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Lo CF, Chiu TY, Liu YT, Pan PY, Liu KL, Hsu CY, Fang MY, Huang YC, Yeh TK, Hsu TA, Chen CT, Huang LR, Tsou LK. Targeting the Phosphatidylserine-Immune Checkpoint with a Small-Molecule Maytansinoid Conjugate. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12802-12824. [PMID: 36153998 PMCID: PMC9574934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Ligand-targeting drug delivery systems have made significant
strides
for disease treatments with numerous clinical approvals in this era
of precision medicine. Herein, we report a class of small molecule-based
immune checkpoint-targeting maytansinoid conjugates. From the ligand
targeting ability, pharmacokinetics profiling, in vivo anti-pancreatic cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, and sorafenib-resistant
liver cancer efficacies with quantitative mRNA analysis of treated-tumor
tissues, we demonstrated that conjugate 40a not only
induced lasting regression of tumor growth, but it also rejuvenated
the once immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment to an “inflamed
hot tumor” with significant elevation of gene expressions that
were not accessible in the vehicle-treated tumor. In turn, the immune
checkpoint-targeting small molecule drug conjugate from this work
represents a new pharmacodelivery strategy that can be expanded with
combination therapy with existing immune-oncology treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Fu Lo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tai-Yu Chiu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Tzu Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Yun Pan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuan-Liang Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Yu Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Yu Fang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Chen Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Teng-Kuang Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsu-An Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiung-Tong Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Rung Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lun Kelvin Tsou
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli35053, Taiwan, ROC
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Liu J, Li H, Li H, Fang S, Shi J, Chen Y, Zhong R, Liu S, Lin S. Rational Design of Dipicolylamine-Containing Carbazole Amphiphiles Combined with Zn 2+ as Potent Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Agents with a Membrane-Disruptive Mechanism. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10429-10444. [PMID: 34235929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become one of the most urgently important problems facing healthcare providers. A novel series of dipicolylamine-containing carbazole amphiphiles with strong Zn2+ chelating ability were synthesized, biomimicking cationic antimicrobial peptides. Effective broad-spectrum 16 combined with 12.5 μg/mL Zn2+ was identified as the most promising antimicrobial candidate. 16 combined with 12.5 μg/mL Zn2+ exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs = 0.78-3.125 μg/mL), weak hemolytic activity, and low cytotoxicity. Time-kill kinetics and mechanism studies revealed 16 combined with 12.5 μg/mL Zn2+ had rapid bacterial killing properties, as evidenced by disruption of the integrity of bacterial cell membranes, effectively preventing bacterial resistance development. Importantly, 16 combined with 12.5 μg/mL Zn2+ showed excellent in vivo efficacy in a murine keratitis model caused by Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213 or Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC9027. Therefore, 16 combined with 12.5 μg/mL Zn2+ could be a promising candidate for treating bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Haizhou Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Shanfang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Jinguo Shi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Rongcui Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Shouping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Shuimu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
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3
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Liu W, Miao L, Li X, Xu Z. Development of fluorescent probes targeting the cell wall of pathogenic bacteria. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Synthesis and Properties of Salicylaldehydes Fine-Tuned by Modular Assembly using “Plug-and-Socket”-Type Extendibility. Chemistry 2017; 23:8286-8294. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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5
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Allam A, Maigre L, Alves de Sousa R, Dumont E, Vergalli J, Pagès JM, Artaud I. New amphiphilic neamine conjugates bearing a metal binding motif active against MDR E. aerogenes Gram-negative bacteria. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 127:748-756. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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6
