1
|
Motamedzadeh A, Rahmati-Dehkordi F, Heydari H, Behnam M, Rashidi Noshabad FZ, Tamtaji Z, Taheri AT, Nabavizadeh F, Aschner M, Mirzaei H, Tamtaji OR. Therapeutic potential of Phycocyanin in gastrointestinal cancers and related disorders. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:741. [PMID: 38874869 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancer is the most fatal cancer worldwide. The etiology of gastrointestinal cancer has yet to be fully characterized. Alcohol consumption, obesity, tobacco, Helicobacter pylori and gastrointestinal disorders, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastric ulcer, colon polyps and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are among the several risks factors for gastrointestinal cancers. Phycocyanin which is abundant in Spirulina. Phycocyanin, a member of phycobiliprotein family with intense blue color, is an anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer compound. Evidence exists supporting that phycocyanin has antitumor effects, exerting its pharmacological effects by targeting a variety of cellular and molecular processes, i.e., apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest, migration and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Phycocyanin has also been applied in treatment of several gastrointestinal disorders such as, gastric ulcer, ulcerative colitis and fatty liver that is known as a risk factor for progression to cancer. Herein, we summarize various cellular and molecular pathways that are affected by phycocyanin, its efficacy upon combined drug treatment, and the potential for nanotechnology in its gastrointestinal cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Motamedzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahmati-Dehkordi
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoora Heydari
- Student Research Committee, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad Behnam
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Zeinab Tamtaji
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Abdolkarim Talebi Taheri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nabavizadeh
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gwizdala M, Krüger TPJ, Wahadoszamen M, Gruber JM, van Grondelle R. Phycocyanin: One Complex, Two States, Two Functions. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:1365-1371. [PMID: 29504765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Solar energy captured by pigments embedded in light-harvesting complexes can be transferred to neighboring pigments, dissipated, or emitted as fluorescence. Only when it reaches a reaction center is the excitation energy stabilized in the form of a charge separation and converted into chemical energy. Well-directed and regulated energy transfer within the network of pigments is therefore of crucial importance for the success of the photosynthetic processes. Using single-molecule spectroscopy, we show that phycocyanin can dynamically switch between two spectrally distinct states originating from two different conformations. Unexpectedly, one of the two states has a red-shifted emission spectrum. This state is not involved in energy dissipation; instead, we propose that it is involved in direct energy transfer to photosystem I. Finally, our findings suggest that the function of linker proteins in phycobilisomes is to stabilize one state or the other, thus controlling the light-harvesting functions of phycocyanin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Gwizdala
- Department of Physics , University of Pretoria , Pretoria 0023 , South Africa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam 1081 HV , The Netherlands
| | - Tjaart P J Krüger
- Department of Physics , University of Pretoria , Pretoria 0023 , South Africa
| | - Md Wahadoszamen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam 1081 HV , The Netherlands
- Department of Physics , University of Dhaka , Dhaka 1000 , Bangladesh
| | - J Michael Gruber
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam 1081 HV , The Netherlands
| | - Rienk van Grondelle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam 1081 HV , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lamparter T, Krauß N, Scheerer P. Phytochromes from Agrobacterium fabrum. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:642-655. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Lamparter
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Botanical Institute; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Norbert Krauß
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Botanical Institute; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CC2); Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction; Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rockwell NC, Martin SS, Lagarias JC. Identification of Cyanobacteriochromes Detecting Far-Red Light. Biochemistry 2016; 55:3907-19. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C. Rockwell
- Department of Molecular and
Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Shelley S. Martin
- Department of Molecular and
Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - J. Clark Lagarias
- Department of Molecular and
Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Song C, Narikawa R, Ikeuchi M, Gärtner W, Matysik J. Color Tuning in Red/Green Cyanobacteriochrome AnPixJ: Photoisomerization at C15 Causes an Excited-State Destabilization. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:9688-95. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b04655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Song
- Leids
Instituut voor Chemisch Onderzoek, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9502, 2300
RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institut
für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee
29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rei Narikawa
- Department
of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Ohya, Suruga-ku,
Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Graduate
School of Art and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- Precursory
Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ikeuchi
