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In Silico Binding of 2-Aminocyclobutanones to SARS-CoV-2 Nsp13 Helicase and Demonstration of Antiviral Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065120. [PMID: 36982188 PMCID: PMC10049026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The landscape of viral strains and lineages of SARS-CoV-2 keeps changing and is currently dominated by Delta and Omicron variants. Members of the latest Omicron variants, including BA.1, are showing a high level of immune evasion, and Omicron has become a prominent variant circulating globally. In our search for versatile medicinal chemistry scaffolds, we prepared a library of substituted ɑ-aminocyclobutanones from an ɑ-aminocyclobutanone synthon (11). We performed an in silico screen of this actual chemical library as well as other virtual 2-aminocyclobutanone analogs against seven SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural proteins to identify potential drug leads against SARS-CoV-2, and more broadly against coronavirus antiviral targets. Several of these analogs were initially identified as in silico hits against SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural protein 13 (Nsp13) helicase through molecular docking and dynamics simulations. Antiviral activity of the original hits as well as ɑ-aminocyclobutanone analogs that were predicted to bind more tightly to SARS-CoV-2 Nsp13 helicase are reported. We now report cyclobutanone derivatives that exhibit anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Furthermore, the Nsp13 helicase enzyme has been the target of relatively few target-based drug discovery efforts, in part due to a very late release of a high-resolution structure accompanied by a limited understanding of its protein biochemistry. In general, antiviral agents initially efficacious against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 strains have lower activities against variants due to heavy viral loads and greater turnover rates, but the inhibitors we are reporting have higher activities against the later variants than the wild-type (10–20X). We speculate this could be due to Nsp13 helicase being a critical bottleneck in faster replication rates of the new variants, so targeting this enzyme affects these variants to an even greater extent. This work calls attention to cyclobutanones as a useful medicinal chemistry scaffold, and the need for additional focus on the discovery of Nsp13 helicase inhibitors to combat the aggressive and immune-evading variants of concern (VOCs).
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Chen D, Bai Y, Cheng Q, Li J, Tong Z, Hou J, Liu T, Guo Y, Tang X, Yang X, Yang X. Domino synthetic strategy for tetrahydrothiophene derivatives from 2-acetylfuran/2-acetylthiophene, benzaldehydes, and sulfur powder. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Synthesis of α-Amino Cyclobutanones via Formal 1,3-Hydroxy Migration Triggered by Formation of α-Imino Rhodium Carbene. Org Lett 2022; 24:2950-2954. [PMID: 35416678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Formal intramolecular 1,3-OH migration of α-imino carbene was achieved producing a unique zwitterion, and the subsequent selective annulation afforded α-amino cyclobutanone. Features such as readily available substrates, mild reaction conditions, a time-saving procedure, excellent functional group compatibility, and valuable transformations of the products qualified this unique protocol as an efficient tool for the synthesis of strained cyclic compounds. Density functional theory calculations were in good agreement with experimental observations, and a plausible mechanism is presented.
