1
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Feng D, Liu L, Shi Y, Du P, Xu S, Zhu Z, Xu J, Yao H. Current development of bicyclic peptides. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.108026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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2
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Xiao S, Zhao L, Yan R, Zhang H, Liu J, Wang Z, Tan G, Jin Y. Efficient synthesis of bisulfide-bridged bicyclopeptides by intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer cycloreaction. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00583b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nine bisulfide-bridged bicyclopeptides were synthesized firstly by intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer cyclo-reaction using l-cystine as the linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimei Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Lishuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Rui Yan
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Huanli Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Jiawen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Guanghui Tan
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Yingxue Jin
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
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3
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Bendelsmith AJ, Kim SC, Wasa M, Roche SP, Jacobsen EN. Enantioselective Synthesis of α-Allyl Amino Esters via Hydrogen-Bond-Donor Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11414-11419. [PMID: 31280564 PMCID: PMC7293823 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a chiral-squaramide-catalyzed enantio- and diastereoselective synthesis of α-allyl amino esters. The optimized protocol provides access to N-carbamoyl-protected amino esters via nucleophilic allylation of readily accessible α-chloro glycinates. A variety of useful α-allyl amino esters were prepared, including crotylated products bearing vicinal stereocenters that are inaccessible through enolate alkylation, with high enantioselectivity (up to 97% ee) and diastereoselectivity (>10:1). The reactions display first-order kinetic dependence on both the α-chloro glycinate and the nucleophile, consistent with rate-limiting C-C bond formation. Computational analysis of the uncatalyzed reaction predicts an energetically inaccessible iminium intermediate, and a lower energy concerted SN2 mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Bendelsmith
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Seohyun Chris Kim
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Masayuki Wasa
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Stéphane P Roche
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton , Florida 33431 , United States
| | - Eric N Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
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4
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Ahangarzadeh S, Kanafi MM, Hosseinzadeh S, Mokhtarzadeh A, Barati M, Ranjbari J, Tayebi L. Bicyclic peptides: types, synthesis and applications. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1311-1319. [PMID: 31102732 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bicyclic peptides form one of the most promising platforms for drug development owing to their biocompatibility, similarity and chemical diversity to proteins, and they are considered as a possible practical tool in various therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Bicyclic peptides are known to have the capability of being employed as an effective alternative to complex molecules, such as antibodies, or small molecules. This review provides a summary of the recent progress on the types, synthesis and applications of bicyclic peptides. More specifically, natural and synthetic bicyclic peptides are introduced with their different production methods and relevant applications, including drug targeting, imaging and diagnosis. Their uses as antimicrobial agents, as well as the therapeutic functions of different bicyclic peptides, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Ahangarzadeh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad M Kanafi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simzar Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmood Barati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Ranjbari
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA.
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5
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Maaskant RV, Roelfes G. Bioorthogonal Metalloporphyrin-Catalyzed Selective Methionine Alkylation in the Lanthipeptide Nisin. Chembiochem 2019; 20:57-61. [PMID: 30246492 PMCID: PMC6680192 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal catalytic modification of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) is a promising approach to obtaining novel antimicrobial peptides with improved properties and/or activities. Here, we present the serendipitous discovery of a selective and rapid method for the alkylation of methionines in the lanthipeptide nisin. Using carbenes, formed from water-soluble metalloporphyrins and diazoacetates, methionines are alkylated to obtain sulfonium ions. The formed sulfonium ions are stable, but can be further reacted to obtain functionalized methionine analogues, expanding the toolbox of chemical posttranslational modification even further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben V. Maaskant
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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6
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Xu B, Aitken EJ, Baker BP, Turner CA, Harvey JE, Stott MB, Power JF, Harris PWR, Keyzers RA, Brimble MA. Genome mining, isolation, chemical synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel lanthipeptide, tikitericin, from the extremophilic microorganism Thermogemmatispora strain T81. Chem Sci 2018; 9:7311-7317. [PMID: 30294420 PMCID: PMC6167946 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02170h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tikitericin, a novel lanthipeptide was isolated and characterised together with its first total synthesis.
