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Aigbogun OP, Phenix CP, Krol ES, Price EW. The Chemistry of Creating Chemically Programmed Antibodies (cPAbs): Site-Specific Bioconjugation of Small Molecules. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:853-874. [PMID: 36696533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule drugs have been employed for years as therapeutics in the pharmaceutical industry. However, small-molecule drugs typically have short in vivo half-lives which is one of the largest impediments to the success of many potentially valuable pharmacologically active small molecules. The undesirable pharmacokinetics and pharmacology associated with some small molecules have led to the development of a new class of bioconjugates known as chemically programmed antibodies (cPAbs). cPAbs are bioconjugates in which antibodies are used to augment small molecules with effector functions and prolonged pharmacokinetic profiles, where the pharmacophore of the small molecule is harnessed for target binding and therefore biological targeting. Many different small molecules can be conjugated to large proteins such as full monoclonal antibodies (IgG), fragment crystallizable regions (Fc), or fragment antigen binding regions (Fab). In order to successfully and site-specifically conjugate small molecules to any class of antibodies (IgG, Fc, or Fab), the molecules must be derivatized with a functional group for ease of conjugation without altering the pharmacology of the small molecules. In this Review, we summarize the different synthetic or biological methods that have been employed to produce cPAbs. These unique chemistries have potential to be applied to other fields of antibody modification such as antibody drug conjugates, radioimmunoconjugates, and fluorophore-tagged antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omozojie P Aigbogun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, S7N-5C9 Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Christopher P Phenix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, S7N-5C9 Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ed S Krol
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, S7N-5E5 Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Eric W Price
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, S7N-5C9 Saskatchewan, Canada
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2
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Yu L, Shang Z, Jin Q, Chan SY, Hong W, Li N, Li P. Antibody-Antimicrobial Conjugates for Combating Antibiotic Resistance. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202207. [PMID: 36300640 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As the development of new antibiotics lags far behind the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, alternative strategies to resolve this dilemma are urgently required. Antibody-drug conjugate is a promising therapeutic platform to delivering cytotoxic payloads precisely to target cells for efficient disease treatment. Antibody-antimicrobial conjugates (AACs) have recently attracted considerable interest from researchers as they can target bacteria in the target sites and improve the effectiveness of drugs (i.e., reduced drug dosage and adverse effects), abating the upsurge of antimicrobial resistance. In this review, the selection and progress of three essential blocks that compose the AACs: antibodies, antimicrobial payloads, and linkers are discussed. The commonly used conjugation strategies and the latest applications of AACs in recent years are also summarized. The challenges and opportunities of this booming technology are also discussed at the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luofeng Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zifang Shang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China.,Institute of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518026, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qizhe Jin
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Siew Yin Chan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China.,Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Weilin Hong
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Nan Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Peng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
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3
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Kang MS, Kong TWS, Khoo JYX, Loh TP. Recent developments in chemical conjugation strategies targeting native amino acids in proteins and their applications in antibody-drug conjugates. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13613-13647. [PMID: 34760149 PMCID: PMC8549674 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02973h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many fields in chemical biology and synthetic biology require effective bioconjugation methods to achieve their desired functions and activities. Among such biomolecule conjugates, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) need a linker that provides a stable linkage between cytotoxic drugs and antibodies, whilst conjugating in a biologically benign, fast and selective fashion. This review focuses on how the development of novel organic synthesis can solve the problems of traditional linker technology. The review shall introduce and analyse the current developments in the modification of native amino acids on peptides or proteins and their applicability to ADC linker. Thereafter, the review shall discuss in detail each endogenous amino acid's intrinsic reactivity and selectivity aspects, and address the research effort to construct an ADC using each conjugation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun Kang
