1
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Haufe G. Selective Synthesis of Monofluorinated Compounds Applying Amine/HF Reagents. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300140. [PMID: 37229773 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
For nucleophilic monofluorination, amine/HF reagents such as Et3 N⋅3HF, Pyr⋅9HF (Olah's reagent) and similar combinations belong to the most frequently used fluoride sources, whereupon the selectivity of these reagents can be very different depending of its acidity, the nucleophilicity of the fluoride equivalent, and the structure of the particular substrate. These reagents can be used safely in ordinary chemistry laboratories for nucleophilic substitution reactions by fluoride at sp3 -hybridized carbon centers. For ring opening reactions of epoxides, the regio- and stereoselectivity is very much depending of the nature of the epoxide and the acidity of the HF reagent favoring either SN 1 or SN 2 type reactions. Similarly, the outcome of halofluorination and similar reactions with sulfur or seleno electrophiles can be controlled by the particular combination of the electrophile and the fluoride source. Examples for the application of these reaction types for the synthesis of fluorine-containing analogues of natural products or biologically relevant compounds are in the focus of this personal account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, D-48149, Münster, Germany
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2
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Mondal R, Agbaria M, Nairoukh Z. Fluorinated Rings: Conformation and Application. Chemistry 2021; 27:7193-7213. [PMID: 33512034 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of fluorine atoms into molecules and materials across many fields of academic and industrial research is now commonplace, owing to their unique properties. A particularly interesting feature is the impact of fluorine substitution on the relative orientation of a C-F bond when incorporated into organic molecules. In this Review, we will be discussing the conformational behavior of fluorinated aliphatic carbo- and heterocyclic systems. The conformational preference of each system is associated with various interactions introduced by fluorine substitution such as charge-dipole, dipole-dipole, and hyperconjugative interactions. The contribution of each interaction on the stabilization of the fluorinated alicyclic system, which manifests itself in low conformations, will be discussed in detail. The novelty of this feature will be demonstrated by presenting the most recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Mondal
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Mohamed Agbaria
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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3
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Fluorinated 2-Arylcyclopropan-1-amines - A new class of sigma receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115726. [PMID: 33007549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stereoisomeric 2-aryl-2-fluoro-cyclopropan-1-amines have been discovered as a new class of σ receptor ligands showing different selectivity for the two subtypes of the receptor. Generally, compounds substituted in 4-position are much more active than corresponding 3-substituted isomers. trans-2-Fluoro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropan-1-amine (19a) was the most potent (Ki = 4.8 nM) σ1 receptor ligand, while cis-2-fluoro-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)cyclopropan-1-amine (20b) was the most potent (Ki = 95 nM) σ2 receptor ligand.
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4
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Wang N, Yang Q, Deng Z, Mao X, Peng Y. Rhodium-Catalyzed Merging of 2-Arylquinazolinone and 2,2-Difluorovinyl Tosylate: Diverse Synthesis of Monofluoroolefin Quinazolinone Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:14635-14644. [PMID: 32596601 PMCID: PMC7315571 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of 2-(o-monofluoroalkenylaryl)quinazolinone derivatives was developed. In this context, the quinazolinone ring served as the inherent directing group, 2,2-difluorovinyl tosylate was used as the monofluoroolefin synthon, and Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H bond difluorovinylation of 2-arylquinazolinons was performed to give the corresponding monofluoroalkene-containing quinazolinons in yields of 65-92%. The method is characterized by broad synthetic utility, mild conditions, and high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small
Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Province’s
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi
Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small
Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Province’s
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi
Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Zhihong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small
Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Province’s
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi
Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Xuechun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small
Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Province’s
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi
Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Yiyuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small
Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Province’s
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi
Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
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5
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Mu Y, Nguyen TT, van der Mei FW, Schrock RR, Hoveyda AH. Traceless Protection for More Broadly Applicable Olefin Metathesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5365-5370. [PMID: 30747464 PMCID: PMC6453129 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An operationally simple in situ protection/deprotection strategy that significantly expands the scope of kinetically controlled catalytic Z- and E-selective olefin metathesis is introduced. Prior to the addition of a sensitive Mo- or Ru-based complex, treatment of a hydroxy- or a carboxylic-acid-containing olefin with commercially available HB(pin) or readily accessible HB(trip)2 (pin=pinacolato, trip=2,4,6-tri(isopropyl)phenyl) for 15 min is sufficient for efficient generation of a desired product. Routine workup leads to quantitative deprotection. A range of stereochemically defined Z- and E-alkenyl chlorides, bromides, fluorides, and boronates or Z-trifluoromethyl-substituted alkenes with a hydroxy or carboxylic acid group were thus prepared in 51-97 % yield with 93 to >98 % stereoselectivity. We also show that, regardless of whether a polar functional unit is present or not, a small amount of HB(pin) may be used to remove residual water, significantly enhancing efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Mu
