1
|
Rodríguez-Muñiz GM, Fraga-Timiraos AB, Navarrete-Miguel M, Borrego-Sánchez A, Roca-Sanjuán D, Miranda MA, Lhiaubet-Vallet V. Reductive Photocycloreversion of Cyclobutane Dimers Triggered by Guanines. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37437138 PMCID: PMC10367068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The quest for simple systems achieving the photoreductive splitting of four-membered ring compounds is a matter of interest not only in organic chemistry but also in biochemistry to mimic the activity of DNA photorepair enzymes. In this context, 8-oxoguanine, the main oxidatively generated lesion of guanine, has been shown to act as an intrinsic photoreductant by transferring an electron to bipyrimidine lesions and provoking their cycloreversion. But, in spite of appropriate photoredox properties, the capacity of guanine to repair cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer is not clearly established. Here, dyads containing the cyclobutane thymine dimer and guanine or 8-oxoguanine are synthesized, and their photoreactivities are compared. In both cases, the splitting of the ring takes place, leading to the formation of thymine, with a quantum yield 3.5 times lower than that for the guanine derivative. This result is in agreement with the more favored thermodynamics determined for the oxidized lesion. In addition, quantum chemistry calculations and molecular dynamics simulations are carried out to rationalize the crucial aspects of the overall cyclobutane thymine dimer photoreductive repair triggered by the nucleobase and its main lesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma M Rodríguez-Muñiz
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana B Fraga-Timiraos
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Miriam Navarrete-Miguel
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, P.O.Box 22085, 46071 València, Spain
| | - Ana Borrego-Sánchez
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, P.O.Box 22085, 46071 València, Spain
| | - Daniel Roca-Sanjuán
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, P.O.Box 22085, 46071 València, Spain
| | - Miguel A Miranda
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Virginie Lhiaubet-Vallet
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rodríguez-Muñiz GM, Gomez-Mendoza M, Miro P, García-Orduña P, Sastre G, Miranda MA, Marin ML. Topology and Excited State Multiplicity as Controlling Factors in the Carbazole-Photosensitized CPD Formation and Repair. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11433-11442. [PMID: 35980822 PMCID: PMC9447287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Photosensitized thymine<>thymine (Thy<>Thy)
formation and
repair can be mediated by carbazole (Cbz). The former occurs from
the Cbz triplet excited state via energy transfer, while the latter
takes place from the singlet excited state via electron transfer.
Here, fundamental insight is provided into the role of the topology
and excited state multiplicity, as factors governing the balance between
both processes. This has been achieved upon designing and synthesizing
different isomers of trifunctional systems containing one Cbz and
two Thy units covalently linked to the rigid skeleton of the natural
deoxycholic acid. The results shown here prove that the Cbz photosensitized
dimerization is not counterbalanced by repair when the latter, instead
of operating through-space, has to proceed through-bond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma M Rodríguez-Muñiz
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Gomez-Mendoza
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Paula Miro
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Orduña
- Dpto. Química Inorgánica, ISQCH-Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - German Sastre
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel A Miranda
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - M Luisa Marin
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rodríguez-Muñiz GM, Miranda MA, Lhiaubet-Vallet V. Model Studies on the Photoreduction of the 5-Hydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine and 5-Methyl-2-pyrimidone Moieties of (6-4) Photoproducts by Photolyase. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:671-677. [PMID: 35038786 PMCID: PMC9304215 DOI: 10.1111/php.13592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photorepair mechanism of (6‐4) photoproducts (6‐4PP) by photolyase has been the subject of active debate over the years. The initial rationalization based on electron transfer to an oxetane or azetidine intermediate formed upon binding to the enzyme has been questioned, and there is now a more general consensus that the lesion is directly reduced from the excited flavin cofactor. However, the accepting moiety, i.e. the 5‐methyl‐2‐pyrimidone or 5‐hydroxy‐5,6‐dihydrothymine, has not been fully identified yet. In this work, spectroscopic experiments have been run to determine which of the 5′‐ or 3′‐base of 6‐4PP is more prone to be reduced. For this aim, the two building blocks of 6‐4PP were synthesized and used as electron acceptors. Instead of the short‐lived photolyase cofactor, which does not provide a time window compatible with diffusion‐controlled intermolecular processes, carbazole, 2‐methoxynaphthalene and phenanthrene have been selected as electron donors due to their appropriate singlet lifetimes and reduction potentials. Steady‐state and time‐resolved fluorescence revealed that, in solution, the pyrimidone chromophore is the most easily reduced moiety. This was confirmed by transient absorption experiments consisting of quenching of the solvated electron by the two moieties of 6‐4PP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma M Rodríguez-Muñiz
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel A Miranda
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Virginie Lhiaubet-Vallet
