1
|
Müller WEG, Neufurth M, Wang S, Schröder HC, Wang X. The Physiological Inorganic Polymers Biosilica and Polyphosphate as Key Drivers for Biomedical Materials in Regenerative Nanomedicine. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:1303-1337. [PMID: 38348175 PMCID: PMC10860874 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s446405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a need for novel nanomaterials with properties not yet exploited in regenerative nanomedicine. Based on lessons learned from the oldest metazoan phylum, sponges, it has been recognized that two previously ignored or insufficiently recognized principles play an essential role in tissue regeneration, including biomineral formation/repair and wound healing. Firstly, the dependence on enzymes as a driving force and secondly, the availability of metabolic energy. The discovery of enzymatic synthesis and regenerative activity of amorphous biosilica that builds the mineral skeleton of siliceous sponges formed the basis for the development of successful strategies for the treatment of osteochondral impairments in humans. In addition, the elucidation of the functional significance of a second regeneratively active inorganic material, namely inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) and its amorphous nanoparticles, present from sponges to humans, has pushed forward the development of innovative materials for both soft (skin, cartilage) and hard tissue (bone) repair. This energy-rich molecule exhibits a property not shown by any other biopolymer: the delivery of metabolic energy, even extracellularly, necessary for the ATP-dependent tissue regeneration. This review summarizes the latest developments in nanobiomaterials based on these two evolutionarily old, regeneratively active materials, amorphous silica and amorphous polyP, highlighting their specific, partly unique properties and mode of action, and discussing their possible applications in human therapy. The results of initial proof-of-concept studies on patients demonstrating complete healing of chronic wounds are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Meik Neufurth
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shunfeng Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heinz C Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gabbai-Armelin PR, Kido HW, Cruz MA, Prado JPS, Avanzi IR, Custódio MR, Renno ACM, Granito RN. Characterization and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of a Marine Sponge Biosilica. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 21:65-75. [PMID: 30443837 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9858-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bone fractures characterize an important event in the medical healthcare, being related to traumas, aging, and diseases. In critical conditions, such as extensive bone loss and osteoporosis, the tissue restoration may be compromised and culminate in a non-union consolidation. In this context, the osteogenic properties of biomaterials with a natural origin have gained prominence. Particularly, marine sponges are promising organisms that can be exploited as biomaterials for bone grafts. Thus, the objectives of this study were to study the physicochemical and morphological properties of biosilica (BS) from sponges by using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray diffraction (SEM, FTIR and XRD respectively), mineralization, and pH. In addition, tests on an osteoblast precursor cell line (MC3T3-E1) were performed to investigate its cytotoxicity and proliferation in presence of BS. Bioglass (BG) was used as gold standard material for comparison purposes. Sponge BS was obtained, and this fact was proven by SEM, FTIR, and XRD analysis. Calcium assay showed a progressive release of this ion from day 7 and a more balanced pH for BS was maintained compared to BG. Cytotoxicity assay indicated that BS had a positive influence on MC3T3-E1 cells viability and qRT-PCR showed that this material stimulated Runx2 and BMP4 gene expressions. Taken together, the results indicate a potential use of sponge biosilica for tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P R Gabbai-Armelin
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim, 136, Santos, SP, 11015-020, Brazil.