Genome mining of the New Zealand extremophilic microorganism Thermogemmatispora strain T81 indicated the presence of biosynthetic machinery to produce several different peptidic natural products. Solid-phase culture of T81 led to the isolation of tikitericin 1, a new lanthipeptide characterised by four (methyl)lanthionine bridges. The mass-guided isolation and structural elucidation of tikitericin 1 is described together with its total synthesis via Fmoc-solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The key non-canonical (methyl)lanthionine residues were synthesised in solution phase via an improved synthetic route and subsequently assembled to construct the peptide backbone using Fmoc-SPPS. N-Terminal truncated analogues of tikitericin (2–5) were also prepared in order to evaluate the contribution of each sequential ring of the polycyclic lanthipeptide to the antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buzhe Xu
- School of Chemical Sciences , 23 Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand . ; Tel: +64 9 9238259.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand . ; Tel: +64 4 4635117
| | - Emma J Aitken
- School of Chemical & Physical Sciences , The Centre for Biodiscovery , Victoria University of Wellington , PO Box 600 , Wellington 6140 , New Zealand
| | - Benjamin P Baker
- School of Chemical & Physical Sciences , The Centre for Biodiscovery , Victoria University of Wellington , PO Box 600 , Wellington 6140 , New Zealand
| | - Claire A Turner
- School of Chemical & Physical Sciences , The Centre for Biodiscovery , Victoria University of Wellington , PO Box 600 , Wellington 6140 , New Zealand
| | - Joanne E Harvey
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand . ; Tel: +64 4 4635117.,School of Chemical & Physical Sciences , The Centre for Biodiscovery , Victoria University of Wellington , PO Box 600 , Wellington 6140 , New Zealand
| | - Matthew B Stott
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800 , Christchurch 8140 , New Zealand.,GNS Science , Private Bag 2000 , Taupō 3352 , New Zealand
| | - Jean F Power
- GNS Science , Private Bag 2000 , Taupō 3352 , New Zealand
| | - Paul W R Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences , 23 Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand . ; Tel: +64 9 9238259.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand . ; Tel: +64 4 4635117.,School of Biological Sciences , 23 Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand . ; Tel: +64 4 4635117.,School of Chemical & Physical Sciences , The Centre for Biodiscovery , Victoria University of Wellington , PO Box 600 , Wellington 6140 , New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences , 23 Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand . ; Tel: +64 9 9238259.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand . ; Tel: +64 4 4635117.,School of Biological Sciences , 23 Symonds Street , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
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7
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Bolt HL, Kleijn LHJ, Martin NI, Cobb SL. Synthesis of Antibacterial Nisin⁻Peptoid Hybrids Using Click Methodology. Molecules 2018; 23:E1566. [PMID: 29958423 PMCID: PMC6099617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides and structurally related peptoids offer potential for the development of new antibiotics. However, progress has been hindered by challenges presented by poor in vivo stability (peptides) or lack of selectivity (peptoids). Herein, we have developed a process to prepare novel hybrid antibacterial agents that combine both linear peptoids (increased in vivo stability compared to peptides) and a nisin fragment (lipid II targeting domain). The hybrid nisin⁻peptoids prepared were shown to have low micromolar activity (comparable to natural nisin) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Bolt
- Center for Global Infectious Diseases, Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Laurens H J Kleijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Nathaniel I Martin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Steven L Cobb
- Center for Global Infectious Diseases, Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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8
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Martin-Gómez H, Tulla-Puche J. Lasso peptides: chemical approaches and structural elucidation. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:5065-5080. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01304g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The diverse functionality and the extraordinary stability of lasso peptides make these molecules attractive scaffolds for drug discovery. The ability to generate lasso peptides chemically remains a challenging endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judit Tulla-Puche
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry – Organic Chemistry Section
- University of Barcelona
- Barcelona
- Spain
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9
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Rhodes CA, Pei D. Bicyclic Peptides as Next-Generation Therapeutics. Chemistry 2017; 23:12690-12703. [PMID: 28590540 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bicyclic peptides have greater conformational rigidity and metabolic stability than linear and monocyclic peptides and are capable of binding to challenging drug targets with antibody-like affinity and specificity. Powerful combinatorial library technologies have recently been developed to rapidly synthesize and screen large bicyclic peptide libraries for ligands against enzymes, receptors, and protein-protein interaction targets. Bicyclic peptides have been developed as potential therapeutics against a wide range of diseases, drug targeting agents, imaging/diagnostic probes, and research tools. In this Minireview, we provide a summary of the recent progresses on the synthesis and applications of bicyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curran A Rhodes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
