1
|
Yan F, Sun X, Zu F, Bai Z, Jiang Y, Fan K, Wang J. Fluorescent probes for detecting cysteine. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2018; 6:042001. [PMID: 30039804 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aad580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine plays a crucial role in physiological processes. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a method for detecting cysteine. Fluorimetry has the advantages of convenient detection, short response time, high sensitivity and good selectivity. In this review, fluorescent probes that detect cysteine over the past three years are summarized based on structural features of fluorophores such as coumarin, BODIPY, rhodamine, fluorescein, CDs, QDs, etc and reaction groups including acrylate, aldehyde, halogen, 7-nitrobenzofurazan, etc. Then, effects of different combinations between fluorophores and response groups on probe properties and detection performances are discussed.
Collapse
|
2
|
Christoffers J. Diaminoterephthalate Fluorescence Dyes - Versatile Tools for Life Sciences and Materials Science. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Christoffers
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Phosphorogenic sensors for biothiols derived from cyclometalated iridium(III) polypyridine complexes containing a dinitrophenyl ether moiety. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 177:412-422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
4
|
Gao Q, Zhang W, Song B, Zhang R, Guo W, Yuan J. Development of a Novel Lysosome-Targeted Ruthenium(II) Complex for Phosphorescence/Time-Gated Luminescence Assay of Biothiols. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4517-4524. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quankun Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wenzhu Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bo Song
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Run Zhang
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Weihua Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingli Yuan
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ru(II)-diimine functionalized metalloproteins: From electron transfer studies to light-driven biocatalysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1857:589-597. [PMID: 26392147 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The unique photochemical properties of Ru(II)-diimine complexes have helped initiate a series of seminal electron transfer studies in metalloenzymes. It has thus been possible to experimentally determine rate constants for long-range electron transfers. These studies have laid the foundation for the investigation of reactive intermediates in heme proteins and for the design of light-activated biocatalysts. Various metalloenzymes such as hydrogenase, carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, nitrogenase, laccase and cytochrome P450 BM3 have been functionalized with Ru(II)-diimine complexes. Upon visible light-excitation, these photosensitized metalloproteins are capable of sustaining photocatalytic activity to reduce small molecules such as protons, acetylene, hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide or activate molecular dioxygen to produce hydroxylated products. The Ru(II)-diimine photosensitizers are hence able to deliver multiple electrons to metalloenzymes buried active sites, circumventing the need for the natural redox partners. In this review, we will highlight the key achievements of the light-driven biocatalysts, which stem from the extensive electron transfer investigations. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biodesign for Bioenergetics--the design and engineering of electronic transfer cofactors, proteins and protein networks, edited by Ronald L. Koder and J.L. Ross Anderson.
Collapse
|
6
|
Pinaud F, Millereux R, Vialar-Trarieux P, Catargi B, Pinet S, Gosse I, Sojic N, Ravaine V. Differential Photoluminescent and Electrochemiluminescent Behavior for Resonance Energy Transfer Processes in Thermoresponsive Microgels. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:12954-61. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Pinaud
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Romain Millereux
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Vialar-Trarieux
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Bogdan Catargi
- CBMN UMR 5248, Université de Bordeaux, Allée de Saint-Hilaire, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Sandra Pinet
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Gosse
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Neso Sojic
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Valérie Ravaine
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Freimuth L, Christoffers J. Bifunctional Diaminoterephthalate Scaffolds as Fluorescence Turn-On Probes for Thiols. Chemistry 2015; 21:8214-21. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
8
|
Dwaraknath S, Tran NH, Dao T, Colbert A, Mullen S, Nguyen A, Cortez A, Cheruzel L. A facile and versatile methodology for cysteine specific labeling of proteins with octahedral polypyridyl d⁶ metal complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 136:154-60. [PMID: 24468675 PMCID: PMC4058400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have synthesized and characterized four octahedral polypyridyl d(6) metal complexes bearing the 5,6-epoxy-5,6-dihydro-[1,10]phenanthroline ligand (L1) as cysteine specific labeling reagents. The proposed synthetic pathways allow the preparation of the metal complexes containing Re(I), Ru(II), Os(II) and Ir(III) while preserving the epoxide functionality. The complexes were characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR, mass spectrometry, UV-visible and luminescence spectroscopies as well as cyclic voltammetry. As proof of concept, a set of non-native single cysteine P450 BM3 heme domain mutants previously developed in our laboratory was used to study the labeling reaction. We demonstrate that the proposed labels can selectively react, often in high yield, with cysteine residues of the protein via the nucleophilic thiol ring opening of the epoxide moiety. In addition, under basic conditions, subsequent loss of a water molecule led to the aromatization of the phenanthroline ring on the protein-bound label compounds, as observed by mass spectrometry and luminescence measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudharsan Dwaraknath
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States
| | - Ngoc-Han Tran
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States
| | - Thanh Dao
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States