| | - H W Kido
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim, 136, Santos, SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - M A Cruz
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim, 136, Santos, SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - J P S Prado
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim, 136, Santos, SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - I R Avanzi
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim, 136, Santos, SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - M R Custódio
- Laboratory of Marine Invertebrates Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Rua do Matão, 101, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - A C M Renno
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim, 136, Santos, SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - R N Granito
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Silva Jardim, 136, Santos, SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Polymer-assisted shapeable synthesis of porous frameworks consisting of silica nanoparticles with mechanical property tuning. Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
4
|
Martignier A, Pacton M, Filella M, Jaquet JM, Barja F, Pollok K, Langenhorst F, Lavigne S, Guagliardo P, Kilburn MR, Thomas C, Martini R, Ariztegui D. Intracellular amorphous carbonates uncover a new biomineralization process in eukaryotes. GEOBIOLOGY 2017; 15:240-253. [PMID: 27696636 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Until now, descriptions of intracellular biomineralization of amorphous inclusions involving alkaline-earth metal (AEM) carbonates other than calcium have been confined exclusively to cyanobacteria (Couradeau et al., 2012). Here, we report the first evidence of the presence of intracellular amorphous granules of AEM carbonates (calcium, strontium, and barium) in unicellular eukaryotes. These inclusions, which we have named micropearls, show concentric and oscillatory zoning on a nanometric scale. They are widespread in certain eukaryote phytoplankters of Lake Geneva (Switzerland) and represent a previously unknown type of non-skeletal biomineralization, revealing an unexpected pathway in the geochemical cycle of AEMs. We have identified Tetraselmis cf. cordiformis (Chlorophyta, Prasinophyceae) as being responsible for the formation of one micropearl type containing strontium ([Ca,Sr]CO3 ), which we also found in a cultured strain of Tetraselmis cordiformis. A different flagellated eukaryotic cell forms barium-rich micropearls [(Ca,Ba)CO3 ]. The strontium and barium concentrations of both micropearl types are extremely high compared with the undersaturated water of Lake Geneva (the Ba/Ca ratio of the micropearls is up to 800,000 times higher than in the water). This can only be explained by a high biological pre-concentration of these elements. The particular characteristics of the micropearls, along with the presence of organic sulfur-containing compounds-associated with and surrounding the micropearls-strongly suggest the existence of a yet-unreported intracellular biomineralization pathway in eukaryotic micro-organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Martignier
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Pacton
- Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, Lyon 1 University, Villeurbanne, France
| | - M Filella
- Institute F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J-M Jaquet
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Barja
- Microbiology unit, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - K Pollok
- Institute of Geosciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - F Langenhorst
- Institute of Geosciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - S Lavigne
- Service de l'Ecologie de l'Eau (SECOE), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P Guagliardo
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - M R Kilburn
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - C Thomas
- CARRTEL of Thonon-les-Bains, INRA, Thonon-les-Bains, France
| | - R Martini
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D Ariztegui
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sato K, Ozaki N, Nakanishi K, Sugahara Y, Oaki Y, Salinas C, Herrera S, Kisailus D, Imai H. Effects of nanostructured biosilica on rice plant mechanics. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27317c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of biosilicas in rice plants originate from their nanostructures, which can be customized for their intended purpose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Noriaki Ozaki
- Department of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences
- Akita Prefectural University
- Akita 010-0195
- Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakanishi
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sugahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Advanced Science and Engineering
- Waseda University
- Tokyo 169-8555
- Japan
| | - Yuya Oaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Christopher Salinas
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Materials Science and Engineering Program
- University of California at Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Steven Herrera
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Materials Science and Engineering Program
- University of California at Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - David Kisailus
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Materials Science and Engineering Program
- University of California at Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Hiroaki Imai
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schröder HC, Grebenjuk VA, Wang X, Müller WEG. Hierarchical architecture of sponge spicules: biocatalytic and structure-directing activity of silicatein proteins as model for bioinspired applications. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2016; 11:041002. [PMID: 27452043 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/11/4/041002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the first description of the silicateins, a group of enzymes that mediate the formation of the amorphous, hydrated biosilica of the skeleton of the siliceous sponges, much progress has been achieved in the understanding of this biomineralization process. These discoveries include, beside the proof of the enzymatic nature of the sponge biosilica formation, the dual property of the enzyme, to act both as a structure-forming and structure-guiding protein, and the demonstration that the initial product of silicatein is a soft, gel-like material that has to undergo a maturation process during which it achieves its favorable physical-chemical properties allowing the development of various technological or medical applications. This process comprises the hardening of the material by the removal of water and ions, its cast-molding to specific morphologies, as well as the fusion of the biosilica nanoparticles through a biosintering mechanism. The discovery that the enzymatically formed biosilica is morphogenetically active and printable also opens new applications in rapid prototyping and three-dimensional bioprinting of customized scaffolds/implants for biomedical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz C Schröder
