HAT)(2)(phen)](2+) (2; HAT = 1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene), whereas it is not observed with [Ru(TAP)(2)TPAC](2+) (3; TPAC = tetrapyridoacridine) at the same level of loading of the duplex by 3. With a concentration of 3 similar to that of 1 and 2, when the loading of the duplex by 3 is much more important than with 1 and 2, the photo-cross-linking with 3 can thus also be observed. As 3 intercalates its TPAC ligand into the base pairs stack, its mobility is restricted in the duplex. In contrast, 1 and 2 can adopt different geometries of interaction, which probably facilitate the photo-cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Ghizdavu
- Université libre de Bruxelles, Chimie Organique et Photochimie CP 160/08, av. F.D. Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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25
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Fernández-Moreira V, Thorp-Greenwood FL, Coogan MP. Application of d6 transition metal complexes in fluorescence cell imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:186-202. [DOI: 10.1039/b917757d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 638] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Le Gac S, Rickling S, Gerbaux P, Defrancq E, Moucheron C, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A. A photoreactive ruthenium(II) complex tethered to a guanine-containing oligonucleotide: a biomolecular tool that behaves as a "seppuku molecule". Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:1122-5. [PMID: 19117001 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200804503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Le Gac
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/08, 50 Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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27
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Le Gac S, Rickling S, Gerbaux P, Defrancq E, Moucheron C, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A. A Photoreactive Ruthenium(II) Complex Tethered to a Guanine-Containing Oligonucleotide: A Biomolecular Tool that Behaves as a “Seppuku Molecule”. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200804503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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28
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Moucheron C. From cisplatin to photoreactive Ru complexes: targeting DNA for biomedical applications. NEW J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b817016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Herman L, Ghosh S, Defrancq E, Mesmaekera AKD. Ru(II) complexes and light: molecular tools for biomolecules. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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30
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The oxime bond formation as an efficient tool for the conjugation of ruthenium complexes to oligonucleotides and peptides. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Deroo S, Toncheva V, Defrancq E, Moucheron C, Schacht E, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A. Photo-cross-linking between polymers derivatized with photoreactive ruthenium-1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene complexes and guanine-containing oligonucleotides. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:3503-10. [PMID: 17949103 DOI: 10.1021/bm700647b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that complexes containing 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene (TAP) ligands are able to form photoadducts with the guanine bases of DNA and oligonucleotides. In this work, we have exploited this specific photoreaction for carrying out photo-cross-linkings between guanine-containing oligonucleotides (G-ODNs) and biodegradable polymers derivatized with the photoreactive Ru(II) compounds. The aim in the future is to use these polymer conjugates as vectorizing agents of the metallic compounds inside the cells. Thus, photooxidizing Ru(II) complexes such as [Ru(TAP)3]2+ and [Ru(TAP)2phen]2+ (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) have been derivatized by an oxyamine function to attach them, via an oxime ether linkage, to a soluble 6 or 80 kDa poly-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-l-glutamine] polymer that contains pendent aldehyde groups. It is demonstrated that the resulting Ru-labeled polymers exhibit photophysical properties and a photochemistry that are comparable with those of the free, nonattached complexes. The photo-cross-linkings with the G-ODNs are clearly detected by gel electrophoresis with the 6 kDa Ru conjugates upon illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Deroo
- Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/08, 50 Avenue F. D. Roosevelt, Brussels, Belgium
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32
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Elias B, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A. Photo-reduction of polyazaaromatic Ru(II) complexes by biomolecules and possible applications. Coord Chem Rev 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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33
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Brindell M, Kuliś E, Elmroth SKC, Urbańska K, Stochel G. Light-induced anticancer activity of [RuCl2(DMSO)4] complexes. J Med Chem 2006; 48:7298-304. [PMID: 16279789 DOI: 10.1021/jm0502992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity and photocytotoxicity of trans-[RuCl2(DMSO)4] and cis-[RuCl2(DMSO)4] complexes was tested in two melanoma cell lines, human (SK-MEL 188) and mouse (S91). The trans isomer was found to be more effective for cell growth inhibition than its cis analogue both in the presence and in the absence of illumination. However, the antiproliferative activity of both isomers was significantly enhanced after irradiation with UVA light in comparison with their activity observed in the dark. The influence of light on the reaction of both ruthenium(II) isomers with the single-stranded hexanucleotide d(T2GGT2), chosen as a model system for DNA, was also studied using chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques. The photochemical reaction of the ruthenium(II) complexes with the oligonucleotide d(T2GGT2) resulted in the formation of Ru(G-N7)2 adducts, which was not observed in the same time scale in thermal reactions. The initial short irradiation of the inert cis isomer was found to facilitate the covalent adduct formation with d(T2GGT2) in the secondary thermal reactions and with a rate comparable to that found for the trans isomer, which is ca. 5-10 times more reactive in the dark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Brindell
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
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34
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Szaciłowski K, Macyk W, Drzewiecka-Matuszek A, Brindell M, Stochel G. Bioinorganic photochemistry: frontiers and mechanisms. Chem Rev 2005; 105:2647-94. [PMID: 15941225 DOI: 10.1021/cr030707e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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35