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Thach T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Farid W van der Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Richard R Schrock
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Amir H Hoveyda
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
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6
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Mu Y, Nguyen TT, van der Mei FW, Schrock RR, Hoveyda AH. Traceless Protection for More Broadly Applicable Olefin Metathesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Mu
- Department of ChemistryMerkert Chemistry CenterBoston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Thach T. Nguyen
- Department of ChemistryMerkert Chemistry CenterBoston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Farid W. van der Mei
- Department of ChemistryMerkert Chemistry CenterBoston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Richard R. Schrock
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Amir H. Hoveyda
- Department of ChemistryMerkert Chemistry CenterBoston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
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7
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Tian M, Yang X, Zhang B, Liu B, Li X. Rh(iii)-Catalyzed α-fluoroalkenylation of N-nitrosoanilines with 2,2-difluorovinyl tosylates via C–H bond activation. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00947c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rh(iii)-Catalyzed α-fluoroalkenylation of N-nitrosoanilines with 2,2-difluorovinyl tosylates has been realized, leading to the synthesis of monofluoroalkenes with high Z-selectivity with respect to the olefin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Tian
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang 453007
- China
| | - Xifa Yang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang 453007
- China
| | - Bingxian Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang 453007
- China
| | - Xingwei Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang 453007
- China
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8
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Bartels K, Schinor B, Haufe G. Diastereoselectivity of cyclopropanation of substituted α-fluorostyrenes versus styrenes by different methods. J Fluor Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Ambrożak A, Steinebach C, Gardner ER, Beedie SL, Schnakenburg G, Figg WD, Gütschow M. Synthesis and Antiangiogenic Properties of Tetrafluorophthalimido and Tetrafluorobenzamido Barbituric Acids. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2621-2629. [PMID: 27805767 PMCID: PMC6438167 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel thalidomide derivatives as immunomodulatory and anti-angiogenic agents has revived over the last two decades. Herein we report the design and synthesis of three chemotypes of barbituric acids derived from the thalidomide structure: phthalimido-, tetrafluorophthalimido-, and tetrafluorobenzamidobarbituric acids. The latter were obtained by a new tandem reaction, including a ring opening and a decarboxylation of the fluorine-activated phthalamic acid intermediates. Thirty compounds of the three chemotypes were evaluated for their anti-angiogenic properties in an ex vivo assay by measuring the decrease in microvessel outgrowth in rat aortic ring explants. Tetrafluorination of the phthalimide moiety in tetrafluorophthalimidobarbituric acids was essential, as all of the nonfluorinated counterparts lost anti-angiogenic activity. An opening of the five-membered ring and the accompanying increased conformational freedom, in case of the corresponding tetrafluorobenzamidobarbituric acids, was well tolerated. Their activity was retained, although their molecular structures differ in torsional flexibility and possible hydrogen-bond networking, as revealed by comparative X-ray crystallographic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ambrożak
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der lmmenburg 4, 53121 Bonn (Germany),
| | - Christian Steinebach
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der lmmenburg 4, 53121 Bonn (Germany),
| | - Erin R. Gardner
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 (USA)
| | - Shaunna L. Beedie
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 (USA)
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn (Germany)
| | - William D. Figg
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 (USA)
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der lmmenburg 4, 53121 Bonn (Germany),
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10
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Peshkov RY, Wang C, Panteleeva EV, Tretyakov EV, Shteingarts VD. Synthesis of 4-(ω-X-alkyl)benzonitriles (X = 1,3-dioxan-2-yl, CN, CO2Et) by the reaction of terephthalonitrile dianion with ω-X-alkyl bromides in liquid ammonia. Russ Chem Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-016-1602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Facile synthesis of fluorovinyl-containing lactams via ring-closing metathesis of N -substituted 2-fluoroallylamides. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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12
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Direct synthesis of Z-alkenyl halides through catalytic cross-metathesis. Nature 2016; 531:459-65. [PMID: 27008965 PMCID: PMC4858352 DOI: 10.1038/nature17396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Olefin metathesis has had a large impact on modern organic chemistry, but important shortcomings remain: for example, the lack of efficient processes that can be used to generate acyclic alkenyl halides. Halo-substituted ruthenium carbene complexes decompose rapidly or deliver low activity and/or minimal stereoselectivity, and our understanding of the corresponding high-oxidation-state systems is limited. Here we show that previously unknown halo-substituted molybdenum alkylidene species are exceptionally reactive and are able to participate in high-yielding olefin metathesis reactions that afford acyclic 1,2-disubstituted Z-alkenyl halides. Transformations are promoted by small amounts of a catalyst that is generated in situ and used with unpurified, commercially available and easy-to-handle liquid 1,2-dihaloethene reagents, and proceed to high conversion at ambient temperature within four hours. We obtain many alkenyl chlorides, bromides and fluorides in up to 91 per cent yield and complete Z selectivity. This method can be used to synthesize biologically active compounds readily and to perform site- and stereoselective fluorination of complex organic molecules.