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10
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11
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Slootweg JC, van Herwerden EF, van Doremalen MFM, Breukink E, Liskamp RMJ, Rijkers DTS. Synthesis of nisin AB dicarba analogs using ring-closing metathesis: influence of sp(3) versus sp(2) hybridization of the α-carbon atom of residues dehydrobutyrine-2 and dehydroalanine-5 on the lipid II binding affinity. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:5997-6009. [PMID: 25940216 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein the synthesis of two nisin AB dicarba analogs is described, focusing on amino acid modifications at positions 2 and 5. The nisin mimics were synthesized by a combination of solid phase synthesis of the linear peptides, followed by macrocyclization via ring-closing metathesis and fragment assembly by means of solution phase chemistry. The two N-terminal nisin AB-fragment mimics contain either the native dehydrobutyrine (Dhb)/dehydroalanine (Dha) amino acid residues or alanine at position 2 and 5, respectively. The native dehydrobutyrine at position 2 and dehydroalanine at position 5 were introduced as their precursors, namely threonine and serine, respectively, and subsequent dehydration was carried out by EDCI/CuCl as the condensing agent. Both AB-fragment mimics were analyzed in a lipid II binding assay and it was found that the Ala2/Ala5 AB-mimic (2) showed a reduced activity, while the Dhb2/Dha5 AB-mimic (3) was as active as the native AB-fragment (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack C Slootweg
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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12
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13
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Koopmans T, Wood TM, 't Hart P, Kleijn LHJ, Hendrickx APA, Willems RJL, Breukink E, Martin NI. Semisynthetic Lipopeptides Derived from Nisin Display Antibacterial Activity and Lipid II Binding on Par with That of the Parent Compound. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9382-9. [PMID: 26122963 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b04501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The lipid II-binding N-terminus of nisin, comprising the so-called A/B ring system, was synthetically modified to provide antibacterially active and proteolytically stable derivatives. A variety of lipids were coupled to the C-terminus of the nisin A/B ring system to generate semisynthetic constructs that display potent inhibition of bacterial growth, with activities approaching that of nisin itself. Most notable was the activity observed against clinically relevant bacterial strains including MRSA and VRE. Experiments with membrane models indicate that these constructs operate via a lipid II-mediated mode of action without causing pore formation. A lipid II-dependent mechanism of action is further supported by antagonization assays wherein the addition of lipid II was found to effectively block the antibacterial activity of the nisin-derived lipopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Antoni P A Hendrickx
- ‡Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J L Willems
- ‡Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eefjan Breukink
- §Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics Group, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Escano J, Smith L. Multipronged approach for engineering novel peptide analogues of existing lantibiotics. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:857-70. [PMID: 26004576 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1049527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lantibiotics are a class of ribosomally and post-translationally modified peptide antibiotics that are active against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria. Great efforts have been made to promote the production of these antibiotics, so that they can one day be used in our antimicrobial arsenal to combat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. AREAS COVERED This review provides a synopsis of lantibiotic research aimed at furthering our understanding of the structural limitation of lantibiotics as well as identifying structural regions that can be modified to improve the bioactivity. In vivo, in vitro and chemical synthesis of lantibiotics has been useful for engineering novel variants with enhanced activities. These approaches have provided novel ways to further our understanding of lantibiotic function and have advanced the objective to develop lantibiotics for the treatment of infectious diseases. EXPERT OPINION Synthesis of lantibiotics with enhanced activities will lead to the discovery of new promising drug candidates that will have a long lasting impact on the treatment of Gram-positive infections. The current body of literature for producing structural variants of lantibiotics has been more of a 'proof-of-principle' approach and the application of these methods has not yet been fully utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Escano
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biological Sciences, College Station , TX 77843 , USA
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15