| | - Alexander Colbert
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States
| | - Sarah Mullen
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States
| | - Angelina Nguyen
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States
| | - Alejandro Cortez
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang R, Ye Z, Song B, Dai Z, An X, Yuan J. Development of a ruthenium(II) complex-based luminescent probe for hypochlorous acid in living cells. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:10325-31. [PMID: 24003990 DOI: 10.1021/ic400767u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel Ru(II) complex, [Ru(bpy)2(DNPS-bpy)](PF6)2 (bpy: 2,2'-bipyridine, DNPS-bpy: 4-(2,4-dinitrophenylthio)methylene-4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine), has been designed and synthesized as a highly sensitive and selective luminescence probe for the recognition and detection of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in living cells by exploiting a "signaling moiety-recognition linker-quencher" sandwich approach. The complex possesses large stokes shift (170 nm), long emission wavelength (626 nm), and low cytotoxicity. Owing to the effective photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from Ru(II) center to the electron acceptor, 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP), the red-emission of bipyridine-Ru(II) complex was completely withheld. In aqueous media, HOCl can trigger an oxidation reaction to cleave the DNP moiety from the Ru(II) complex, which results in the formation of a highly luminescent bipyridine-Ru(II) complex derivative, [Ru(bpy)2(COOH-bpy)](PF6)2 (COOH-bpy: 4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl-4-carboxylic acid), accompanied by a 190-fold luminescence enhancement. Cell imaging experimental results demonstrated that [Ru(bpy)2(DNPS-bpy)](PF6)2 is membrane permeable, and can be applied for capturing and visualizing the exogenous/endogenous HOCl molecules in living cell samples. The development of this Ru(II) complex probe not only provides a useful tool for monitoring HOCl in living systems, but also strengthens the application of transition metal complex-based luminescent probes for bioimaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Run Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian, Liaoning116012, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Wache N, Scholten A, Klüner T, Koch KW, Christoffers J. Turning On Fluorescence with Thiols - Synthetic and Computational Studies on Diaminoterephthalates and Monitoring the Switch of the Ca2+Sensor Recoverin. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
12
|
Wang R, Chen L, Liu P, Zhang Q, Wang Y. Sensitive Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes for Thiols Based on SeN Bond Cleavage: Imaging in Living Cells and Tissues. Chemistry 2012; 18:11343-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Yang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Institutes of Biomedical
Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics
and Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials
(IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing
210046, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Institutes of Biomedical
Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Fuyou Li
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Institutes of Biomedical
Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wache N, Schröder C, Koch KW, Christoffers J. Diaminoterephthalate Turn-On Fluorescence Probes for Thiols-Tagging of Recoverin and Tracking of its Conformational Change. Chembiochem 2012; 13:993-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
15
|
Styryl-BODIPY based red-emitting fluorescent OFF–ON molecular probe for specific detection of cysteine. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:3012-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
16
|
Guo H, Jing Y, Yuan X, Ji S, Zhao J, Li X, Kan Y. Highly selective fluorescent OFF–ON thiol probes based on dyads of BODIPY and potent intramolecular electron sink 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl subunits. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3844-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00910e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
17
|
Link M, Li X, Kleim J, Wolfbeis OS. Click Chemistry Based Method for the Preparation of Maleinimide-Type Thiol-Reactive Labels. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
18
|
Synthesis, Characterization and Luminescence Properties of Dipyridin-2-ylamine Ligands and Their Bis(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) Complexes and Labelling Studies of Papain fromCarica papaya. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
19
|
Ji S, Guo H, Yuan X, Li X, Ding H, Gao P, Zhao C, Wu W, Wu W, Zhao J. A highly selective OFF-ON red-emitting phosphorescent thiol probe with large stokes shift and long luminescent lifetime. Org Lett 2010; 12:2876-9. [PMID: 20499862 DOI: 10.1021/ol100999j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An OFF-ON red-emitting phosphorescent thiol probe is designed by using the (3)MLCT photophysics of Ru(II) complexes, i.e., with Ru(II) as the electron donor. The probe is non-luminescent because the MLCT is corrupted by electron transfer from Ru(II) to an intramolecular electron sink (2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl). Thiols cleave the electron sink, and the MLCT is re-established. Phosphorescence at 598 nm was enhanced by 90-fold, with a 143 nm (5256 cm(-1)) Stokes shift and a 1.1 mus luminescent lifetime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, 158 Zhongshan Road, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kikkeri R, Kamena F, Gupta T, Hossain LH, Boonyarattanakalin S, Gorodyska G, Beurer E, Coullerez G, Textor M, Seeberger PH. Ru(II) glycodendrimers as probes to study lectin-carbohydrate interactions and electrochemically measure monosaccharide and oligosaccharide concentrations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:1520-1523. [PMID: 20099915 DOI: 10.1021/la9038792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel platform on which to study carbohydrate-protein interactions based on ruthenium(II) glycodendrimers as optical and electrochemical probes. Using the prototypical concanavalin A (ConA)-mannose lectin-carbohydrate interaction as an example, oligosaccharide concentrations were electrochemically monitored. The displacement of the Ru(II) complex from lectin-functionalized gold surfaces was repeatedly regenerated. This new platform presents a method to monitor many different complex sugars in parallel.