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Theresa Wai See Kong
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Joycelyn Yi Xin Khoo
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
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Walsh SJ, Bargh JD, Dannheim FM, Hanby AR, Seki H, Counsell AJ, Ou X, Fowler E, Ashman N, Takada Y, Isidro-Llobet A, Parker JS, Carroll JS, Spring DR. Site-selective modification strategies in antibody-drug conjugates. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1305-1353. [PMID: 33290462 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00310g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) harness the highly specific targeting capabilities of an antibody to deliver a cytotoxic payload to specific cell types. They have garnered widespread interest in drug discovery, particularly in oncology, as discrimination between healthy and malignant tissues or cells can be achieved. Nine ADCs have received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration and more than 80 others are currently undergoing clinical investigations for a range of solid tumours and haematological malignancies. Extensive research over the past decade has highlighted the critical nature of the linkage strategy adopted to attach the payload to the antibody. Whilst early generation ADCs were primarily synthesised as heterogeneous mixtures, these were found to have sub-optimal pharmacokinetics, stability, tolerability and/or efficacy. Efforts have now shifted towards generating homogeneous constructs with precise drug loading and predetermined, controlled sites of attachment. Homogeneous ADCs have repeatedly demonstrated superior overall pharmacological profiles compared to their heterogeneous counterparts. A wide range of methods have been developed in the pursuit of homogeneity, comprising chemical or enzymatic methods or a combination thereof to afford precise modification of specific amino acid or sugar residues. In this review, we discuss advances in chemical and enzymatic methods for site-specific antibody modification that result in the generation of homogeneous ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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Nagano M, Carrillo N, Otsubo N, Hakamata W, Ban H, Fuller RP, Bashiruddin NK, Barbas CF. In vivo programming of endogenous antibodies via oral administration of adaptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5952-5961. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Akkapeddi P, Azizi SA, Freedy AM, Cal PMSD, Gois PMP, Bernardes GJL. Construction of homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates using site-selective protein chemistry. Chem Sci 2016; 7:2954-2963. [PMID: 29997785 PMCID: PMC6005007 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00170j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic chemotherapy, the current standard of care for the treatment of cancer, is rarely curative and is often accompanied by debilitating side effects. Targeted drug delivery stands as an alternative to chemotherapy, with the potential to improve upon its low efficacy and systemic toxicity. Among targeted therapeutic options, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as the most promising. These conjugates represent a new class of biopharmaceuticals that selectively deliver potent cytotoxic drugs to cancer cells, sparing healthy tissue throughout the body. Despite this promise, early heterogenous ADCs suffered from stability, pharmacokinetic, and efficacy issues that hindered clinical development. Recent advances in antibody engineering, linkers for drug-release, and chemical site-selective antibody conjugation have led to the creation of homogenous ADCs that have proven to be more efficacious than their heterogeneous predecessors both in vitro and in vivo. In this minireview, we focus on and discuss recent advances in chemical site-selective modification strategies for the conjugation of drugs to antibodies and the resulting potential for the development of a new generation of homogenous ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma Akkapeddi
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Egas Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal .
| | - Saara-Anne Azizi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK .
| | - Allyson M Freedy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK .
| | - Pedro M S D Cal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Egas Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal .
| | - Pedro M P Gois
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) , Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Egas Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal .
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK .