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Chapman NC, Rutledge PJ. Isopenicillin N Synthase: Crystallographic Studies. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1687-1705. [PMID: 33415840 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS) is a non-heme iron oxidase (NHIO) that catalyses the cyclisation of tripeptide δ-(l-α-aminoadipoyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine (ACV) to bicyclic isopenicillin N (IPN). Over the last 25 years, crystallography has shed considerable light on the mechanism of IPNS catalysis. The first crystal structure, for apo-IPNS with Mn bound in place of Fe at the active site, reported in 1995, was also the first structure for a member of the wider NHIO family. This was followed by the anaerobic enzyme-substrate complex IPNS-Fe-ACV (1997), this complex plus nitric oxide as a surrogate for co-substrate dioxygen (1997), and an enzyme product complex (1999). Since then, crystallography has been used to probe many aspects of the IPNS reaction mechanism, by crystallising the protein with a diversity of substrate analogues and triggering the oxidative reaction by using elevated oxygen pressures to force the gaseous co-substrate throughout protein crystals and maximise synchronicity of turnover in crystallo. In this way, X-ray structures have been elucidated for a range of complexes closely related to and/or directly derived from key intermediates in the catalytic cycle, thereby answering numerous mechanistic questions that had arisen from solution-phase experiments, and posing many new ones. The results of these crystallographic studies have, in turn, informed computational experiments that have brought further insight. These combined crystallographic and computational investigations augment and extend the results of earlier spectroscopic analyses and solution phase studies of IPNS turnover, to enrich our understanding of this important protein and the wider NHIO enzyme family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Chapman
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter J Rutledge
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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Habeeb Mohammad TS, Reidl CT, Zeller M, Becker DP. Synthesis of a protected 2-aminocyclobutanone as a modular transition state synthon for medicinal chemistry. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Rabe P, Kamps JJAG, Schofield CJ, Lohans CT. Roles of 2-oxoglutarate oxygenases and isopenicillin N synthase in β-lactam biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2018; 35:735-756. [PMID: 29808887 PMCID: PMC6097109 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00002f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2017 2-Oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent oxygenases and the homologous oxidase isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS) play crucial roles in the biosynthesis of β-lactam ring containing natural products. IPNS catalyses formation of the bicyclic penicillin nucleus from a tripeptide. 2OG oxygenases catalyse reactions that diversify the chemistry of β-lactams formed by both IPNS and non-oxidative enzymes. Reactions catalysed by the 2OG oxygenases of β-lactam biosynthesis not only involve their typical hydroxylation reactions, but also desaturation, epimerisation, rearrangement, and ring-forming reactions. Some of the enzymes involved in β-lactam biosynthesis exhibit remarkable substrate and product selectivities. We review the roles of 2OG oxygenases and IPNS in β-lactam biosynthesis, highlighting opportunities for application of knowledge of their roles, structures, and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Rabe
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Jos J A G Kamps
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Christopher T Lohans
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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Abboud MI, Kosmopoulou M, Krismanich AP, Johnson JW, Hinchliffe P, Brem J, Claridge TDW, Spencer J, Schofield CJ, Dmitrienko GI. Cyclobutanone Mimics of Intermediates in Metallo-β-Lactamase Catalysis. Chemistry 2018; 24:5734-5737. [PMID: 29250863 PMCID: PMC5947706 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The most important resistance mechanism to β-lactam antibiotics involves hydrolysis by two β-lactamase categories: the nucleophilic serine and the metallo-β-lactamases (SBLs and MBLs, respectively). Cyclobutanones are hydrolytically stable β-lactam analogues with potential to inhibit both SBLs and MBLs. We describe solution and crystallographic studies on the interaction of a cyclobutanone penem analogue with the clinically important MBL SPM-1. NMR experiments using 19 F-labeled SPM-1 imply the cyclobutanone binds to SPM-1 with micromolar affinity. A crystal structure of the SPM-1:cyclobutanone complex reveals binding of the hydrated cyclobutanone through interactions with one of the zinc ions, stabilisation of the hydrate by hydrogen bonding to zinc-bound water, and hydrophobic contacts with aromatic residues. NMR analyses using a 13 C-labeled cyclobutanone support assignment of the bound species as the hydrated ketone. The results inform on how MBLs bind substrates and stabilize tetrahedral intermediates. They support further investigations on the use of transition-state and/or intermediate analogues as inhibitors of all β-lactamase classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine I. Abboud
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Magda Kosmopoulou
- School of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Bristol, Medical Sciences BuildingBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | - Anthony P. Krismanich