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Harmatys KM, Musso AJ, Clear KJ, Smith BD. Small molecule additive enhances cell uptake of 5-aminolevulinic acid and conversion to protoporphyrin IX. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:1408-1416. [PMID: 27722428 PMCID: PMC5093051 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00151c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Administration of exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) to cancerous tissue leads to intracellular production of photoactive protoporphyrin IX, a biosynthetic process that enables photodynamic therapy and fluorescence-guided surgery of cancer. Cell uptake of 5-ALA is limited by its polar structure and there is a need for non-toxic chemical additives that can enhance its cell permeation. Two zinc-bis(dipicolylamine) (ZnBDPA) compounds were evaluated for their ability to promote uptake of 5-ALA into Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO-K1) cells and produce protoporphyrin IX. One of the ZnBDPA compounds was found to be quite effective, and a systematic comparison of cells incubated with 5-ALA (100 μM) for 6 hours showed that the presence of this ZnBDPA compound (10 μM) produced 3-fold more protoporphyrin IX than cells treated with 5-ALA alone. The results of mechanistic studies suggest that the ZnBDPA compound does not interact strongly with the 5-ALA. Rather, the additive is membrane active and transiently disrupts the cell membrane, permitting 5-ALA permeation. The membrane disruption is not severe enough to induce cell toxicity or allow passage of larger macromolecules like plasmid DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Harmatys
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Anthony J Musso
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Kasey J Clear
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Bradley D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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7
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Rice DR, Clear KJ, Smith BD. Imaging and therapeutic applications of zinc(ii)-dipicolylamine molecular probes for anionic biomembranes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:8787-801. [PMID: 27302091 PMCID: PMC4949593 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03669d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This feature article describes the development of synthetic zinc(ii)-dipicolylamine (ZnDPA) receptors as selective targeting agents for anionic membranes in cell culture and living subjects. There is a strong connection between anionic cell surface charge and disease, and ZnDPA probes have been employed extensively for molecular imaging and targeted therapeutics. Fluorescence and nuclear imaging applications include detection of diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, arthritis, and microbial infection, and also quantification of cell death caused by therapy. Therapeutic applications include selective targeting of cytotoxic agents and drug delivery systems, photodynamic inactivation, and modulation of the immune system. The article concludes with a summary of expected future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, USA.
| | - Kasey J Clear
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, USA.
| | - Bradley D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, USA.
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8
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Abstract
The rise in multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria has become a global crisis. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of infection will facilitate antibiotic stewardship and preserve our ability to treat and cure patients from bacterial infection. Direct in situ imaging of bacteria offers the prospect of accurately diagnosing disease and monitoring patient outcomes and response to treatment in real-time. There have been many recent advances in the field of optical imaging of infection; namely in specific probe and fluorophore design. This combined with the advances in imaging device technology render direct optical imaging of infection a feasible approach for accurate diagnosis in the clinic. Despite this, there are currently no licensed molecular probes for clinical optical imaging of infection. Here we report some of the most promising and interesting probes and approaches under development for this purpose, which have been evaluated in in vivo models within the laboratory setting.
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9
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Rice DR, Gan H, Smith BD. Bacterial imaging and photodynamic inactivation using zinc(II)-dipicolylamine BODIPY conjugates. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 14:1271-81. [PMID: 26063101 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00100e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Targeted imaging and antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (PDI) are emerging methods for detecting and eradicating pathogenic microorganisms. This study describes two structurally related optical probes that are conjugates of a zinc(II)-dipicolylamine targeting unit and a BODIPY chromophore. One probe is a microbial targeted fluorescent imaging agent, mSeek, and the other is an oxygen photosensitizing analogue, mDestroy. The conjugates exhibited high fluorescence quantum yield and singlet oxygen production, respectively. Fluorescence imaging and detection studies examined four bacterial strains: E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, and B. thuringiensis vegetative cells and purified spores. The fluorescent probe, mSeek, is not phototoxic and enabled detection of all tested bacteria at concentrations of ∼100 CFU mL(-1) for B. thuringiensis spores, ∼1000 CFU mL(-1) for S. aureus and ∼10,000 CFU mL(-1) for E. coli. The photosensitizer analogue, mDestroy, inactivated 99-99.99% of bacterial samples and selectively killed bacterial cells in the presence of mammalian cells. However, mDestroy was ineffective against B. thuringiensis spores. Together, the results demonstrate a new two-probe strategy to optimize PDI of bacterial infection/contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, USA.