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sato K, Yamauchi A, Ozaki N, Ishigure T, Oaki Y, Imai H. Optical properties of biosilicas in rice plants. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24449a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biosilicas in rice plants control transmission of light for the promotion of photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Sato
- Center for Material Design Science
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Akira Yamauchi
- Center for Material Design Science
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Noriaki Ozaki
- Department of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences
- Akita Prefectural University
- Akita 010-0195
- Japan
| | - Takaaki Ishigure
- Center for Material Design Science
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Yuya Oaki
- Center for Material Design Science
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Hiroaki Imai
- Center for Material Design Science
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang X, Müller WEG. Involvement of aquaporin channels in water extrusion from biosilica during maturation of sponge siliceous spicules. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2015; 229:24-37. [PMID: 26338867 DOI: 10.1086/bblv229n1p24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins are a family of small, pore-forming, integral cell membrane proteins. This ancient protein family functions as water channels and is found in all kingdoms (including archaea, eubacteria, fungi, plants, and animals). We discovered that in sponges aquaporin plays a novel role during the maturation of spicules, their skeletal elements. Spicules are synthesized enzymatically via silicatein following a polycondensation reaction. During this process, a 1:1 stoichiometric release of water per one Si-O-Si bond formed is produced. The product of silicatein, biosilica, is a fluffy, soft material that must be hardened in order to function as a solid rod. Using the model of the demosponge species Suberites domuncula Olivi, 1792, which expresses aquaporin, cDNA was cloned and the protein was heterologously expressed. The sponge aquaporin is grouped with the type 8 aquaporins. The function of the sponge aquaporin can be blocked by Mn-sulfate (MnSO4) and mercury chloride (HgCl2). Microscopic and functional studies suggest that aquaporin is involved in removal of the reaction water at the site where siliceous spicules are formed. Another molecule that is likely to be involved in biosilica maturation is the mucin/nidogen-like polypeptide. cDNA has also been cloned from S. domuncula. Experimental studies suggest that water extrusion/suctioning from biosilica after enzymatic synthesis during spicule formation involves both aquaporin-mediated water channeling and "polymerization-induced phase separation" facilitated by the mucin/nidogen-like polypeptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Müller WEG, Schröder HC, Burghard Z, Pisignano D, Wang X. Silicateins--a novel paradigm in bioinorganic chemistry: enzymatic synthesis of inorganic polymeric silica. Chemistry 2013; 19:5790-804. [PMID: 23512301 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The inorganic matrix of the siliceous skeletal elements of sponges, that is, spicules, is formed of amorphous biosilica. Until a decade ago, it remained unclear how the hard biosilica monoliths of the spicules are formed in sponges that live in a silica-poor (<50 μM) aquatic environment. The following two discoveries caused a paradigm shift and allowed an elucidation of the processes underlying spicule formation; first the discovery that in the spicules only one major protein, silicatein, exists and second, that this protein displays a bio-catalytical, enzymatic function. These findings caused a paradigm shift, since silicatein is the first enzyme that catalyzes the formation of an inorganic polymer from an inorganic monomeric substrate. In the present review the successive steps, following the synthesis of the silicatein product, biosilica, and resulting in the formation of the hard monolithic spicules is given. The new insight is assumed to open new horizons in the field of biotechnology and also in biomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Müller WEG, Wang X, Jochum KP, Schröder HC. Self-healing, an intrinsic property of biomineralization processes. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:382-96. [PMID: 23509013 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The sponge siliceous spicules are formed enzymatically via silicatein, in contrast to other siliceous biominerals. Originally, silicatein had been described as a major structural protein of the spicules that has the property to allow a specific deposition of silica onto their surface. More recently, it had been unequivocally demonstrated that silicatein displays a genuine enzyme activity, initiating and maintaining silica biopolycondensation at low precursor concentrations (<2 mM). Even more, as silicatein becomes embedded into the biosilica polymer, formed by the enzyme, it retains its functionality to enable a controlled biosilica deposition. The protection of silicatein through the biosilica mantel is so strong that it conserves the functionality of the enzyme for thousands of years. The implication of this finding, the preservation of the enzyme function over such long time periods, is that the intrinsic property of silicatein to display its enzymatic activity remains in the biosilica deposits. This self-healing property of sponge biosilica can be utilized to engineer novel hybrid materials, with silicatein as a functional template, which are more resistant toward physical stress and fracture. Those hybrid materials can even be used for the fabrication of silica dielectrics coupled to optical nanowires.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Inorganic Polymers: Morphogenic Inorganic Biopolymers for Rapid Prototyping Chain. BIOMEDICAL INORGANIC POLYMERS 2013; 54:235-59. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41004-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
12
|
Biogenic Inorganic Polysilicates (Biosilica): Formation and Biomedical Applications. BIOMEDICAL INORGANIC POLYMERS 2013; 54:197-234. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41004-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
13
|