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13
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Chernykh AV, Radchenko DS, Chernykh AV, Kondratov IS, Tolmachova NA, Datsenko OP, Kurkunov MA, Zozulya SX, Kheylik YP, Bartels K, Daniliuc CG, Haufe G. Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties of 3-Fluorocyclobutylamines. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Pons A, Beucher H, Ivashkin P, Lemonnier G, Poisson T, Charette AB, Jubault P, Pannecoucke X. Rhodium-Catalyzed Cyclopropanation of Fluorinated Olefins: A Straightforward Route to Highly Functionalized Fluorocyclopropanes. Org Lett 2015; 17:1790-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Pons
- Normandie Université,
COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue
Tesnière, Mont Saint-Aignan 76821 Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Beucher
- Normandie Université,
COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue
Tesnière, Mont Saint-Aignan 76821 Cedex, France
| | - Pavel Ivashkin
- Normandie Université,
COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue
Tesnière, Mont Saint-Aignan 76821 Cedex, France
| | - Gérald Lemonnier
- Normandie Université,
COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue
Tesnière, Mont Saint-Aignan 76821 Cedex, France
| | - Thomas Poisson
- Normandie Université,
COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue
Tesnière, Mont Saint-Aignan 76821 Cedex, France
| | - André B. Charette
- Centre
in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department
of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Philippe Jubault
- Normandie Université,
COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue
Tesnière, Mont Saint-Aignan 76821 Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Pannecoucke
- Normandie Université,
COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue
Tesnière, Mont Saint-Aignan 76821 Cedex, France
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15
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Howard JK, Amin C, Lainhart B, Smith JA, Rimington J, Hyland CJT. Synthesis of Nitrogen-Substituted Methylenecyclopropanes by Strain-Driven Overman Rearrangement of Cyclopropenylmethyl Trichloroacetimidates. J Org Chem 2014; 79:8462-8. [PMID: 25101760 DOI: 10.1021/jo501423u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James K. Howard
- School
of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Chintan Amin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, California 92831, United States
| | - Brendan Lainhart
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, California 92831, United States
| | - Jason A. Smith
- School
of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Jack Rimington
- School
of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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16
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Yang MH, Matikonda SS, Altman RA. Preparation of Fluoroalkenes via the Shapiro Reaction: Direct Access to Fluorinated Peptidomimetics. Org Lett 2013; 15:3894-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol401637n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsiu Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Siddharth S. Matikonda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Ryan A. Altman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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17
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Haufe G, Suzuki S, Yasui H, Terada C, Kitayama T, Shiro M, Shibata N. CF Bond Activation of Unactivated Aliphatic Fluorides: Synthesis of Fluoromethyl-3,5-diaryl-2-oxazolidinones by Desymmetrization of 2-Aryl-1,3-difluoropropan-2-ols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:12275-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Haufe G, Suzuki S, Yasui H, Terada C, Kitayama T, Shiro M, Shibata N. CF Bond Activation of Unactivated Aliphatic Fluorides: Synthesis of Fluoromethyl-3,5-diaryl-2-oxazolidinones by Desymmetrization of 2-Aryl-1,3-difluoropropan-2-ols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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David E, Milanole G, Ivashkin P, Couve-Bonnaire S, Jubault P, Pannecoucke X. Syntheses and Applications of Monofluorinated Cyclopropanes. Chemistry 2012; 18:14904-17. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Khan MNA, Suzuki T, Miyata N. An overview of phenylcyclopropylamine derivatives: biochemical and biological significance and recent developments. Med Res Rev 2012; 33:873-910. [PMID: 22893613 DOI: 10.1002/med.21269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
