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Lee H, Kim SJ, Shin H, Kim YP. Collagen-Immobilized Extracellular FRET Reporter for Visualizing Protease Activity Secreted by Living Cells. ACS Sens 2020; 5:655-664. [PMID: 32036648 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the diverse roles of cell-secreted proteases in the extracellular matrix (ECM), classical methods to analyze protease activity have not been explored at the cell culture site. Here, we report a stable, matrix-sticky, and protease-sensitive extracellular reporter that comprises a collagen-binding protein and a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) coupler of an enhanced green fluorescent protein and a small dye molecule. The extracellular FRET reporter via split intein-mediated protein trans-splicing is able to adhere to collagen matrices, leading to fluorescence changes by matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) activity during living cell culture without impeding cell viability. When a proMMP2 mutant (Y581A) with altered protease secretion and activity was transfected into cancer cells, the reporter revealed a dramatic reduction in MMP2 activity in both two- and three-dimensional culture systems, compared with cells transfected with wild-type proMMP2. Our reporter is immediately amenable to monitor protease activity in diverse ECM-resident cells as well as to study protease-related extracellular signaling and tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawon Lee
- Department of Life Science, BK21 Plus Bio-Defense Research Team, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-jeong Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, BK21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Heungsoo Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, BK21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Pil Kim
- Department of Life Science, BK21 Plus Bio-Defense Research Team, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Aper SJA, van Spreeuwel ACC, van Turnhout MC, van der Linden AJ, Pieters PA, van der Zon NLL, de la Rambelje SL, Bouten CVC, Merkx M. Colorful protein-based fluorescent probes for collagen imaging. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114983. [PMID: 25490719 PMCID: PMC4260915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-time visualization of collagen is important in studies on tissue formation and remodeling in the research fields of developmental biology and tissue engineering. Our group has previously reported on a fluorescent probe for the specific imaging of collagen in live tissue in situ, consisting of the native collagen binding protein CNA35 labeled with fluorescent dye Oregon Green 488 (CNA35-OG488). The CNA35-OG488 probe has become widely used for collagen imaging. To allow for the use of CNA35-based probes in a broader range of applications, we here present a toolbox of six genetically-encoded collagen probes which are fusions of CNA35 to fluorescent proteins that span the visible spectrum: mTurquoise2, EGFP, mAmetrine, LSSmOrange, tdTomato and mCherry. While CNA35-OG488 requires a chemical conjugation step for labeling with the fluorescent dye, these protein-based probes can be easily produced in high yields by expression in E. coli and purified in one step using Ni2+-affinity chromatography. The probes all bind specifically to collagen, both in vitro and in porcine pericardial tissue. Some first applications of the probes are shown in multicolor imaging of engineered tissue and two-photon imaging of collagen in human skin. The fully-genetic encoding of the new probes makes them easily accessible to all scientists interested in collagen formation and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn J. A. Aper
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ariane C. C. van Spreeuwel
- Soft Tissue Biomechanics and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mark C. van Turnhout
- Soft Tissue Biomechanics and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ardjan J. van der Linden
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal A. Pieters
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Nick L. L. van der Zon
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sander L. de la Rambelje
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn V. C. Bouten
- Soft Tissue Biomechanics and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Merkx
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Li Y, Yu SM. Targeting and mimicking collagens via triple helical peptide assembly. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:968-75. [PMID: 24210894 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As the major structural component of the extracellular matrix, collagen plays a crucial role in tissue development and regeneration. Since structural and metabolic abnormalities of collagen are associated with numerous debilitating diseases and pathologic conditions, the ability to target collagens of diseased tissues could lead to new diagnostics and therapeutics. Collagen is also a natural biomaterial widely used in drug delivery and tissue engineering, and construction of synthetic collagen-like materials is gaining interests in the biomaterials community. The unique triple helical structure of collagen has been explored for targeting collagen strands, and for engineering collagen-like functional assemblies and conjugates. This review focuses on the forefront of research activities in the use of the collagen mimetic peptide for both targeting and mimicking collagens via its triple helix mediated strand hybridization and higher order assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Janssen BMG, Lempens EHM, Olijve LLC, Voets IK, van Dongen JLJ, de Greef TFA, Merkx M. Reversible blocking of antibodies using bivalent peptide–DNA conjugates allows protease-activatable targeting. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc22033h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Callahan BP, Stanger MJ, Belfort M. Protease activation of split green fluorescent protein. Chembiochem 2011; 11:2259-63. [PMID: 20945451 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Callahan
- Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201-2002, USA
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Breurken M, Lempens EHM, Meijer EW, Merkx M. Semi-synthesis of a protease-activatable collagen targeting probe. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:7998-8000. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11964h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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