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Tyrosine-O-sulfation is a widespread affinity enhancer among thrombin interactors. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:387-401. [PMID: 34994377 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine-O-sulfation is a common post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins following the cellular secretory pathway. First described in human fibrinogen, tyrosine-O-sulfation has long been associated with the modulation of protein-protein interactions in several physiological processes. A number of relevant interactions for hemostasis are largely dictated by this PTM, many of which involving the serine proteinase thrombin (FIIa), a central player in the blood-clotting cascade. Tyrosine sulfation is not limited to endogenous FIIa ligands and has also been found in hirudin, a well-known and potent thrombin inhibitor from the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis. The discovery of hirudin led to successful clinical application of analogs of leech-inspired molecules, but also unveiled several other natural thrombin-directed anticoagulant molecules, many of which undergo tyrosine-O-sulfation. The presence of this PTM has been shown to enhance the anticoagulant properties of these peptides from a range of blood-feeding organisms, including ticks, mosquitos and flies. Interestingly, some of these molecules display mechanisms of action that mimic those of thrombin's bona fide substrates.
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Wang CC, Chen BH, Lu LY, Hung KS, Yang YS. Preparation of Tyrosylprotein Sulfotransferases for In Vitro One-Pot Enzymatic Synthesis of Sulfated Proteins/Peptides. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:11633-11642. [PMID: 30320268 PMCID: PMC6173500 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine sulfation (PTS), catalyzed by membrane-anchored tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST), is one of the most common post-translational modifications of secretory and transmembrane proteins. PTS, a key modulator of extracellular protein-protein interactions, accounts for various important biological activities, namely, virus entry, inflammation, coagulation, and sterility. The preparation and characterization of TPST is fundamental for understanding the synthesis of tyrosine-sulfated proteins and for studying PTS in biology. A sulfated protein was prepared using a TPST-coupled protein sulfation system that involves the generation of the active sulfate 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) through either PAPS synthetase (PAPSS) or phenol sulfotransferase. The preparation of sulfated proteins was confirmed through radiometric or immunochemical assays. In this study, enzymatically active Drosophila melanogaster TPST (DmTPST) and human TPSTs (hTPST1 and hTPST2) were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) host cells and purified to homogeneity in high yield. Our results revealed that recombinant DmTPST was particularly useful considering its catalytic efficiency and ease of preparation in large quantities. This study provides tools for high-efficiency, one-step synthesis of sulfated proteins and peptides that are useful for further deciphering the mechanisms, functions, and future applications of PTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chu Wang
- Department
of Biological Science and Technology, National
Chiao Tung University, No. 75, Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Han Chen
- Department
of Biological Science and Technology, National
Chiao Tung University, No. 75, Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Yi Lu
- Department
of Biological Science and Technology, National
Chiao Tung University, No. 75, Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Sheng Hung
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Medical Center, No.111, Section 3, Hsing-Long Road, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Shyong Yang
- Department
of Biological Science and Technology, National
Chiao Tung University, No. 75, Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
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Wang CC, Sivashanmugan K, Chen CK, Hong JR, Sung WI, Liao JD, Yang YS. Specific Unbinding Forces Between Mutated Human P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 and Viral Protein-1 Measured Using Force Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:5290-5295. [PMID: 29016136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine sulfation (PTS) is a key modulator of extracellular protein-protein interaction (PPI), which regulates principal biological processes. For example, the capsid protein VP1 of enterovirus 71 (EV71) specifically interacts with sulfated P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) to facilitate virus invasion. Currently available methods cannot be used to directly observe PTS-induced PPI. In this study, atomic force microscopy was used to measure the interaction between sulfated or mutated PSGL-1 and VP1. We found that the binding strength increased by 6.7-fold following PTS treatment on PSGL-1 with a specific antisulfotyrosine antibody. Similar results were obtained when the antisulfotyrosine antibody was replaced with the VP1 protein of EV71; however, the interaction forces of VP1 were only approximately one-third of those of the antisulfotyrosine antibody. We also found that PTS on the tyrosine-51 residue of glutathione S-transferases fusion-PSGL-1 was mainly responsible for the PTS-induced PPI. Our results contribute to the fundamental understanding of PPI regulated through PTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chu Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu, Taiwan 300
| | - Kundan Sivashanmugan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan 701
| | - Chung-Ku Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan 701
| | - Jian-Ren Hong
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu, Taiwan 300
| | - Wei-I Sung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan 701
| | - Jiunn-Der Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan 701
| | - Yuh-Shyong Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu, Taiwan 300