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Waterloo200 University Ave. W.Waterloo, OntarioN2L 3G1Canada
| | - Jarrod W. Johnson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Waterloo200 University Ave. W.Waterloo, OntarioN2L 3G1Canada
| | - Philip Hinchliffe
- School of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Bristol, Medical Sciences BuildingBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | - Jürgen Brem
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | | | - James Spencer
- School of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Bristol, Medical Sciences BuildingBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | | | - Gary I. Dmitrienko
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Waterloo200 University Ave. W.Waterloo, OntarioN2L 3G1Canada
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McNeill LA, Brown TJN, Sami M, Clifton IJ, Burzlaff NI, Claridge TDW, Adlington RM, Baldwin JE, Rutledge PJ, Schofield CJ. Terminally Truncated Isopenicillin N Synthase Generates a Dithioester Product: Evidence for a Thioaldehyde Intermediate during Catalysis and a New Mode of Reaction for Non-Heme Iron Oxidases. Chemistry 2017; 23:12815-12824. [PMID: 28703303 PMCID: PMC5637899 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS) catalyses the four-electron oxidation of a tripeptide, l-δ-(α-aminoadipoyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine (ACV), to give isopenicillin N (IPN), the first-formed β-lactam in penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis. IPNS catalysis is dependent upon an iron(II) cofactor and oxygen as a co-substrate. In the absence of substrate, the carbonyl oxygen of the side-chain amide of the penultimate residue, Gln330, co-ordinates to the active-site metal iron. Substrate binding ablates the interaction between Gln330 and the metal, triggering rearrangement of seven C-terminal residues, which move to take up a conformation that extends the final α-helix and encloses ACV in the active site. Mutagenesis studies are reported, which probe the role of the C-terminal and other aspects of the substrate binding pocket in IPNS. The hydrophobic nature of amino acid side-chains around the ACV binding pocket is important in catalysis. Deletion of seven C-terminal residues exposes the active site and leads to formation of a new type of thiol oxidation product. The isolated product is shown by LC-MS and NMR analyses to be the ene-thiol tautomer of a dithioester, made up from two molecules of ACV linked between the thiol sulfur of one tripeptide and the oxidised cysteinyl β-carbon of the other. A mechanism for its formation is proposed, supported by an X-ray crystal structure, which shows the substrate ACV bound at the active site, its cysteinyl β-carbon exposed to attack by a second molecule of substrate, adjacent. Formation of this product constitutes a new mode of reaction for IPNS and non-heme iron oxidases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. McNeill
- Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences and the Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Present Address: Oxford Nanopore Technologies, Oxford Science ParkOX4 4GAUK
| | - Toby J. N. Brown
- Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences and the Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Present Address: The Brattle GroupLevel 15 5 Martin PlaceSydney, NSW2000Australia
| | - Malkit Sami
- Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences and the Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Present Address: Immunocore Limited101 Park Drive, Milton ParkAbingdonOX14 4RYUK
| | - Ian J. Clifton
- Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences and the Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Nicolai I. Burzlaff
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Erlangen-NurembergEgerlandstraße 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Timothy D. W. Claridge
- Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences and the Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Robert M. Adlington
- Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences and the Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Jack E. Baldwin
- Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences and the Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | | | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences and the Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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Devi P, Rutledge PJ. Cyclobutanone Analogues of β-Lactam Antibiotics: β-Lactamase Inhibitors with Untapped Potential? Chembiochem 2017; 18:338-351. [PMID: 27992105 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
β-Lactam antibiotics have been used for many years to treat bacterial infections. However the effective treatment of an increasing range of microbial infections is threatened by bacterial resistance to β-lactams: the prolonged, widespread (and at times reckless) use of these drugs has spawned widespread resistance, which renders them ineffective against many bacterial strains. The cyclobutanone ring system is isosteric with β-lactam: in cyclobutanone analogues, the eponymous cyclic amide is replaced with an all-carbon ring, the amide N is substituted by a tertiary C-H α to a ketone. Cyclobutanone analogues of various β-lactam antibiotics have been investigated over the last 35 years, initially as prospective antibiotics in their own right and inhibitors of the β-lactamase enzymes that impart resistance to β-lactams. More recently they have been tested as inhibitors of other serine proteases and as mechanistic probes of β-lactam biosynthesis. Cyclobutanone analogues of the penam ring system are the first reversible inhibitors with moderate activity against all classes of β-lactamase; other compounds from this family inhibit Streptomyces R61 dd-carboxypeptidase/transpeptidase, human neutrophil elastase and porcine pancreatic elastase. But has their potential as enzyme inhibitors been fully exploited? Challenges in synthesising diversely functionalised cyclobutanone derivatives mean that only a limited number have been made (with limited structural diversity) and evaluated. This review surveys the different synthetic approaches that have been taken to these compounds, the investigations made to evaluate their biological activity and prospects for future developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prarthana Devi