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Tevyashova AN, Olsufyeva EN, Preobrazhenskaya MN. Design of dual action antibiotics as an approach to search for new promising drugs. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Harmsen RA, Ghalit N, Kemmink J, Breukink E, Liskamp RM, Rijkers DT. A conformationally constrained fused tricyclic nisin AB-ring system mimic toward an improved pyrophosphate binder of lipid II. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Semi-synthesis of biologically active nisin hybrids composed of the native lanthionine ABC-fragment and a cross-stapled synthetic DE-fragment. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5345-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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18
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Tabor AB. Recent advances in synthetic analogues of lantibiotics: What can we learn from these? Bioorg Chem 2014; 55:39-50. [PMID: 24877613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The lantibiotics are a family of antibacterial cyclic peptides distinguished by one or more thioether linkages between amino acid side chains, and by unique modes of action. Recent developments in the chemical synthesis, mutagenesis and mutasynthesis of these peptides are providing insights into the structural requirements for antibacterial activity and into the mode of action, as well as having the potential to produce analogues with greater stability, potency and bioavailability. This Review provides a survey of these recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alethea B Tabor
- UCL Department of Chemistry, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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19
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Slootweg JC, Liskamp RMJ, Rijkers DTS. Scalable purification of the lantibiotic nisin and isolation of chemical/enzymatic cleavage fragments suitable for semi-synthesis. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:692-9. [PMID: 24023046 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a scalable purification of the lantibiotic nisin via an extraction/precipitation approach using a biphasic system, which can be carried out up to 40-80 gram scale. This approach results in an at least tenfold enrichment of commercially available preparations of nisin, which usually contain only 2.5% of the desired peptide, to allow further purification by preparative HPLC. As a follow-up study, the enriched nisin sample was digested either by trypsin or chymotrypsin, or treated by CNBr, and these reactions were monitored by LC-MS to identify and characterize the obtained fragments. Two previously unknown cleavage sites have been identified: Asn20-Met21 and Met21-Lys22 for trypsin and chymotrypsin, respectively. Furthermore, a novel and convenient enzymatic approach to isolate the native nisin C-ring [nisin fragment (13-20)] was uncovered. Finally, by means of preparative HPLC, nisin fragments (1-12), (1-20), (22-34), and (22-31) could be isolated and will be used in a semi-synthesis approach to elucidate the role of each fragment in the mode of action of nisin as an antimicrobial peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack C Slootweg
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508, TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Slootweg JC, Kemmink J, Liskamp RMJ, Rijkers DTS. Synthesis and structural characterization of the individual diastereoisomers of a cross-stapled alkene-bridged nisin DE-ring mimic. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:7486-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41359d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Knerr P, van der Donk WA. Chemical synthesis and biological activity of analogues of the lantibiotic epilancin 15X. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:7648-51. [PMID: 22524291 PMCID: PMC3349288 DOI: 10.1021/ja302435y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lantibiotics are a large family of antibacterial peptide natural products containing multiple post-translational modifications, including the thioether structures lanthionine and methyllanthionine. Efforts to probe structure-activity relationships and engineer improved pharmacological properties have driven the development of new methods to produce non-natural analogues of these compounds. In this study, solid-supported chemical synthesis was used to produce analogues of the potent lantibiotic epilancin 15X, in order to assess the importance of several N-terminal post-translational modifications for biological activity. Surprisingly, substitution of these moieties, including the unusual N-terminal D-lactyl moiety, resulted in relatively small changes in the antimicrobial activity and pore-forming ability of the peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick
J. Knerr
- Howard Hughes Medical
Institute and Roger Adams Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Wilfred A. van der Donk
- Howard Hughes Medical
Institute and Roger Adams Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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22
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Ross AC, McKinnie SMK, Vederas JC. The Synthesis of Active and Stable Diaminopimelate Analogues of the Lantibiotic Peptide Lactocin S. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:2008-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ja211088m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avena C. Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Shaun M. K. McKinnie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - John C. Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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23