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8
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Inokuma T, Fuller RP, Barbas CF. N-Sulfonyl-β-lactam hapten as an effective labeling reagent for aldolase mAb. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1684-1687. [PMID: 25791455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of chemically programmed antibodies (cpAbs) is regarded to be one of the most efficient methods for the development of therapeutic systems. cpAbs can extend the half-life of programming reagents, activate immune systems via the Fc region of antibodies and achieve universal vaccination by attaching varieties of small, programmed molecules. In the current study, we aimed to develop a novel labeling reagent for the preparation of cpAbs and found that N-sulfonyl-β-lactams (NSBLs) were optimal. NSBL can be synthesized from readily available 4-(bromomethyl)benzenesulfonyl chloride via few simple manipulations and can label the aldolase monoclonal antibody (mAb) 84G3, which could not be labeled effectively by the conventional labeling reagent, N-acyl-β-lactam (NABL). We also demonstrated that the conjugate, which consists of mAb 84G3 and an NSBL bearing a biotin moiety, maintained strong binding activity to streptavidin. In addition, the stability assay of NSBL revealed that NSBLs can tolerate aqueous media without significant decomposition over 24h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Inokuma
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
| | - Roberta P Fuller
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Carlos F Barbas
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
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9
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Rader C. Chemically programmed antibodies. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:186-97. [PMID: 24630478 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to their unlimited chemical diversity, small molecules can rival monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with respect to specificity and affinity for target molecules. However, key pharmacological properties of mAbs remain unmatched by small molecules. Chemical programming strategies have been developed for site-specific and covalent conjugation of small molecules to mAbs with unique reactivity centers. In addition to blending favorable features of small molecules and mAbs, chemically programmed antibodies (cpAbs) are economically attractive because they utilize the same mAb for an almost unlimited number of target molecule specificities, reducing manufacturing costs and shortening drug discovery and development time. Preclinical studies and clinical trials have begun to demonstrate the broad utility of cpAbs for the treatment and prevention of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rader
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #2C1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #2C1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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10
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Asano S, Gavrilyuk J, Burton DR, Barbas CF. Preparation and activities of macromolecule conjugates of the CCR5 antagonist Maraviroc. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:133-137. [PMID: 24563723 DOI: 10.1021/ml400370w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
CCR5 antagonists are among the most advanced approaches in HIV therapy and may also be relevant to treatment of graft-versus-host disease and Staphylococcus aureus infection. To expand the potential of the only approved CCR5 antagonist, Maraviroc, we studied derivatives that would enable functional linkage of Maraviroc to long-lived carriers. Through targeted synthesis, we discovered an effective linkage site on Maraviroc and demonstrate the potential of these derivatives to prepare potent chemically programmed antibodies and PEGylated derivatives. The resulting compounds effectively neutralized a variety of HIV-1 isolates. Both chemically programmed antibody and PEGylation approaches extend the neutralization activity of serum circulating Maraviroc. Derivation of a successful conjugation strategy for Maraviroc should further enable its use in chemically programmed vaccines, novel bispecific antibodies, and topical microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Asano
- Departments
of Chemistry and Cell and Molecular Biology, The Skaggs Institute
for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Julia Gavrilyuk
- Departments
of Chemistry and Cell and Molecular Biology, The Skaggs Institute
for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department
of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Carlos F. Barbas
- Departments
of Chemistry and Cell and Molecular Biology, The Skaggs Institute
for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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11
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Sato S, Inokuma T, Otsubo N, Burton DR, Barbas CF. Chemically Programmed Antibodies AS HIV-1 Attachment Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:460-465. [PMID: 23750312 DOI: 10.1021/ml400097z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we describe the design and application of two small-molecule anti-HIV compounds for the creation of chemically programmed antibodies. N-acyl-β-lactam derivatives of two previously described molecules BMS-378806 and BMS-488043 that inhibit the interaction between HIV-1 gp120 and T-cells were synthesized and used to program the binding activity of aldolase antibody 38C2. Discovery of a successful linkage site to BMS-488043 allowed for the synthesis of chemically programmed antibodies with affinity for HIV-1 gp120 and potent HIV-1 neutralization activity. Derivation of a successful conjugation strategy for this family of HIV-1 entry inhibitors enables its application in chemically programmed antibodies and vaccines and may facilitate the development of novel bispecific antibodies and topical microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Sato
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Chemistry and the
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Immunology
and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Tsubasa Inokuma
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Chemistry and the
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Immunology
and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Nobumasa Otsubo
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Chemistry and the
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Immunology
and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Chemistry and the
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Immunology
and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Carlos F. Barbas
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Chemistry and the
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Immunology
and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
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