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter J Rutledge
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Clifton IJ, Ge W, Adlington RM, Baldwin JE, Rutledge PJ. The crystal structure of an isopenicillin N synthase complex with an ethereal substrate analogue reveals water in the oxygen binding site. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:2705-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Daruzzaman A, Clifton IJ, Adlington RM, Baldwin JE, Rutledge PJ. The Interaction of Isopenicillin N Synthase with Homologated Substrate Analogues δ-(L-α-Aminoadipoyl)-L-homocysteinyl-D-Xaa Characterised by Protein Crystallography. Chembiochem 2013; 14:599-606. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Daruzzaman A, Clifton IJ, Adlington RM, Baldwin JE, Rutledge PJ. The crystal structure of isopenicillin N synthase with a dipeptide substrate analogue. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 530:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
The S-oxygenation of cysteine with dioxygen to give cysteine sulfinic acid occurs at the non-heme iron active site of cysteine dioxygenase. Similar S-oxygenation events occur in other non-heme iron enzymes, including nitrile hydratase and isopenicillin N synthase, and these enzymes have inspired the development of a class of [N(x)S(y)]-Fe model complexes. Certain members of this class have provided some intriguing examples of S-oxygenation, and this article summarizes these results, focusing on the non-heme iron(II/III)-thiolate model complexes that are known to react with O(2) or other O-atom transfer oxidants to yield sulfur oxygenates. Key aspects of the synthesis, structure, and reactivity of these systems are presented, along with any mechanistic information available on the oxygenation reactions. A number of iron(III)-thiolate complexes react with O(2) to give S-oxygenates, and the degree to which the thiolate sulfur donors are oxidized varies among the different complexes, depending upon the nature of the ligand, metal geometry, and spin state. The first examples of iron(II)-thiolate complexes that react with O(2) to give selective S-oxygenation are just emerging. Mechanistic information on these transformations is limited, with isotope labeling studies providing much of the current mechanistic data. The many questions that remain unanswered for both models and enzymes provide strong motivation for future work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C. McQuilken
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - David P. Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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Clifton IJ, Ge W, Adlington RM, Baldwin JE, Rutledge PJ. The crystal structure of isopenicillin N synthase with δ-(l-α-aminoadipoyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-methionine reveals thioether coordination to iron. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 516:103-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Clifton IJ, Ge W, Adlington RM, Baldwin JE, Rutledge PJ. Isopenicillin N Synthase Binds δ-(L-α-Aminoadipoyl)-L-Cysteinyl-D-Thia-allo-Isoleucine through both Sulfur Atoms. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1881-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Johnson JW, Gretes M, Goodfellow VJ, Marrone L, Heynen ML, Strynadka NCJ, Dmitrienko GI. Cyclobutanone Analogues of β-Lactams Revisited: Insights into Conformational Requirements for Inhibition of Serine- and Metallo-β-Lactamases. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:2558-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9086374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod W. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Michael Gretes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Valerie J. Goodfellow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Laura Marrone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Miriam L. Heynen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Natalie C. J. Strynadka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Gary I. Dmitrienko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Ge W, Clifton IJ, Stok JE, Adlington RM, Baldwin JE, Rutledge PJ. The crystal structure of anlll-configured depsipeptide substrate analogue bound to isopenicillin N synthase. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:122-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b910170e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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18
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Ge W, Clifton IJ, Howard-Jones AR, Stok JE, Adlington RM, Baldwin JE, Rutledge PJ. Structural Studies on the Reaction of Isopenicillin N Synthase with a Sterically Demanding Depsipeptide Substrate Analogue. Chembiochem 2009; 10:2025-31. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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