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Baptista MS, Cadet J, Greer A, Thomas AH. Photosensitization Reactions of Biomolecules: Definition, Targets and Mechanisms. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1456-1483. [PMID: 34133762 DOI: 10.1111/php.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitization reactions have been demonstrated to be largely responsible for the deleterious biological effects of UV and visible radiation, as well as for the curative actions of photomedicine. A large number of endogenous and exogenous photosensitizers, biological targets and mechanisms have been reported in the past few decades. Evolving from the original definitions of the type I and type II photosensitized oxidations, we now provide physicochemical frameworks, classifications and key examples of these mechanisms in order to organize, interpret and understand the vast information available in the literature and the new reports, which are in vigorous growth. This review surveys in an extended manner all identified photosensitization mechanisms of the major biomolecule groups such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids bridging the gap with the subsequent biological processes. Also described are the effects of photosensitization in cells in which UVA and UVB irradiation triggers enzyme activation with the subsequent delayed generation of superoxide anion radical and nitric oxide. Definitions of photosensitized reactions are identified in biomolecules with key insights into cells and tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Cadet
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et de Radiobiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrés H Thomas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Blasco-Brusola A, Navarrete-Miguel M, Giussani A, Roca-Sanjuán D, Vayá I, Miranda MA. Regiochemical memory in the adiabatic photolysis of thymine-derived oxetanes. A combined ultrafast spectroscopic and CASSCF/CASPT2 computational study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:20037-20042. [PMID: 32870202 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03084h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The photoinduced cycloreversion of oxetanes has been thoroughly investigated in connection with the photorepair of the well-known DNA (6-4) photoproducts. In the present work, the direct photolysis of the two regioisomers arising from the irradiation of benzophenone (BP) and 1,3-dimethylthymine (DMT), namely the head-to-head (HH-1) and head-to-tail (HT-1) oxetane adducts, has been investigated by combining ultrafast spectroscopy and theoretical multiconfigurational quantum chemistry analysis. Both the experimental and computational results agree with the involvement of an excited triplet exciplex 3[BPDMT]* for the photoinduced oxetane cleavage to generate 3BP* and DMT through an adiabatic photochemical reaction. The experimental signature of 3[BPDMT]* is the appearance of an absorption band at ca. 400 nm, detected by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Its formation is markedly regioselective, as it is more efficient and proceeds faster for HH-1 (∼2.8 ps) than for HT-1 (∼6.3 ps). This is in line with the theoretical analysis, which predicts an energy barrier to reach the triplet exciplex for HT-1, in contrast with a less hindered profile for HH-1. Finally, the more favorable adiabatic cycloreversion of HH-1 compared to that of HT-1 is explained by its lower probability to reach the intersystem crossing with the ground state, which would induce a radiationless deactivation process leading either to a starting adduct or to a dissociated BP and DMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Blasco-Brusola
- Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - Miriam Navarrete-Miguel
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, P.O. Box 22085, 46071 València, Spain
| | - Angelo Giussani
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, P.O. Box 22085, 46071 València, Spain
| | - Daniel Roca-Sanjuán
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, P.O. Box 22085, 46071 València, Spain
| | - Ignacio Vayá
- Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - Miguel A Miranda
- Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Miro P, Gomez-Mendoza M, Sastre G, Cuquerella MC, Miranda MA, Marin ML. Generation of the Thymine Triplet State by Through-Bond Energy Transfer. Chemistry 2019; 25:7004-7011. [PMID: 30920069 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone (BP) and drugs containing the BP chromophore, such as the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen, have been widely reported as DNA photosensitizers through triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTET). In the present work, a direct spectroscopic fingerprint for the formation of the thymine triplet (3 Thy*) by through-bond (TB) TTET from 3 BP* has been uncovered. This has been achieved in two new systems that have been designed and synthesized with one BP and one thymine (Thy) covalently linked to the two ends of the rigid skeleton of the natural bile acids cholic and lithocholic acid. The results shown here prove that it is possible to achieve triplet energy transfer to a Thy unit even when the photosensitizer is at a long (nonbonding) distance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Miro
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior, de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Gomez-Mendoza
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior, de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
- Present address: Photoactivated Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda Ramon de la Sagra 3, 28935 Mostoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Germán Sastre
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior, de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Consuelo Cuquerella
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior, de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel A Miranda
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior, de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Luisa Marin