trans-2-Phencylcyclopropylamine (2-PCPA), a potent, clinically used antidepressant, affects monoamine neurotransmitter levels by inhibiting the main metabolizing enzymes, monoamine oxidases (MAOs). However, the antidepressant action of this compound was not fully explained by its effects on MAOs due to its wide variety of biological effects. 2-PCPA also affects depression-associated pathophysiological pathways, and linked with increased levels of trace amines in brain, upregulation of GABAB receptors (where GABA is gamma amino butyric acid), modulation of phospholipid metabolism, and interference with various cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Consequently, despite its adverse effects and limited clinical applicability, 2-PCPA has attracted interest as a structural scaffold for the development of mechanism-based inhibitors of various enzymes, including lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), which is a possible target for cancer chemotherapy. In the recent years, many reports have appeared in the literature based on 2-PCPA scaffold and their potential medicinal implications. This review mainly focuses on the medicinal chemistry aspects including drug design, structure-activity relationships (SAR), biological and biochemical properties, and mechanism of actions of 2-PCPA and its derivatives. Furthermore, we also highlight recent advance in this area and discuss their future applications for beneficial therapeutic effects.
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21
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Gulyás B, Pavlova E, Kása P, Gulya K, Bakota L, Várszegi S, Keller E, Horváth MC, Nag S, Hermecz I, Magyar K, Halldin C. Activated MAO-B in the brain of Alzheimer patients, demonstrated by [11C]-L-deprenyl using whole hemisphere autoradiography. Neurochem Int 2010; 58:60-8. [PMID: 21075154 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the human brain the monoaminooxidase-B enzyme or MAO-B is highly abundant in astrocytes. As astrocyte activity and, consequently, the activity of the MAO-B enzyme, is up-regulated in neuroinflammatory processes, radiolabelled analogues of deprenyl may serve as an imaging biomarker in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer's disease. In the present study [(11)C]-L-deprenyl, the PET radioligand version of L-deprenyl or selegiline®, a selective irreversible MAO-B inhibitor was used in whole hemisphere autoradiographic experiments in human brain sections in order to test the radioligand's binding to the MAO-B enzyme in human brain tissue, with an eye on exploring the radioligand's applicability as a molecular imaging biomarker in human PET studies, with special regard to diagnostic detection of reactive astrogliosis. Whole hemisphere brain sections obtained from Alzheimer patients and from age matched control subjects were examined. In control brains the binding of [(11)C]-L-deprenyl was the highest in the hippocampus, in the basal ganglia, the thalamus, the substantia nigra, the corpus geniculatum laterale, the nucleus accumbens and the periventricular grey matter. In Alzheimer brains significantly higher binding was observed in the temporal lobes and the white matter. Furthermore, in the Alzheimer brains in the hippocampus, temporal lobe and white matter the binding negatively correlated with Braak stages. The highest binding was observed in Braak I-II, whereas it decreased with increasing Braak grades. The increased regional binding in Alzheimer brains coincided with the presence of an increased number of activated astrocytes, as demonstrated by correlative immunohistochemical studies with GFAP in adjacent brain slices. Deprenyl itself as well as the MAO-B antagonist rasagiline did effectively block the binding of the radioligand, whereas the MAO-A antagonist pirlindole did not affect it. Compounds with high affinity for the PBR system did not block the radioligand binding either, providing evidence for the specificity of [(11)C]-L-deprenyl for the MAO-B enzyme. In conclusion, the present observations indicate that [(11)C]-L-deprenyl may be a promising and selective imaging biomarker of increased MAO-B activity in the human brain and can therefore serve as a prospective PET tracer targeting neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Gulyás
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Fluorinated phenylcyclopropylamines. Part 6: Effects of electron withdrawing or donating aryl substituents on the inhibition of tyramine oxidase from Arthrobacter sp. by diastereomeric 2-aryl-2-fluoro-cyclopropylamines. J Fluor Chem 2009; 129:875-880. [PMID: 19727324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2008.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Diastereomeric arylcyclopropylamines substituted with fluorine in the 2-position and with electron donating or electron withdrawing groups at the aromatic ring were evaluated as inhibitors of microbial tyramine oxidase. The trans-isomers were consistently more potent inhibitors of the enzyme than the cis-isomers. Electron donating substituents increased the potency of tyramine oxidase inhibition, while electron withdrawing substituents decreased the activity. The results obtained are discussed in terms of pK(a) and log D values of the inhibitors as well as the mechanism of action of tranylcypromines and the geometry of the active site of the enzyme.