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10
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Clear KJ, Harmatys KM, Rice DR, Wolter WR, Suckow MA, Wang Y, Rusckowski M, Smith BD. Phenoxide-Bridged Zinc(II)-Bis(dipicolylamine) Probes for Molecular Imaging of Cell Death. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 27:363-75. [PMID: 26334386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is involved in many pathological conditions, and there is a need for clinical and preclinical imaging agents that can target and report cell death. One of the best known biomarkers of cell death is exposure of the anionic phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) on the surface of dead and dying cells. Synthetic zinc(II)-bis(dipicolylamine) (Zn2BDPA) coordination complexes are known to selectively recognize PS-rich membranes and act as cell death molecular imaging agents. However, there is a need to improve in vivo imaging performance by selectively increasing target affinity and decreasing off-target accumulation. This present study compared the cell death targeting ability of two new deep-red fluorescent probes containing phenoxide-bridged Zn2BDPA complexes. One probe was a bivalent version of the other and associated more strongly with PS-rich liposome membranes. However, the bivalent probe exhibited self-quenching on the membrane surface, so the monovalent version produced brighter micrographs of dead and dying cells in cell culture and also better fluorescence imaging contrast in two living animal models of cell death (rat implanted tumor with necrotic core and mouse thymus atrophy). An (111)In-labeled radiotracer version of the monovalent probe also exhibited selective cell death targeting ability in the mouse thymus atrophy model, with relatively high amounts detected in dead and dying tissue and low off-target accumulation in nonclearance organs. The in vivo biodistribution profile is the most favorable yet reported for a Zn2BDPA complex; thus, the monovalent phenoxide-bridged Zn2BDPA scaffold is a promising candidate for further development as a cell death imaging agent in living subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey J Clear
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Kara M Harmatys
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Douglas R Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - William R Wolter
- Freimann Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame , 400 Galvin Life Science, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Mark A Suckow
- Freimann Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame , 400 Galvin Life Science, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Yuzhen Wang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
| | - Mary Rusckowski
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
| | - Bradley D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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11
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Busschaert N, Caltagirone C, Van Rossom W, Gale PA. Applications of Supramolecular Anion Recognition. Chem Rev 2015; 115:8038-155. [PMID: 25996028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 858] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Caltagirone
- ‡Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.S. 554 Bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Wim Van Rossom
- †Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Philip A Gale
- †Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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12
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Gao M, Hu Q, Feng G, Tomczak N, Liu R, Xing B, Tang BZ, Liu B. A multifunctional probe with aggregation-induced emission characteristics for selective fluorescence imaging and photodynamic killing of bacteria over mammalian cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:659-63. [PMID: 25530179 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A multifunctional probe aggregation-induced emission-Zinc(II)-dipicolylamine (AIE-ZnDPA) is developed for selective targeting, fluorescence imaging, and photodynamic killing of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria over mammalian cells. The probe has significant advantages in simple probe design, enhanced fluorescence upon bacteria binding, excellent photostability, and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity with almost no harm to mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gao
- Institute of Materials Research Engineering (A*STAR); 3 Research Link Singapore 117602
| | - Qinglian Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585
| | - Guangxue Feng
- Department of Chemistry Division of Biomedical Engineering; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Nikodem Tomczak
- Institute of Materials Research Engineering (A*STAR); 3 Research Link Singapore 117602
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543
| | - Rongrong Liu
- Institute of Materials Research Engineering (A*STAR); 3 Research Link Singapore 117602
| | - Bengang Xing