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McKinnie SMK, Ross AC, Little MJ, Vederas JC. The solid phase supported peptide synthesis of analogues of the lantibiotic lactocin S. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20014g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four analogues of lactocin S, an antimicrobial lantibiotic peptide produced by Lactobacillus sakei L45, have been generated using solid phase peptide synthesis. These compounds show enhanced oxidative stability to atmospheric oxygen and provide information on structure–activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avena C. Ross
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
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24
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Oldach F, Al Toma R, Kuthning A, Caetano T, Mendo S, Budisa N, Süssmuth RD. Lantibiotika-Kongenere mit nicht-kanonischen Aminosäuren durch ribosomale In-vivo-Peptidsynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201106154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Oldach F, Al Toma R, Kuthning A, Caetano T, Mendo S, Budisa N, Süssmuth RD. Congeneric lantibiotics from ribosomal in vivo peptide synthesis with noncanonical amino acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 51:415-8. [PMID: 22128014 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201106154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Expanded repetoire: Synthetic amino acids translated into propeptides dramatically increase the chemical diversity of the two-component lantibiotic lichenicidin. This opens new routes towards novel and unique peptide antibiotic sequences, which could display features important for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Oldach
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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26
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Tabor AB. The challenge of the lantibiotics: synthetic approaches to thioether-bridged peptides. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:7606-28. [PMID: 21960309 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05946g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The unique antibacterial properties and structural complexity of the lantibiotics has stimulated considerable interest in the development of methodology to synthesise these peptides. One of the most challenging issues has been the synthesis of polycyclic peptides with multiple thioether bridges between side-chains, which are a characteristic feature of the lantibiotics. In this perspective, the different approaches to this problem, including solution-phase synthesis, solid-phase synthesis, biomimetic approaches and biotransformation strategies, are reviewed, highlighting the advances resulting from each of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alethea B Tabor
- Department of Chemistry, UCL, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, UK WC1H 0AJ.
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27
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Rostami E. Synthesis of New 1-Naphthol Aza Oxa Thia Crowns. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2010.528479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esmael Rostami
- a Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , Bushehr Payame Noor University, Bushehr, Iran; Payame Noor University (PNU) , Iran
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28
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Liskamp RMJ, Rijkers DTS, Kruijtzer JAW, Kemmink J. Peptides and proteins as a continuing exciting source of inspiration for peptidomimetics. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1626-53. [PMID: 21751324 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite their enormous diversity in biological function and structure, peptides and proteins are endowed with properties that have induced and stimulated the development of peptidomimetics. Clearly, peptides can be considered as the "stem" of a phylogenetic molecular development tree from which branches of oligomeric peptidomimetics such as peptoids, peptidosulfonamides, urea peptidomimetics, as well as β-peptides have sprouted. It is still a challenge to efficiently synthesize these oligomeric species, and study their structural and biological properties. Combining peptides and peptidomimetics led to the emergence of peptide-peptidomimetic hybrids in which one or more (proteinogenic) amino acid residues have been replaced with these mimetic residues. In scan-like approaches, the influence of these replacements on biological activity can then be studied, to evaluate to what extent a peptide can be transformed into a peptidomimetic structure while maintaining, or even improving, its biological properties. A central issue, especially with the smaller peptides, is the lack of secondary structure. Important approaches to control secondary structure include the introduction of α,α-disubstituted amino acids, or (di)peptidomimetic structures such as the Freidinger lactam. Apart from intra-amino acid constraints, inter-amino acid constraints for formation of a diversity of cyclic peptides have shaped a thick branch. Apart from the classical disulfide bridges, the repertoire has been extended to include sulfide and triazole bridges as well as the single-, double- and even triple-bond replacements, accessible by the extremely versatile ring-closing alkene/alkyne metathesis approaches. The latter approach is now the method of choice for the secondary structure that presents the greatest challenge for structural stabilization: the α-helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob M J Liskamp