Schröder HC, Wang X, Manfrin A, Yu SH, Grebenjuk VA, Korzhev M, Wiens M, Schlossmacher U, Müller WEG. Acquisition of structure-guiding and structure-forming properties during maturation from the pro-silicatein to the silicatein form. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:22196-205. [PMID: 22544742 PMCID: PMC3381181 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.351486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicateins are the key enzymes involved in the enzymatic polycondensation of the inorganic scaffold of the skeletal elements of the siliceous sponges, the spicules. The gene encoding pro-silicatein is inserted into the pCold TF vector, comprising the gene for the bacterial trigger factor. This hybrid gene is expressed in Escherichia coli and the synthesized fusion protein is purified. The fusion protein is split into the single proteins with thrombin by cleavage of the linker sequence present between the two proteins. At 23 °C, the 87 kDa trigger factor-pro-silicatein fusion protein is cleaved to the 51 kDa trigger factor and the 35 kDa pro-silicatein. The cleavage process proceeds and results in the release of the 23 kDa mature silicatein, a process which very likely proceeds by autocatalysis. Almost in parallel with its formation, the mature enzyme precipitates as pure 23 kDa protein. When the precipitate is dissolved in an urea buffer, the solubilized protein displays its full enzymatic activity which is enhanced multi-fold in the presence of the silicatein interactor silintaphin-1 or of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The biosilica product formed increases its compactness if silicatein is supplemented with silintaphin-1 or PEG. The elastic modulus of the silicatein-mediated biosilica product increases in parallel with the addition of silintaphin-1 and/or PEG from 17 MPa (silicatein) via 61 MPa (silicatein:silintaphin-1) to 101 MPa (silicatein:silintaphin-1 and PEG). These data show that the maturation process from the pro-silicatein state to the mature form is the crucial step during which silicatein acquires its structure-guiding and structure-forming properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz C. Schröder
- From the ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- From the ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- the National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China, and
| | - Alberto Manfrin
- From the ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- the The Cheung Kong Chair Professor, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Vlad A. Grebenjuk
- From the ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Korzhev
- From the ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Wiens
- From the ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ute Schlossmacher
- From the ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner E. G. Müller
- From the ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Otzen D. The role of proteins in biosilicification. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:867562. [PMID: 24278750 PMCID: PMC3820600 DOI: 10.6064/2012/867562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Although the use of silicon dioxide (silica) as a constituent of living organisms is mainly restricted to diatoms and sponges, the ways in which this process is controlled by nature continue to inspire and fascinate. Both diatoms and sponges carry out biosilificiation using an organic matrix but they adopt very different strategies. Diatoms use small and heavily modified peptides called silaffins, where the most characteristic feature is a modulation of charge by attaching long chain polyamines (LCPAs) to lysine groups. Free LCPAs can also cooperate with silaffins. Sponges use the enzyme silicatein which is homologous to the cysteine protease cathepsin. Both classes of proteins form higher-order structures which act both as structural templates and mechanistic catalysts for the polycondensation reaction. In both cases, additional proteins are continuously being discovered which modulate the process further. This paper concentrates on the role of these proteins in the biosilification process as well as in various applications, highlighting areas where focus on specific protein properties may provide further insight. The field of biosilification is a crossroads of different disciplines, where insight into the energetics and mechanisms of molecular self-assembly combine with fundamental biology, complex multicomponent colloidal systems, and an impressive array of potential technological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- *Daniel Otzen:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The largest Bio-Silica Structure on Earth: The Giant Basal Spicule from the Deep-Sea Glass Sponge Monorhaphis chuni. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:540987. [PMID: 21941585 PMCID: PMC3166767 DOI: 10.1155/2011/540987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The depth of the ocean is plentifully populated with a highly diverse fauna and flora, from where the Challenger expedition (1873-1876) treasured up a rich collection of vitreous sponges [Hexactinellida]. They have been described by Schulze and represent the phylogenetically oldest class of siliceous sponges [phylum Porifera]; they are eye-catching because of their distinct body plan, which relies on a filigree skeleton. It is constructed by an array of morphologically determined elements, the spicules. Later, during the German Deep Sea Expedition "Valdivia" (1898-1899), Schulze could describe the largest siliceous hexactinellid sponge on Earth, the up to 3 m high Monorhaphis chuni, which develops the equally largest bio-silica structures, the giant basal spicules (3 m × 10 mm). With such spicules as a model, basic knowledge on the morphology, formation, and development of the skeletal elements could be elaborated. Spicules are formed by a proteinaceous scaffold which mediates the formation of siliceous lamellae in which the proteins are encased. Up to eight hundred 5 to 10 μm thick lamellae can be concentrically arranged around an axial canal. The silica matrix is composed of almost pure silicon and oxygen, providing it with unusual optophysical properties that are superior to those of man-made waveguides. Experiments indicated that the spicules function in vivo as a nonocular photoreception system. In addition, the spicules have exceptional mechanical properties, combining mechanical stability with strength and stiffness. Like demosponges the hexactinellids synthesize their silica enzymatically, via the enzyme silicatein. All these basic insights will surely contribute also to a further applied utilization and exploration of bio-silica in material/medical science.
Collapse
|
16
|
Schloßmacher U, Wiens M, Schröder HC, Wang X, Jochum KP, Müller WEG. Silintaphin-1 - interaction with silicatein during structure-guiding bio-silica formation. FEBS J 2011; 278:1145-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|