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory; Guangdong Innovative Research Team; State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute of Materials Research Engineering (A*STAR); 3 Research Link Singapore 117602
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585
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13
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Rice DR, Plaunt AJ, Turkyilmaz S, Smith M, Wang Y, Rusckowski M, Smith BD. Evaluation of [¹¹¹In]-labeled zinc-dipicolylamine tracers for SPECT imaging of bacterial infection. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 17:204-13. [PMID: 25115869 PMCID: PMC4515950 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study prepared three structurally related zinc-dipicolylamine (ZnDPA) tracers with [(111)In] labels and conducted biodistribution and single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) imaging studies of a mouse leg infection model. PROCEDURES Two monovalent tracers, ZnDPA-[(111)In]DTPA and ZnDPA-[(111)In]DOTA, each with a single zinc-dipicolylamine targeting unit, and a divalent tracer, Bis(ZnDPA)-[(111)In]DTPA, with two zinc-dipicolylamine units were prepared. Organ biodistribution and SPECT and CT imaging studies were performed on living mice with a leg infection created by injection of clinically relevant Gram positive Streptococcus pyogenes. Fluorescent and luminescent Eu(3+)-labeled versions of these tracers were also prepared and used to measure relative affinity for the exterior membrane surface of bacterial cells and mimics of healthy mammalian cells. RESULTS All three (111)In-labeled radiotracers were prepared with a radiopurity of >90 %. The biodistribution studies showed that the two monovalent tracers were cleared from the body through the liver and kidney, with retained percentage injected dose for all organs of <8 % at 20 h and infected leg target to non-target ratio (T/NT) ratio of ≤3.0. Clearance of the divalent tracer from the bloodstream was slower and primarily through the liver, with a retained percentage injected dose for all organs <37 % at 20 h and T/NT ratio rising to 6.2 after 20 h. The SPECT/CT imaging indicated the same large difference in tracer pharmacokinetics and higher accumulation of the divalent tracer at the site of infection. CONCLUSIONS All three [(111)In]-ZnDPA tracers selectively targeted the site of a clinically relevant mouse infection model that could not be discerned by visual external inspection of the living animal. The highest target selectivity, observed with a divalent tracer equipped with two zinc-dipicolylamine targeting units, compares quite favorably with the imaging selectivities previously reported for other nuclear tracers that target bacterial cell surfaces. The tracer pharmacokinetics depended heavily on tracer molecular structure suggesting that it may be possible to rapidly fine tune the structural properties for optimized in vivo imaging performance and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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14
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Plaunt AJ, Harmatys KM, Hendrie KA, Musso AJ, Smith BD. Chemically triggered release of 5-aminolevulinic acid from liposomes. RSC Adv 2014; 4:57983-57990. [PMID: 25414791 PMCID: PMC4233679 DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10340h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), a prodrug of Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), is used for photodynamic therapy of several medical conditions, and as an adjunct for fluorescence guided surgery. The clinical problem of patient photosensitivity after systemic administration could likely be ameliorated if the 5-ALA was delivered more selectivity to the treatment site. Liposomal formulations are inherently attractive as targeted delivery vehicles but it is hard to regulate the spatiotemporal release of aqueous contents from a liposome. Here, we demonstrate chemically triggered leakage of 5-ALA from stealth liposomes in the presence of cell culture. The chemical trigger is a zinc(II)-dipicolylamine (ZnBDPA) coordination complex that selectively targets liposome membranes containing a small amount of anionic phosphatidylserine. Systematic screening of several ZnBDPA complexes uncovered a compound with excellent performance in biological media. Cell culture studies showed triggered release of 5-ALA from stealth liposomes followed by uptake into neighboring mammalian cells and intracellular biosynthesis to form fluorescent PpIX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Plaunt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, USA
| | - Kara M Harmatys
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, USA
| | - Kyle A Hendrie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, USA
| | - Anthony J Musso
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, USA
| | - Bradley D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, USA
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15
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Bunschoten A, Welling MM, Termaat MF, Sathekge M, van Leeuwen FWB. Development and Prospects of Dedicated Tracers for the Molecular Imaging of Bacterial Infections. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1971-89. [PMID: 24200346 DOI: 10.1021/bc4003037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Bunschoten