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior, de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fraga-Timiraos AB, Francés-Monerris A, Rodríguez-Muñiz GM, Navarrete-Miguel M, Miranda MA, Roca-Sanjuán D, Lhiaubet-Vallet V. Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Cycloreversion of a Nucleobase-Derived Azetidine by Photoinduced Electron Transfer. Chemistry 2018; 24:15346-15354. [PMID: 30053323 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Azetidines are interesting compounds in medicine and chemistry as bioactive scaffolds and synthetic intermediates. However, photochemical processes involved in the generation and fate of azetidine-derived radical ions have scarcely been reported. In this context, the photoreduction of this four-membered heterocycle might be relevant in connection with the DNA (6-4) photoproduct obtained from photolyase. Herein, a stable azabipyrimidinic azetidine (AZTm ), obtained from cycloaddition between thymine and 6-azauracil units, is considered to be an interesting model of the proposed azetidine-like intermediate. Hence, its photoreduction and photo-oxidation are thoroughly investigated through a multifaceted approach, including spectroscopic, analytical, and electrochemical studies, complemented by CASPT2 and DFT calculations. Both injection and removal of an electron result in the formation of radical ions, which evolve towards repaired thymine and azauracil units. Whereas photoreduction energetics are similar to those of the cyclobutane thymine dimers, photo-oxidation is clearly more favorable in the azetidine. Ring opening occurs with relatively low activation barriers (<13 kcal mol-1 ) and the process is clearly exergonic for photoreduction. In general, a good correlation has been observed between the experimental results and theoretical calculations, which has allowed a synergic understanding of the phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Fraga-Timiraos
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Francés-Monerris
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques (LPCT), Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Gemma M Rodríguez-Muñiz
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miriam Navarrete-Miguel
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, P.O. Box 22085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel A Miranda
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Roca-Sanjuán
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, P.O. Box 22085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Virginie Lhiaubet-Vallet
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fraga‐Timiraos AB, Lhiaubet‐Vallet V, Miranda MA. Repair of a Dimeric Azetidine Related to the Thymine–Cytosine (6
‐
4) Photoproduct by Electron Transfer Photoreduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana B. Fraga‐Timiraos
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC) Universitat Politècnica de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avda de los Naranjos, s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Virginie Lhiaubet‐Vallet
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC) Universitat Politècnica de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avda de los Naranjos, s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Miguel A. Miranda
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC) Universitat Politècnica de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avda de los Naranjos, s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fraga-Timiraos AB, Lhiaubet-Vallet V, Miranda MA. Repair of a Dimeric Azetidine Related to the Thymine-Cytosine (6-4) Photoproduct by Electron Transfer Photoreduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:6037-40. [PMID: 27061458 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photolyases are intriguing enzymes that take advantage of sunlight to restore lesions like cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers or (6-4) photoproducts. This work focused on the photoreductive process responsible for splitting of the azetidine ring proposed to occur during (6-4) photoproduct repair at a thymine-cytosine sequence. A model compound formed by photocycloaddition between thymine and 6-azauracil has been designed to mimic the elusive azetidine intermediate. The photoinduced electron transfer process has been investigated by means of steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence using photosensitizers with oxidation potentials in the singlet excited state ranging from -3.3 to -2.1 V vs. SCE. Azetidine ring splitting and recovery of "repaired" bases were proven by HPLC analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Fraga-Timiraos
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda de los Naranjos, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Virginie Lhiaubet-Vallet
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda de los Naranjos, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Miranda
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda de los Naranjos, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Miro P, Lhiaubet-Vallet V, Marin ML, Miranda MA. Photosensitized Thymine Dimerization via Delocalized Triplet Excited States. Chemistry 2015; 21:17051-6. [PMID: 26462463 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A new mechanism of photosensitized formation of thymine (Thy) dimers is proposed, which involves generation of a delocalized triplet excited state as the key step. This is supported by chemical evidence obtained by combining one benzophenone and two Thy units with different degrees of freedom, whereby the photoreactivity is switched from a clean Paternò-Büchi reaction to a fully chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective [2+2] cycloaddition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Miro
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia (Spain)
| | - Virginie Lhiaubet-Vallet
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia (Spain)
| | - M Luisa Marin
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia (Spain).
| | - Miguel A Miranda
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia (Spain).