- Department
of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Ohya, Suruga-ku,
Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Core Research
for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Wolfgang Gärtner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstraße 34−36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Leids
Instituut voor Chemisch Onderzoek, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9502, 2300
RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institut
für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee
29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rockwell NC, Martin SS, Lim S, Lagarias JC, Ames JB. Characterization of Red/Green Cyanobacteriochrome NpR6012g4 by Solution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Protonated Bilin Ring System in Both Photostates. Biochemistry 2015; 54:2581-600. [DOI: 10.1021/bi501548t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C. Rockwell
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Shelley S. Martin
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sunghyuk Lim
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - J. Clark Lagarias
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James B. Ames
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sonani RR, Singh NK, Kumar J, Thakar D, Madamwar D. Concurrent purification and antioxidant activity of phycobiliproteins from Lyngbya sp. A09DM: An antioxidant and anti-aging potential of phycoerythrin in Caenorhabditis elegans. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
8
|
Green/red cyanobacteriochromes regulate complementary chromatic acclimation via a protochromic photocycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:4974-9. [PMID: 23479641 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1302909110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) are cyanobacterial members of the phytochrome superfamily of photosensors. Like phytochromes, CBCRs convert between two photostates by photoisomerization of a covalently bound linear tetrapyrrole (bilin) chromophore. Although phytochromes are red/far-red sensors, CBCRs exhibit diverse photocycles spanning the visible spectrum and the near-UV (330-680 nm). Two CBCR subfamilies detect near-UV to blue light (330-450 nm) via a "two-Cys photocycle" that couples bilin 15Z/15E photoisomerization with formation or elimination of a second bilin-cysteine adduct. On the other hand, mechanisms for tuning the absorption between the green and red regions of the spectrum have not been elucidated as of yet. CcaS and RcaE are members of a CBCR subfamily that regulates complementary chromatic acclimation, in which cyanobacteria optimize light-harvesting antennae in response to green or red ambient light. CcaS has been shown to undergo a green/red photocycle: reversible photoconversion between a green-absorbing 15Z state ((15Z)P(g)) and a red-absorbing 15E state ((15E)P(r)). We demonstrate that RcaE from Fremyella diplosiphon undergoes the same photocycle and exhibits light-regulated kinase activity. In both RcaE and CcaS, the bilin chromophore is deprotonated as (15Z)P(g) but protonated as (15E)P(r). This change of bilin protonation state is modulated by three key residues that are conserved in green/red CBCRs. We therefore designate the photocycle of green/red CBCRs a "protochromic photocycle," in which the dramatic change from green to red absorption is not induced by initial bilin photoisomerization but by a subsequent change in bilin protonation state.
Collapse
|
9
|
Elgabarty H, Schmieder P, Sebastiani D. Unraveling the existence of dynamic water channels in light-harvesting proteins: alpha-C-phycocyanobilin in vitro. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc21145a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
|
10
|
Strambi A, Durbeej B. Initial excited-state relaxation of the bilin chromophores of phytochromes: a computational study. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:569-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00307g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
11
|
Röben M, Hahn J, Klein E, Lamparter T, Psakis G, Hughes J, Schmieder P. NMR Spectroscopic Investigation of Mobility and Hydrogen Bonding of the Chromophore in the Binding Pocket of Phytochrome Proteins. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:1248-57. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
12
|
Abstract
The complete three-dimensional sensory module structures of the Pr ground state of Synechocystis 6803 Cph1 and the unusual Pfr ground state of the bacteriophytochrome PaBphP (PDB codes 2VEA and 3C2W respectively) have now been solved, revealing an asymmetrical dumbbell form made up of a PAS (Period/ARNT/Singleminded)–GAF (cGMP phosphodiesterase/adenylate cyclase/FhlA) bidomain carrying the chromophore and the smaller PHY (phytochrome-specific) domain. The PHY domain is structurally related to the GAF family, but carries an unusual tongue-like structure which contacts the larger lobe to seal the chromophore pocket. In 2VEA, the tongue makes intimate contact with the helical N-terminus; both the N-terminus and the tongue structures are quite different in 3C2W. As expected, the structures reveal ZZZssa and ZZEssa chromophore conformations in 2VEA and 3C2W respectively, associated with tautomeric differences in several nearby tyrosine residues. Two salt bridges on opposite sides of the chromophore, as well as the associations of the C-ring propionates also differ. It is still unclear, however, which of these structural differences are associated with bacteriophytochromes compared with Cph1 and plant-type phytochromes, the unusual 3C2W Pfr ground state functionality compared with the Pr ground state or the Pr compared with Pfr photoisomerism. To access the latter unambiguously, both Pr and Pfr structures of the same molecule are required. New solid-phase NMR data for Cph1 in the Pr, Pfr and freeze-trapped intermediate states reveal unexpected changes in the chromophore during Pfr→Pr photoconversion. These, together with our efforts to solve the three-dimensional structure of a complete phytochrome molecule are also described.