- Department
of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M. M. Welling
- Department
of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M. F. Termaat
- Department
of Trauma Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M. Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - F. W. B. van Leeuwen
- Department
of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Xiao S, Abu-Esba L, Turkyilmaz S, White AG, Smith BD. Multivalent dendritic molecules as broad spectrum bacteria agglutination agents. Theranostics 2013; 3:658-66. [PMID: 24052806 PMCID: PMC3776217 DOI: 10.7150/thno.6811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports the first set of synthetic molecules that act as broad spectrum agglutination agents and thus are complementary to the specific targeting of antibodies. The molecules have dendritic architecture and contain multiple copies of zinc(II)-dipicolylamine (ZnDPA) units that have selective affinity for the bacterial cell envelope. A series of molecular structures were evaluated, with the number of appended ZnDPA units ranging from four to thirty-two. Agglutination assays showed that the multivalent probes rapidly cross-linked ten different strains of bacteria, regardless of Gram-type and cell morphology. Fluorescence microscopy studies using probes with four ZnDPA units indicated a high selectivity for bacteria agglutination in the presence of mammalian cells and no measurable effect on the health of the cells. The high bacterial selectivity was confirmed by conducting in vivo optical imaging studies of a mouse leg infection model. The results suggest that multivalent ZnDPA molecular probes with dendritic structures have great promise as selective, broad spectrum bacterial agglutination agents for infection imaging and theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bradley D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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O'Neil EJ, Jiang H, Smith BD. Effect of Bridging Anions on the Structure and Stability of Phenoxide Bridged Zinc Dipicolylamine Coordination Complexes. Supramol Chem 2013; 25:315-322. [PMID: 23914128 PMCID: PMC3728083 DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2013.776170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of four related phenol derivatives, with 2,2'-dipicolylamine substituents at the ortho positions, were prepared and their Zn2+ coordination complexes studied by spectroscopic methods. X-ray crystal diffraction analysis of a dinuclear zinc complex with two bridging acetate anions showed a ternary structure with highly charged interior and lipophilic exterior, which helps explain why this class of water-soluble complexes can effectively diffuse through cell membranes. The stability of the dinuclear zinc complexes in aqueous solution was found to be strongly anion dependent; that is, bridging oxyanions, such as acetate and pyrophosphate, lock the two Zn2+ cations to the surrounding ligand and greatly enhance ligand/zinc affinity. Overall, the results provide new insight into the structural and mechanistic factors that control the recognition and chemosensing performance of phenoxide bridged dipicolylamine molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. O'Neil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 2365 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 2365 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Bradley D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 2365 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556
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18
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Plaunt AJ, Courbanou MB, Cuison KD, Harmatys KM, Smith BD. Selective non-covalent triggered release from liposomes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:8123-5. [PMID: 22772732 PMCID: PMC3417318 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32962j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A zinc(II)-dipicolylamine coordination complex selectively associates with anionic liposomes, including sterically protected PEGylated liposomes, and causes rapid leakage of encapsulated contents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bradley D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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19
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Gokel GW, Negin S. Synthetic membrane active amphiphiles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:784-96. [PMID: 22306202 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During the past several decades, various synthetic organic compounds that form pores in bilayer membranes have been prepared and studied. These membrane active amphiphiles have also proved to be useful in affecting the transport of molecules into or through the bilayer. This article discusses the evolution of these compounds and exemplifies recent applications such as enhancement of antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Gokel
- Center for Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri - Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA.