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pérez-Ruiz R, Jiménez MC, Miranda MA. Hetero-cycloreversions mediated by photoinduced electron transfer. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:1359-68. [PMID: 24702062 DOI: 10.1021/ar4003224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Discovered more than eight decades ago, the Diels-Alder (DA) cycloaddition (CA) remains one of the most versatile tools in synthetic organic chemistry. Hetero-DA processes are powerful methods for the synthesis of densely functionalized six-membered heterocycles, ubiquitous substructures found in natural products and bioactive compounds. These reactions frequently employ azadienes and oxadienes, but only a few groups have reported DA processes with thiadienes. The electron transfer (ET) version of the DA reaction, though less investigated, has emerged as a subject of increasing interest. In the last two decades, researchers have paid closer attention to radical ionic hetero-cycloreversions, mainly in connection with their possible involvement in the repair of pyrimidine(6-4)pyrimidone photolesions in DNA by photolyases. In biological systems, these reactions likely occur through a reductive photosensitization mechanism. In addition, photooxidation can lead to cycloreversion (CR) reactions, and researchers can exploit this strategy for DNA repair therapies. In this Account, we discuss electron-transfer (ET) mediated hetero-CR reactions. We focus on the oxidative and reductive ET splitting of oxetanes, azetidines, and thietanes. Photoinduced electron transfer facilitates the splitting of a variety of four-membered heterocycles. In this context, researchers have commonly examined oxetanes, both experimentally and theoretically. Although a few studies have reported the cycloreversion of azetidines and thietanes carried out under electron transfer conditions, the number of examples remains limited. In general, the cleavage of the ionized four-membered rings appears to occur via a nonconcerted two-step mechanism. The trapping of the intermediate 1,4-radical ions and transient absorption spectroscopy data support this hypothesis, and it explains the observed loss of stereochemistry in the products. In the initial step, either C-C or C-X bond breaking may occur, and the preferred route depends on the substitution pattern of the ring, the type of heteroatom, and various experimental conditions. To better accommodate spin and charge, C-X cleavage happens more frequently, especially in the radical anionic version of the reaction. The addition or withdrawal of a single electron provides a new complementary synthetic strategy to activate hetero-cycloreversions. Despite its potential, this strategy remains largely unexplored. However, it offers a useful method to achieve C═X/olefin metathesis or, upon ring expansion, to construct six-membered heterocyclic rings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Pérez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química/Instituto
de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Consuelo Jiménez
- Departamento de Química/Instituto
de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Miranda
- Departamento de Química/Instituto
de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pérez-Ruiz R, Sáez JA, Domingo LR, Jiménez MC, Miranda MA. Oxetane Ring Enlargement through Nucleophilic Trapping of Radical Cations by Acetonitrile. Org Lett 2012; 14:5700-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol302717s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Pérez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química-Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022, Valencia, Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose A. Sáez
- Departamento de Química-Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022, Valencia, Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis R. Domingo
- Departamento de Química-Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022, Valencia, Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Consuelo Jiménez
- Departamento de Química-Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022, Valencia, Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Miranda
- Departamento de Química-Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022, Valencia, Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cadet J, Mouret S, Ravanat JL, Douki T. Photoinduced damage to cellular DNA: direct and photosensitized reactions. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:1048-65. [PMID: 22780837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The survey focuses on recent aspects of photochemical reactions to cellular DNA that are implicated through the predominant formation of mostly bipyrimidine photoproducts in deleterious effects of human exposure to sunlight. Recent developments in analytical methods have allowed accurate and quantitative measurements of the main DNA photoproducts in cells and human skin. Highly mutagenic CC and CT bipyrimidine photoproducts, including cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs) are generated in low yields with respect to TT and TC photoproducts. Another striking finding deals with the formation of Dewar valence isomers, the third class of bipyrimidine photoproducts that is accounted for by UVA-mediated isomerization of initially UVB generated 6-4PPs. Cyclobutadithymine (T<>T) has been unambiguously shown to be involved in the genotoxicity of UVA radiation. Thus, T<>T is formed in UVA-irradiated cellular DNA according to a direct excitation mechanism with a higher efficiency than oxidatively generated DNA damage that arises mostly through the Type II photosensitization mechanism. C<>C and C<>T are repaired at rates intermediate between those of T<>T and 6-4TT. Evidence has been also provided for the occurrence of photosensitized reactions mediated by exogenous agents that act either in an independent way or through photodynamic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cadet