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Hruschka S, Rosen TC, Yoshida S, Kirk KL, Fröhlich R, Wibbeling B, Haufe G. Fluorinated phenylcyclopropylamines. Part 5: Effects of electron-withdrawing or -donating aryl substituents on the inhibition of monoamine oxidases A and B by 2-aryl-2-fluoro-cyclopropylamines. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:7148-66. [PMID: 18640844 PMCID: PMC2613070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of racemic, diastereoisomeric aryl cyclopropylamines substituted with fluorine in the 2-position and electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups on the aromatic ring have been prepared. These represent analogues of the classic MAO inhibitor tranylcypromine (trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine, 1). Their activities as inhibitors of recombinant human liver monoamine oxidases A (MAO A) and B (MAO B) were determined. The trans-compounds were low micromolar inhibitors of both MAO A and MAO B with moderate MAO A selectivity while the less active cis-analogues were MAO B selective. In the trans-series, electron-withdrawing para-substituents increased the potency of MAO A inhibition while electron-donating groups such as methyl or methoxy had no influence on this activity. In contrast, aromatic ring substitution in the trans-series had essentially no effect on the inhibition of MAO B. The corresponding cis-compounds were shown to be 10-100 times less active against MAO A, while trans- and cis-compounds were quite similar in terms of inhibition of MAO B. The best MAO A/MAO B selectivity (7:1) in the trans-series was found for trans-2-fluoro-2-(para-trifluoromethylphenyl)cyclopropylamine (7d), while a 1:27 selectivity was found for cis-2-fluoro-2-(para-fluorophenyl)cyclopropylamine (10c). These results are discussed in connection with the pK(a) and logD values, the mechanism of action of tranylcypromines, and the geometry of the active site of the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Hruschka
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Rosen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Shinichi Yoshida
- Tottori Institute of Industrial Technology, Tottori 689-1112, Japan
| | - Kenneth L. Kirk
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Roland Fröhlich
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Birgit Wibbeling
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and International NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Hyla-Kryspin I, Grimme S, Hruschka S, Haufe G. Conformational preferences and basicities of monofluorinated cyclopropyl amines in comparison to cyclopropylamine and 2-fluoroethylamine. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4167-75. [DOI: 10.1039/b810108f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Massicot F, Monnier-Benoit N, Deka N, Plantier-Royon R, Portella C. Synthesis of Enantiopure Trifluoromethyl Building Blocks via a Highly Chemo- and Diastereoselective Nucleophilic Trifluoromethylation of Tartaric Acid-Derived Diketones. J Org Chem 2007; 72:1174-80. [PMID: 17243715 DOI: 10.1021/jo062016z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A highly diastereoselective nucleophilic mono(trifluoromethylation) of a tartaric acid-based diketone, using trifluoromethyl(trimethyl)silane, afforded the corresponding gamma-keto trifluoromethylcarbinol. The scope and limitation of this reaction was studied. The acidic removal of the acetonide moiety protecting the two hydroxyl groups of the adducts was unsuccessful. Bis(O-methylation) of the aromatic derivatives under basic conditions, followed by acidic hydrolysis and oxidative cleavage, led to two different enantiopure products: an alpha-aryl-alpha-methoxy-alpha-trifluoromethyl ethanal and an alpha-aryl-alpha-methoxycarboxylic acid. The overall process is eventually an interesting way to convert one natural chiral raw material into two functionalized enantiopure building blocks including a trifluoromethyl one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Massicot
- Laboratoire Réactions Sélectives et Applications, UMR 6519 CNRS-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculté des Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
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Hruschka S, Fröhlich R, Kirsch P, Haufe G. Synthesis of New Enantiopure Fluorinated Phenylcyclopropanecarboxylates – Potential Chiral Dopants for Liquid-Crystal Compositions. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Synthesis of ortho-perfluoroalkyl phenones from hemifluorinated enones as key building blocks. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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