Collapse
|
13
|
Matute RA, Contreras R, Pérez-Hernández G, González L. The Chromophore Structure of the Cyanobacterial Phytochrome Cph1 As Predicted by Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:16253-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp807471e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
14
|
Light-induced chromophore activity and signal transduction in phytochromes observed by 13C and 15N magic-angle spinning NMR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:15229-34. [PMID: 18832155 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805696105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Both thermally stable states of phytochrome, Pr and Pfr, have been studied by (13)C and (15)N cross-polarization (CP) magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR using cyanobacterial (Cph1) and plant (phyA) phytochrome sensory modules containing uniformly (13)C- and (15)N-labeled bilin chromophores. Two-dimensional homo- and heteronuclear experiments allowed most of the (13)C chemical shifts to be assigned in both states. Chemical shift differences reflect changes of the electronic structure of the cofactor at the atomic level as well as its interactions with the chromophore-binding pocket. The chromophore in cyanobacterial and plant phytochromes shows very similar features in the respective Pr and Pfr states. The data are interpreted in terms of a strengthened hydrogen bond at the ring D carbonyl. The red shift in the Pfr state is explained by the increasing length of the conjugation network beyond ring C including the entire ring D. Enhanced conjugation within the pi-system stabilizes the more tensed chromophore in the Pfr state. Concomitant changes at the ring C propionate carboxylate and the ring D carbonyl are explained by a loss of hydrogen bonding to Cph1-His-290 and transmittance of conformational changes to the ring C propionate via a water network. These and other conformational changes may lead to modified surface interactions, e.g., along the tongue region contacting the bilin chromophore.
Collapse
|
15
|
The structure of a complete phytochrome sensory module in the Pr ground state. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:14709-14. [PMID: 18799745 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806477105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes are red/far-red photochromic biliprotein photoreceptors, which in plants regulate seed germination, stem extension, flowering time, and many other light effects. However, the structure/functional basis of the phytochrome photoswitch is still unclear. Here, we report the ground state structure of the complete sensory module of Cph1 phytochrome from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803. Although the phycocyanobilin (PCB) chromophore is attached to Cys-259 as expected, paralleling the situation in plant phytochromes but contrasting to that in bacteriophytochromes, the ZZZssa conformation does not correspond to that expected from Raman spectroscopy. We show that the PHY domain, previously considered unique to phytochromes, is structurally a member of the GAF (cGMP phosphodiesterase/adenylyl cyclase/FhlA) family. Indeed, the tandem-GAF dumbbell revealed for phytochrome sensory modules is remarkably similar to the regulatory domains of cyclic nucleotide (cNMP) phosphodiesterases and adenylyl cyclases. A unique feature of the phytochrome structure is a long, tongue-like protrusion from the PHY domain that seals the chromophore pocket and stabilizes the photoactivated far-red-absorbing state (Pfr). The tongue carries a conserved PRxSF motif, from which an arginine finger points into the chromophore pocket close to ring D forming a salt bridge with a conserved aspartate residue. The structure that we present provides a framework for light-driven signal transmission in phytochromes.
Collapse
|
16
|
Cornilescu G, Ulijasz AT, Cornilescu CC, Markley JL, Vierstra RD. Solution structure of a cyanobacterial phytochrome GAF domain in the red-light-absorbing ground state. J Mol Biol 2008; 383:403-13. [PMID: 18762196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The unique photochromic absorption behavior of phytochromes (Phys) depends on numerous reversible interactions between the bilin chromophore and the associated polypeptide. To help define these dynamic interactions, we determined by NMR spectroscopy the first solution structure of the chromophore-binding cGMP phosphodiesterase/adenylcyclase/FhlA (GAF) domain from a cyanobacterial Phy assembled with phycocyanobilin (PCB). The three-dimensional NMR structure of Synechococcus OS-B' cyanobacterial Phy 1 in the red-light-absorbing state of Phy (Pr) revealed that PCB is bound to Cys138 of the GAF domain via the A-ring ethylidene side chain and is buried within the GAF domain in a ZZZsyn,syn,anti configuration. The D ring of the chromophore sits within a hydrophobic pocket and is tilted by approximately 80 degrees relative to the B/C rings by contacts with Lys52 and His169. The solution structure revealed remarkable flexibility for PCB and several adjacent amino acids, indicating that the Pr chromophore has more freedom in the binding pocket than anticipated. The propionic acid side chains of rings B and C and Arg101 and Arg133 nearby are especially mobile and can assume several distinct and energetically favorable conformations. Mutagenic studies on these arginines, which are conserved within the Phy superfamily, revealed that they have opposing roles, with Arg101 and Arg133 helping stabilize and destabilize the far-red-light-absorbing state of Phy (Pfr), respectively. Given the fact that the Synechococcus OS-B' GAF domain can, by itself, complete the Pr --> Pfr photocycle, it should now be possible to determine the solution structure of the Pfr chromophore and surrounding pocket using this Pr structure as a framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Cornilescu