- Laboratoire Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, SCIB-UMR-E n°3, CEA/UJF, Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie, CEA/Grenoble, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Domingo LR, Pérez-Ruiz R, Argüello JE, Miranda MA. DFT Study on the Cycloreversion of Thietane Radical Cations. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5443-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp200177a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan E. Argüello
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Miguel A. Miranda
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cuquerella MC, Lhiaubet-Vallet V, Bosca F, Miranda MA. Photosensitised pyrimidine dimerisation in DNA. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00088h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
16
|
Elias Argüello J, Pérez-Ruiz R, Miranda MA. Photoinduced Electron-Transfer Cycloreversion of Thietanes: The Role of Ion−Molecule Complexes. Org Lett 2010; 12:1884-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol100520m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Elias Argüello
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina, and Departamento de Química, Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ruiz
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina, and Departamento de Química, Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Miranda
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina, and Departamento de Química, Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Robinson KS, Traynor NJ, Moseley H, Ferguson J, Woods JA. Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are photosensitised by carprofen plus UVA in human HaCaT cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1126-32. [PMID: 20307647 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Every year in the UK about 75,000 cases of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) are registered, and about 9500 people are diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma (CM). The main risk factor for these cancers is exposure to sunlight. The effects of light on skin are wavelength dependent, with wavelengths in the UVB waveband (280-315 nm) being the most carcinogenic. UVB is directly absorbed by DNA, producing dimeric pyrimidine photoproducts including cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimodone photoproducts (6-4PP). However UVA (315-400 nm) can also produce CPD, induce skin tumours in mice, and has been shown to be mutagenic in cell culture. Although the precise role of UVA in human skin cancer remains to be elucidated, it comprises the major portion of solar UV radiation, transmits through window glass and can be delivered in high doses from tanning lamps. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), in particular the 2-aryl propionic acid derivatives, are a well-documented group of photosensitising chemicals producing clinical phototoxic and photoallergic reactions. We have used carprofen, a model compound from this group to see if it could amplify the effects of UVA and contribute to the formation of CPD by UVA. Preliminary work has shown that carprofen combined with low doses of UVA (lambda(max): 365 nm; 5 J/cm(2)) can produce both strand breaks (SB) and CPD in human skin or blood cells. CPD were detected indirectly by both an immunofluorescence method and as T4 endonuclease V sensitive sites in the comet assay. These findings show that compounds other than fluoroquinolones and psoralen derivatives may contribute to CPD formation in skin cells in combination with UVA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Robinson
- The Photobiology Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yamamoto J, Tanaka Y, Iwai S. Spectroscopic analysis of the pyrimidine(6-4)pyrimidone photoproduct: insights into the (6-4) photolyase reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 7:161-6. [PMID: 19081959 DOI: 10.1039/b815458a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized a dinucleoside monophosphate of the (15)N-labeled (6-4) photoproduct, which is one of the major UV-induced lesions in DNA, to investigate the (6-4) photolyase repair mechanism, and characterized its protonation state by measuring (15)N NMR spectra as a function of pH. We expected that chemical-shift changes of the pyrimidone (15)N3, due to protonation, would be observed at pH 3, as observed for the (15)N-labeled 5-methylpyrimidin-2-one nucleoside. Interestingly, however, the changes were observed only in alkaline solutions. In UV absorption spectroscopy and HPLC analyses under acidic conditions, a change in the maximum absorption wavelength, due to the protonation-induced hydrolysis, was observed at and below pH 1, but not at pH 2, whereas the protonation of 5-methylpyrimidin-2-one occurred at pH values between 2 and 3. These results indicated that the pK(a) value for this N3 is remarkably lower than that of a normal pyrimidone ring, and strongly suggest that an intramolecular hydrogen bond is formed between the N3 of the 3' base and the 5-OH of the 5' base under physiological conditions. The results of this study have implications not only for the recognition and reaction mechanisms of (6-4) photolyase, but also for the chemical nature of the (6-4) photoproduct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Yamamoto
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Asgatay S, Petermann C, Harakat D, Guillaume D, Taylor JS, Clivio P. Evidence that the (6-4) photolyase mechanism can proceed through an oxetane intermediate. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:12618-9. [PMID: 18763765 DOI: 10.1021/ja805214s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using the analogue of TpT methylated at the 3'-end N3 position (Tpm3T), we demonstrate that when the oxetane/(6-4) pathway is precluded, water addition occurs at the 3'-end C6 position of the oxetane intermediate to provide its opening. Photoreversal of this (6-4) photoproduct C6 hydrate brings the first experimental evidence that the (6-4) photolyase repair can proceed through an oxetane intermediate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saâdia Asgatay
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 6229, UFR de Pharmacie, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|