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García-Fresnadillo D, Lentzen O, Ortmans I, Defrancq E, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A. Detection of secondary structures in 17-mer Ru(II)-labeled single-stranded oligonucleotides from luminescence lifetime studies. Dalton Trans 2005:852-6. [PMID: 15726135 DOI: 10.1039/b415898a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The emission properties of a non intercalating complex, [Ru(TAP)2(dip)]2+ (TAP = 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene; dip = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline), tethered to 17-mer single-stranded oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) either in the middle or at the 5'-end of the sequence, are determined. The results highlight the fact that the luminescence of this metallic compound is sufficiently sensitive to its microenvironment to probe self-structuration of these short single-stranded ODNs. It is shown that the weighted averaged emission lifetimes (tau(M)) along with the quenching rate constants of luminescence by oxygen reflect particularly well different structures adopted by the different ODNs sequences. The determination of these parameters thus offers an elegant way to examine possible structurations of synthetic single-stranded ODNs that play important roles in biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D García-Fresnadillo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
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36
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Bergeron F, Houde D, Hunting DJ, Wagner JR. Electron transfer in DNA duplexes containing 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:6154-263. [PMID: 15585661 PMCID: PMC535664 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione, MQ) was linked to synthetic oligonucleotides and exposed to near-UV light to generate base radical cations in DNA. This model system of electron transfer induced alkali-labile breaks at GG doublets, similar to anthraquinone and metallointercalators systems. In sharp contrast to other systems, the photolysis of MQ-DNA duplexes gave interstrand cross-links and alkali-labile breaks at bases on the complementary strand opposite the MQ moiety. For sequences with an internal MQ, the formation of cross-links with A and C opposite the MQ moiety was 2- to 3-fold greater than that with G and T. The yield of cross-links was more than 10-fold greater than that of breaks opposite MQ, which in turn was more than 2-fold greater than breaks at GG doublets. The yield of damage at GG doublets greatly increased for a sequence with a terminal MQ. The distribution of base damage was measured by enzymatic digestion and HPLC analysis (dAdo > dThd > dGuo > dCyd). The formation of novel products in MQ-DNA duplexes was attributed to the ability of excited MQ to generate the radical cations of all four DNA bases; thus, this photochemical reaction provides an ideal model system to study the effects of ionizing radiation and one-electron oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bergeron
- Group in the Radiation Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1H 5N4
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37
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Blasius R, Moucheron C, Kirsch‐De Mesmaeker A. Photoadducts of Metallic Compounds with Nucleic Acids − Role Played by the Photoelectron Transfer Process and by the TAP and HAT Ligands in the Ru
II
Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200400489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Blasius
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Chimie Organique et Photochimie, CP 160/08, 50 avenue F. D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium, Fax: (internat.) + 32‐2‐650‐3018
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Chimie Organique et Photochimie, CP 160/08, 50 avenue F. D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium, Fax: (internat.) + 32‐2‐650‐3018
| | - Andrée Kirsch‐De Mesmaeker
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Chimie Organique et Photochimie, CP 160/08, 50 avenue F. D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium, Fax: (internat.) + 32‐2‐650‐3018
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38
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Lentzen O, Defrancq E, Constant JF, Schumm S, García-Fresnadillo D, Moucheron C, Dumy P, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A. Determination of DNA guanine sites forming photo-adducts with Ru(II)-labeled oligonucleotides; DNA polymerase inhibition by the resulting photo-crosslinking. J Biol Inorg Chem 2003; 9:100-8. [PMID: 14655038 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-003-0502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2003] [Accepted: 10/16/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the distance between the anchoring site of the tethered [Ru(TAP)(2)dip](2+) complex (TAP=1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene; dip=4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) on a probe sequence and the guanines of the complementary target strand was studied by (1) the luminescence quenching of the complex (by electron transfer) and (2) the oligodeoxyribonucleotide adduct (ODN adduct) formation which results in photo-crosslinking of the two strands. Moving the guanine moieties away from the complex induces an important decrease of the efficiency of both processes, but clearly affects the ODN adduct formation more specifically than the quenching process. From these results, we determined the positions of the guanine bases in the duplex ODN that are able to form a photo-adduct with the tethered complex. We also examined the possible competition between a long-range hole migration in the duplex ODN and the formation of a photo-adduct by using a sequence labeled with the complex at the 5'-phosphate end. Such a hole migration appears to be inefficient as compared to the ODN adduct formation. Finally, we studied the influence of the photo-crosslinking on the function of two different DNA polymerases. A 17-mer Ru(II)-labeled ODN was hybridized to its complementary sequence located on the 5'-side of a 40-mer matrix. After illumination, the elongation of a 13-mer DNA primer hybridized to the 3'-extremity of the same matrix was stopped at a position corresponding to the formation of the ODN adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lentzen
- Organic Chemistry and Photochemistry, Laboratoire Européen Associé Ingénierie Biomoléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, CP 160/08, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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39
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Synthesis of an oxyamino-containing phenanthroline derivative for the efficient preparation of phenanthroline oligonucleotide oxime conjugates. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.09.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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