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20
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Ngo HT, Liu X, Jolliffe KA. Anion recognition and sensing with Zn(II)-dipicolylamine complexes. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:4928-65. [PMID: 22688834 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35087d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This critical review covers the developments in anion recognition and sensing using Zn(II)-dipicolylamine functionalized receptors over the past decade with emphasis on recent rapid advances in the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Tien Ngo
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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21
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Matosziuk LM, Harney AS, Macrenaris KW, Meade TJ. Synthesis, Characterization, and in vitro Testing of a Bacteria-Targeted MR Contrast Agent. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012; 2012:2099-2107. [PMID: 23626484 PMCID: PMC3634600 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201101362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A bacteria-targeted MR contrast agent, Zn-1, consisting of two Zn-dipicolylamine (Zn-dpa) groups conjugated to a GdIII chelate has been synthesized and characterized. In vitro studies with S. aureus and E. coli show that Zn-1 exhibits a significant improvement in bacteria labeling efficiency vs. control. Studies with a structural analogue, Zn-2, indicate that removal of one Zn-dpa moiety dramatically reduces the agent's affinity for bacteria. The ability of Zn-1 to significantly reduce the T1 of labeled vs. unlabeled bacteria, resulting in enhanced MR image contrast, demonstrates its potential for visualizing bacterial infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Matosziuk
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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22
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Shriver-Lake LC, North SH, Dean SN, Taitt CR. Antimicrobial Peptides for Detection and Diagnostic Assays. SPRINGER SERIES ON CHEMICAL SENSORS AND BIOSENSORS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/5346_2012_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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23
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Devoille AMJ, Richardson P, Bill N, Sessler JL, Love JB. Selective anion binding by a cofacial binuclear zinc complex of a Schiff-base pyrrole macrocycle. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:3116-26. [PMID: 21391550 PMCID: PMC3133679 DOI: 10.1021/ic200082r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the new cofacial binuclear zinc complex [Zn(2)(L)] of a Schiff-base pyrrole macrocycle is reported. It was discovered that the binuclear microenvironment between the two metals of [Zn(2)(L)] is suited for the encapsulation of anions, leading to the formation of [K(THF)(6)][Zn(2)(μ-Cl)(L)]·2THF and [Bu(n)(4)N][Zn(2)(μ-OH)(L)] which were characterized by X-ray crystallography. Unusually obtuse Zn-X-Zn angles (X = Cl: 150.54(9)° and OH: 157.4(3)°) illustrate the weak character of these interactions and the importance of the cleft preorganization to stabilize the host. In the absence of added anion, aggregation of [Zn(2)(L)] was inferred and investigated by successive dilutions and by the addition of coordinating solvents to [Zn(2)(L)] solutions using NMR spectroscopy as well as isothermal microcalorimetry (ITC). On anion addition, evidence for deaggregation of [Zn(2)(L)], combined with the formation of the 1:1 host-guest complex, was observed by NMR spectroscopy and ITC titrations. Furthermore, [Zn(2)(L)] binds to Cl(-) selectively in THF as deduced from the ITC analyses, while other halides induce only deaggregation. These conclusions were reinforced by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which indicated that the binding energies of OH(-) and Cl(-) were significantly greater than for the other halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M. J. Devoille
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U. K
| | - Patricia Richardson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U. K
| | - Nathan Bill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1 University Station – A5300, The University of Texas Austin, TX 78712-0165 U. S. A
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1 University Station – A5300, The University of Texas Austin, TX 78712-0165 U. S. A
| | - Jason B. Love
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U. K
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24
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White AG, Fu N, Leevy WM, Lee JJ, Blasco MA, Smith BD. Optical imaging of bacterial infection in living mice using deep-red fluorescent squaraine rotaxane probes. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:1297-304. [PMID: 20536173 DOI: 10.1021/bc1000998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two structurally related fluorescent imaging probes allow optical imaging of bacterial leg infection models in living athymic and immunocompetent mice. Structurally, the probes are comprised of a deep-red fluorescent squaraine rotaxane scaffold with two appended bis(zinc(II)-dicolylamine) (bis(Zn-DPA)) targeting ligands. The bis(Zn-DPA) ligands have high affinity for the anionic phospholipids and related biomolecules that reside within the bacterial envelope, and they are known to selectively target bacterial cells over the nearly uncharged membrane surfaces of healthy mammalian cells. Planar, whole-animal optical imaging studies showed that intravenous dosing of either probe (10 nmol) allowed imaging of localized infections of Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. High selectivity for the infected target leg (T) over the contralateral nontarget leg (NT) was reflected by T/NT ratios up to six. The infection imaging signal was independent of mouse humoral immune status, and there was essentially no targeting at a site of sterile inflammation induced by injection of lambda-carrageenan. Furthermore, the fluorescent probe imaging signal colocalized with the bioluminescence