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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29
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Yamada K, Terasaki M, Makino M. Estrogenic Activity of Alkyl(thio)phenols and 4,4'-thiodiphenol Formed from Degradation of Commercial Insecticides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.57.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Yamada
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Masanori Terasaki
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Masakazu Makino
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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30
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Al-Kaddah S, Reder-Christ K, Klocek G, Wiedemann I, Brunschweiger M, Bendas G. Analysis of membrane interactions of antibiotic peptides using ITC and biosensor measurements. Biophys Chem 2010; 152:145-52. [PMID: 20934241 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of the lantibiotic gallidermin and the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin with bacterial membranes was simulated using mass sensitive biosensors and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Both peptides interfere with cell wall biosynthesis by targeting the cell wall precursor lipid II, but differ clearly in their antibiotic activity against individual bacterial strains. We determined the binding affinities of vancomycin and gallidermin to model membranes±lipid II in detail. Both peptides bind to DOPC/lipid II membranes with high affinity (K(D) 0.30 μM and 0.27 μM). Gallidermin displayed also strong affinity to pure DOPC membranes (0.53 μM) an effect that was supported by ITC measurements. A surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor allowed measurements in the picomolar concentration range and revealed that gallidermin targets lipid II at an equimolar ratio and simultaneously inserts into the bilayer. These results indicate that gallidermin, in contrast to vancomycin, combines cell wall inhibition and interference with the bacterial membrane integrity for potent antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Al-Kaddah
- Department of Pharmacy, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms University Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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31
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Ross AC, Liu H, Pattabiraman VR, Vederas JC. Synthesis of the lantibiotic lactocin S using peptide cyclizations on solid phase. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:462-3. [PMID: 20017553 DOI: 10.1021/ja9095945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lactocin S is a lantibiotic peptide with potent antibacterial activity against a range of gram-positive bacteria. Because of challenges in obtaining sufficient quantities of this compound from natural sources, the stereochemistry of the lanthionine residues in lactocin S had not been confirmed. This report describes the chemical synthesis of lactocin S on chlorotrityl polystyrene resin in 10% overall yield using intramolecular cyclization to form the lanthionine rings and employing fragment coupling for the two N-terminal residues. This represents the first report of solid-supported synthesis of a naturally occurring lantibiotic. Comparison to lactocin S isolated from Lactobacillus sakei L45 using a combination of HPLC, MS/MS sequencing, bacterial testing, and chiral GC-MS analysis confirmed the initially proposed structure and the stereochemistry of the DL-lanthionine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avena C Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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32
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Pérez de Vega MJ, García-Aranda MI, González-Muñiz R. A role for ring-closing metathesis in medicinal chemistry: Mimicking secondary architectures in bioactive peptides. Med Res Rev 2010; 31:677-715. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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Liu H, Pattabiraman VR, Vederas JC. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Oxa-Lacticin A2, a Lantibiotic Analogue with Sulfur Replaced by Oxygen. Org Lett 2009; 11:5574-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol9025205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | | | - John C. Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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34
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Synthesis of chemically modified bioactive peptides: recent advances, challenges and developments for medicinal chemistry. Future Med Chem 2009; 1:1289-310. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although not complying with Lipinski’s rule, peptides are to an increasing extent being developed into new active pharmaceutical ingredients. This is mainly due to novel application routes, formulations and chemical modifications, which confer on the peptides improved uptake and increased metabolic stability. A brief survey of currently approved peptide drugs and the present scope of the application of peptides as drugs is provided. Cyclic peptides are emerging as an interesting class of peptides with conformational rigidity and homogeneity, high receptor affinity and selectivity, increased metabolic stability and – in special cases – even oral availability. Challenges and new methodology for the synthesis of cyclic peptides are outlined and an overview of approaches toward the design of peptide conformation and peptide modification by nonproteinogenic building blocks is given.