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Huang BY, Chen PC, Chen BH, Wang CC, Liu HF, Chen YZ, Chen CS, Yang YS. High-Throughput Screening of Sulfated Proteins by Using a Genome-Wide Proteome Microarray and Protein Tyrosine Sulfation System. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3278-3284. [PMID: 28211678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine sulfation (PTS) is a widespread posttranslational modification that induces intercellular and extracellular responses by regulating protein-protein interactions and enzymatic activity. Although PTS affects numerous physiological and pathological processes, only a small fraction of the total predicted sulfated proteins has been identified to date. Here, we localized the potential sulfation sites of Escherichia coli proteins on a proteome microarray by using a 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) synthase-coupled tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST) catalysis system that involves in situ PAPS generation and TPST catalysis. Among the 4256 E. coli K12 proteins, 875 sulfated proteins were identified using antisulfotyrosine primary and Cy3-labeled antimouse secondary antibodies. Our findings add considerably to the list of potential proteins subjected to tyrosine sulfation. Similar procedures can be applied to identify sulfated proteins in yeast and human proteome microarrays, and we expect such approaches to contribute substantially to the understanding of important human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yu Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University , 75 Boai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University , 300 Jhongda Road, Jhongli 320, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Han Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University , 75 Boai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chu Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University , 75 Boai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Fu Liu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University , 75 Boai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Zao Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University , 75 Boai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University , 300 Jhongda Road, Jhongli 320, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Shyong Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University , 75 Boai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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Yang YS, Wang CC, Chen BH, Hou YH, Hung KS, Mao YC. Tyrosine sulfation as a protein post-translational modification. Molecules 2015; 20:2138-64. [PMID: 25635379 PMCID: PMC6272617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of inorganic sulfate into biological molecules plays an important role in biological systems and is directly involved in the instigation of diseases. Protein tyrosine sulfation (PTS) is a common post-translational modification that was first reported in the literature fifty years ago. However, the significance of PTS under physiological conditions and its link to diseases have just begun to be appreciated in recent years. PTS is catalyzed by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST) through transfer of an activated sulfate from 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate to tyrosine in a variety of proteins and peptides. Currently, only a small fraction of sulfated proteins is known and the understanding of the biological sulfation mechanisms is still in progress. In this review, we give an introductory and selective brief review of PTS and then summarize the basic biochemical information including the activity and the preparation of TPST, methods for the determination of PTS, and kinetics and reaction mechanism of TPST. This information is fundamental for the further exploration of the function of PTS that induces protein-protein interactions and the subsequent biochemical and physiological reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Shyong Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Chu Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
| | - Bo-Han Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
| | - You-Hua Hou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Sheng Hung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Medical Center, Taipei 11696, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chih Mao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
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Chen BH, Wang CC, Lu LY, Hung KS, Yang YS. Fluorescence assay for protein post-translational tyrosine sulfation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:1425-9. [PMID: 23161068 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We developed a fluorescent assay to conveniently determine the kinetics of protein sulfation, which is essential for understanding interface between protein sulfation and protein-protein interactions. Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST) catalyzes protein sulfation using 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) as sulfuryl group donor. In this report, PAPS was regenerated following sulfuryl group transfer between adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate and 4-methylumbelliferyl sulfate catalyzed by phenol sulfotransferase (PST). The TPST and PST coupled enzyme platform continuously generated fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferone (MU) that was used to real-time monitor protein sulfation. Using a recombinant N utilization substance protein A fused Drosophila melanogaster tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase, we demonstrated that the activity of TPST determined through MU fluorescence directly correlated with protein sulfation. Kinetic constants obtained with small P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 peptide (PSGL-1 peptide, MW 1541) or its large glutathione S-transferase fusion protein (GST-PSGL-1, MW 27833) exhibited significant variation. This assay can be further developed to a high-throughput method for the characterization of TPSTs and for the identification and screening of their protein substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Han Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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