- National Magnetic Resonance Facility at Madison, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Production of phycocyanin—a pigment with applications in biology, biotechnology, foods and medicine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 80:1-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
18
|
Ulijasz AT, Cornilescu G, von Stetten D, Kaminski S, Mroginski MA, Zhang J, Bhaya D, Hildebrandt P, Vierstra RD. Characterization of two thermostable cyanobacterial phytochromes reveals global movements in the chromophore-binding domain during photoconversion. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:21251-66. [PMID: 18480055 PMCID: PMC3258942 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801592200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Photointerconversion between the red light-absorbing (Pr) form and the far-red light-absorbing (Pfr) form is the central feature that allows members of the phytochrome (Phy) superfamily to act as reversible switches in light perception. Whereas the chromophore structure and surrounding binding pocket of Pr have been described, those for Pfr have remained enigmatic for various technical reasons. Here we describe a novel pair of Phys from two thermophilic cyanobacteria, Synechococcus sp. OS-A and OS-B', that overcome several of these limitations. Like other cyanobacterial Phys, SyA-Cph1 and SyB-Cph1 covalently bind the bilin phycocyanobilin via their cGMP phosphodiesterase/adenyl cyclase/FhlA (GAF) domains and then assume the photointerconvertible Pr and Pfr states with absorption maxima at 630 and 704 nm, respectively. However, they are naturally missing the N-terminal Per/Arndt/Sim domain common to others in the Phy superfamily. Importantly, truncations containing only the GAF domain are monomeric, photochromic, and remarkably thermostable. Resonance Raman and NMR spectroscopy show that all four pyrrole ring nitrogens of phycocyanobilin are protonated both as Pr and following red light irradiation, indicating that the GAF domain by itself can complete the Pr to Pfr photocycle. (1)H-(15)N two-dimensional NMR spectra of isotopically labeled preparations of the SyB-Cph1 GAF domain revealed that a number of amino acids change their environment during photoconversion of Pr to Pfr, which can be reversed by subsequent photoconversion back to Pr. Through three-dimensional NMR spectroscopy before and after light photoexcitation, it should now be possible to define the movements of the chromophore and binding pocket during photoconversion. We also generated a series of strongly red fluorescent derivatives of SyB-Cph1, which based on their small size and thermostability may be useful as cell biological reporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Ulijasz
- Department of Genetics and
National Magnetic Resonance Facility,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, the
Technische Universität, D-10623
Berlin, Germany, and the Department of
Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, California
94305
| | - Gabriel Cornilescu
- Department of Genetics and
National Magnetic Resonance Facility,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, the
Technische Universität, D-10623
Berlin, Germany, and the Department of
Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, California
94305
| | - David von Stetten
- Department of Genetics and
National Magnetic Resonance Facility,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, the
Technische Universität, D-10623
Berlin, Germany, and the Department of
Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, California
94305
| | - Steve Kaminski
- Department of Genetics and
National Magnetic Resonance Facility,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, the
Technische Universität, D-10623
Berlin, Germany, and the Department of
Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, California
94305
| | - Maria Andrea Mroginski
- Department of Genetics and
National Magnetic Resonance Facility,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, the
Technische Universität, D-10623
Berlin, Germany, and the Department of
Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, California
94305
| | - Junrui Zhang
- Department of Genetics and
National Magnetic Resonance Facility,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, the
Technische Universität, D-10623
Berlin, Germany, and the Department of
Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, California
94305
| | - Devaki Bhaya
- Department of Genetics and
National Magnetic Resonance Facility,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, the
Technische Universität, D-10623
Berlin, Germany, and the Department of
Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, California
94305
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Department of Genetics and
National Magnetic Resonance Facility,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, the
Technische Universität, D-10623
Berlin, Germany, and the Department of
Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, California
94305
| | - Richard D. Vierstra
- Department of Genetics and
National Magnetic Resonance Facility,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, the
Technische Universität, D-10623
Berlin, Germany, and the Department of
Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, California
94305
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hahn J, Strauss HM, Schmieder P. Heteronuclear NMR Investigation on the Structure and Dynamics of the Chromophore Binding Pocket of the Cyanobacterial Phytochrome Cph1. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:11170-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja8031086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Hahn
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger M. Strauss
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Schmieder
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|