Collapse
|
21
|
Fernández-Moreira V, Thorp-Greenwood FL, Coogan MP. Application of d6 transition metal complexes in fluorescence cell imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:186-202. [DOI: 10.1039/b917757d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 638] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
22
|
Ji S, Yang J, Yang Q, Liu S, Chen M, Zhao J. Tuning the intramolecular charge transfer of alkynylpyrenes: effect on photophysical properties and its application in design of OFF-ON fluorescent thiol probes. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4855-65. [PMID: 19459695 DOI: 10.1021/jo900588e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Green and yellow-emitting 1,6- and 1,8-bis(phenylethynyl) pyrenes (dyes 7, 8, 9, and 10) with different intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) feature were synthesized and the effect of ICT on the photophysical properties of these derivatives were studied by UV-vis absorption spectra, fluorescence emission spectra, and DFT/TDDFT calculations. For the dyes with electron-pushing group (e.g., -dimethylamino, dye 8 and dye 10), structureless and solvent polarity-sensitive fluorescence emission spectra were observed. Conversely, dye with electron-withdrawing group (e.g., -CN, dye 7) shows structured and solvent polarity-independent emission spectra. OFF-ON fluorescent thiol probes 11 and 12 with 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl protected ethynylpyrene fluorophore were designed based on DFT/TDDFT calculations, which predicts dark state (S(1)) for these thiol probes (e.g., oscillator strength f = 0.0086 for S(1)<--S(0) transition of the probe 11). This dark state is induced by the ICT effect with ethynylated pyrene fluorophore as electron donor and 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl unit as electron acceptor. Cleavage of the 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl unit by thiol releases the free fluorophore, for which the lowest-lying excited state S(1) is no longer a dark state, but an emissive state (f = 0.9776 for S(1)<--S(0) transition). These theoretical predictions on the photophysical properties of the molecular probes were fully proved by experimental results. Our results demonstrated that the fluorescence OFF-ON switching of this kind of thiol probe is due to the termination of the ICT effect (which quenches the emission, by a dark S(1) state) by cleavage of the 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl unit (as acceptor of ICT effect) with thiols, not the re-establishment of the D-pi-A feature of the fluorophore. These investigation on the pyrene derived green-emitting fluorophores and the DFT/TDDFT calculation aided probe design suggest that future application of these results may prove useful toward the rational design of fluorophores or fluorescent probes with predetermined photophysical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, 158 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116012, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Thiol alkylation is a powerful technique for the labeling of proteins. We report a new class of highly reactive, selective, and fluorogenic probes for thiols in aqueous solution at neutral pH, based on the 7-oxanorbornadiene (OND) framework. The maleate moiety in 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2,5-diene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid esters serves as both a tunable electrophile and an intramolecular quencher of an attached dansyl fluorophore. Thiols have been found to add with high rates (second-order rate constants of 40-200 M(-1) s(-1)) to give adducts that exhibit enhancements of fluorescence intensity up to 180-fold. The resulting adducts are also versatile with respect to cleavage (release) reactions by two mechanisms. First, retro-Diels-Alder fragmentation occurs with half-lives from days to weeks at room temperature, and an epoxide derivative is also reported that is incapable of cycloreversion cleavage. Second, monoamide OND derivatives undergo rapid closure to succinimides upon thiol addition, providing a thiol-triggered mechanism for immediate alcohol release. Peptides and proteins containing free thiol groups were labeled with OND electrophiles with high chemoselectivity. Since the system is so easily assembled from readily accessible modules, various functional groups can be added to OND linkers to allow the attachment of other molecules of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vu Hong
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Alexander Kislukhin
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - M.G. Finn
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| |
Collapse
|