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35
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the Year 2007. Coord Chem Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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36
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Lin YA, Chalker JM, Davis BG. Olefin Metathesis for Site-Selective Protein Modification. Chembiochem 2009; 10:959-69. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Arnusch CJ, Bonvin AMJJ, Verel AM, Jansen WTM, Liskamp RMJ, de Kruijff B, Pieters RJ, Breukink E. The vancomycin-nisin(1-12) hybrid restores activity against vancomycin resistant Enterococci. Biochemistry 2009; 47:12661-3. [PMID: 18989934 DOI: 10.1021/bi801597b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid II is a crucial component in bacterial cell wall synthesis [Breukink, E., et al. (1999) Science 286, 2361-2364]. It is the target of a number of important antibiotics, which include vancomycin and nisin [Breukink, E., and de Kruijff, B. (2006) Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery 5, 321-332]. Here we show that a hybrid antibiotic that consists of vancomycin and nisin fragments is significantly more active than the separate fragments against vancomycin resistant entercocci (VRE). Three different hybrids were synthesized using click chemistry and compared. Optimal spacer lengths and connection points were predicted using computer modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Arnusch
- Department of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Alkene/Alkane-Bridged Mimics of the Lantibiotic Nisin: Toward Novel Peptide-Based Antibiotics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 611:533-4. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-73657-0_233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
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39
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Derksen DJ, Boudreau MA, Vederas JC. Hydrophobic interactions as substitutes for a conserved disulfide linkage in the type IIa bacteriocins, leucocin A and pediocin PA-1. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1898-901. [PMID: 18642256 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Derksen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
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40
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Smith L, Hillman J. Therapeutic potential of type A (I) lantibiotics, a group of cationic peptide antibiotics. Curr Opin Microbiol 2008; 11:401-8. [PMID: 18848642 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 09/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Type A (I) lantibiotics are cationic antimicrobial peptides that have a potential usefulness in treating infectious diseases. They are known to have a potent and broad spectrum of activity, an insignificant cytotoxicity, and demonstrated efficacy in animal infection models, suggesting therapeutic potential. In this review, topics pertaining to their basic structure, mode of bactericidal activity, pharmacology, and methods of manufacture are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Smith
- Mississippi State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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41
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Olefin metathesis for chemical biology. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2008; 12:767-73. [PMID: 18935975 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemical biology relies on effective synthetic chemistry for building molecules to probe and modulate biological function. Olefin metathesis in organic solvents is a valuable addition to this armamentarium, and developments during the previous decade are enabling metathesis in aqueous solvents for the manipulation of biomolecules. Functional group-tolerant ruthenium metathesis catalysts modified with charged moieties or hydrophilic polymers are soluble and active in water, enabling ring-opening metathesis polymerization, cross metathesis, and ring-closing metathesis. Alternatively, conventional hydrophobic ruthenium complexes catalyze a similar array of metathesis reactions in mixtures of water and organic solvents. This strategy has enabled cross metathesis on the surface of a protein. Continuing developments in catalyst design and methodology will popularize the bioorthogonal reactivity of metathesis.
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42
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Sit CS, Vederas JC. Approaches to the discovery of new antibacterial agents based on bacteriocins. Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 86:116-23. [PMID: 18443625 DOI: 10.1139/o07-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria has led to a search for novel classes of antimicrobial drugs. Bacteriocins are peptides that are naturally produced by bacteria and have considerable potential to fulfill the need for more effective bacteriocidal agents. In this mini-review, we describe research aimed at generating analogues of bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria, with the goal of gaining a better understanding of structure-activity relationships in these peptides. In particular, we report recent findings on synthetic analogues of leucocin A, pediocin PA1, and lacticin 3147 A2, as well as on the significance of these results for the design and production of new antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa S Sit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G2G2, Canada
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44
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Lawrence J, Jourdan M, Vallée Y, Blandin V. Peptide cyclization via ring-closing metathesis: the N-alkenoxy peptide approach. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4575-81. [DOI: 10.1039/b812611a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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