signal from a genetically engineered strain of S. enterica serovar typhimurium. Although not highly sensitive (the localized infection must contain at least approximately 10(6) colony forming units for fluorescence visualization), the probes are remarkably selective for bacterial cells considering their low molecular weight (<1.5 kDa) and simple structural design. The more hydrophilic of the two probes produced a higher T/NT ratio in the early stages of the imaging experiment and washed out more rapidly from the blood clearance organs (liver, kidney). Therefore, it is best suited for longitudinal studies that require repeated dosing and imaging of the same animal. The results indicate that fluorescent probes based on squaraine rotaxanes should be broadly useful for in vivo animal imaging studies, and they further validate the ability of imaging probes with bis(Zn-DPA) ligands to selectively target bacterial infections in living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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25
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Smith BA, Akers WJ, Leevy WM, Lampkins AJ, Xiao S, Wolter W, Suckow MA, Achilefu S, Smith BD. Optical imaging of mammary and prostate tumors in living animals using a synthetic near infrared zinc(II)-dipicolylamine probe for anionic cell surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:67-9. [PMID: 20014845 PMCID: PMC2805267 DOI: 10.1021/ja908467y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In vivo optical imaging shows that a fluorescent imaging probe, comprised of a near-infrared fluorophore attached to an affinity group containing two zinc(II)-dipicolylamine (Zn-DPA) units, targets prostate and mammary tumors in two different xenograft animal models. The tumor selectivity is absent with control fluorophores whose structures do not have appended Zn-DPA targeting ligands. Ex vivo biodistribution and histological analyses indicate that the probe is targeting the necrotic regions of the tumors, which is consistent with in vitro microscopy showing selective targeting of the anionic membrane surfaces of dead and dying cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Walter J. Akers
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4525 Scott Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - W. Matthew Leevy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Andrew J. Lampkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Shuzhang Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - William Wolter
- Freimann Life Science Center, 400 Galvin Life Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Mark A. Suckow
- Freimann Life Science Center, 400 Galvin Life Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4525 Scott Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Bradley D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
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26
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Bazzicalupi C, Bencini A, Biagini S, Faggi E, Farruggia G, Andreani G, Gratteri P, Prodi L, Spepi A, Valtancoli B. A highly pH-sensitive Zn(ii) chemosensor. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:7080-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00126k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Davis JT, Okunola O, Quesada R. Recent advances in the transmembrane transport of anions. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:3843-62. [DOI: 10.1039/b926164h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Long-Wavelength Probes and Labels Based on Cyanines and Squaraines. SPRINGER SERIES ON FLUORESCENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-04702-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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29
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Haas KL, Franz KJ. Application of metal coordination chemistry to explore and manipulate cell biology. Chem Rev 2009; 109:4921-60. [PMID: 19715312 PMCID: PMC2761982 DOI: 10.1021/cr900134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Haas
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, USA
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30
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Bazzicalupi C, Bencini A, Biagini S, Bianchi A, Faggi E, Giorgi C, Marchetta M, Totti F, Valtancoli B. Polyamine Receptors Containing Dipyridine or Phenanthroline Units: Clues for the Design of Fluorescent Chemosensors for Metal Ions. Chemistry 2009; 15:8049-8063. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Tamanini E, Rigby SE, Motevalli M, Todd M, Watkinson M. Responsive Metal Complexes: A Click-Based “Allosteric Scorpionate” Complex Permits the Detection of a Biological Recognition Event by EPR/ENDOR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2009; 15:3720-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Ganesh V, Bodewits K, Bartholdson S, Natale D, Campopiano D, Mareque-Rivas J. Effective Binding and Sensing of Lipopolysaccharide: Combining Complementary Pattern Recognition Receptors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200804168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Ganesh V, Bodewits K, Bartholdson S, Natale D, Campopiano D, Mareque-Rivas J. Effective Binding and Sensing of Lipopolysaccharide: Combining Complementary Pattern Recognition Receptors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:356-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200804168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Leevy WM, Lambert TN, Johnson JR, Morris J, Smith BD. Quantum dot probes for bacteria distinguish Escherichia coli mutants and permit in vivo imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:2331-3. [PMID: 18473060 PMCID: PMC2847773 DOI: 10.1039/b803590c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent quantum dots coated with zinc(ii)-dipicolylamine coordination complexes can selectively stain a rough Escherichia coli mutant that lacks an O-antigen element and permit optical detection in a living mouse leg infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Matthew Leevy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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