1
|
Asymmetric Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of Dimethyl 2-Methylsuccinate by the Ene-Reductase-Catalyzed Reduction at High Substrate Concentration. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12101133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral dimethyl 2-methylsuccinate (1) is a very important building block for the manufacturing of many active pharmaceutical ingredients and fine chemicals. The asymmetric reduction of C=C double bond of dimethyl citraconate (2), dimethyl mesaconate (3) or dimethyl itaconate (4) by ene-reductases (ERs) represents an attractive straightforward approach, but lack of high-performance ERs, especially (S)-selective ones, has limited implementing this method to prepare the optically pure dimethyl 2-methylsuccinate. Herein, three ERs (Bac-OYE1 from Bacillus sp., SeER from Saccharomyces eubayanus and AfER from Aspergillus flavus) with high substrate tolerance and stereoselectivity towards 2, 3 and 4 have been identified. Up to 500 mM of 3 was converted to (S)-dimethyl 2-methylsuccinate ((S)-1) by SeER in high yields (80%) and enantioselectivity (98% ee), and 700 mM of 2 and 400 mM of 4 were converted to (R)-1 by Bac-OYE1 and AfER, respectively, in high yields (86% and 77%) with excellent enantioselectivity (99% ee). The reductions of diethyl citraconate (5), diethyl mesaconate (6) and diethyl itaconate (7) were also tested with the three ERs. Although up to 500 mM of 5 was completely converted to (R)-diethyl 2-methylsuccinate ((R)-8) by Bac-OYE1 with excellent enantioselectivity (99% ee), the alcohol moiety of the esters had a great effect on the activity and enantioselectivity of ERs. This work provides an efficient methodology for the enantiocomplementary production of optically pure dimethyl 2-methylsuccinate from dimethyl itaconate and its isomers at high titer.
Collapse
|
2
|
Robescu MS, Cendron L, Bacchin A, Wagner K, Reiter T, Janicki I, Merusic K, Illek M, Aleotti M, Bergantino E, Hall M. Asymmetric Proton Transfer Catalysis by Stereocomplementary Old Yellow Enzymes for C═C Bond Isomerization Reaction. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina S. Robescu
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Province of Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Laura Cendron
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Province of Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Arianna Bacchin
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Styria 8010, Austria
| | - Karla Wagner
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Styria 8010, Austria
| | - Tamara Reiter
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Styria 8010, Austria
| | - Ignacy Janicki
- Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Lodz Province 90-001, Poland
| | - Kemal Merusic
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Styria 8010, Austria
| | - Maximilian Illek
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Styria 8010, Austria
| | - Matteo Aleotti
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Styria 8010, Austria
| | - Elisabetta Bergantino
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Province of Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Styria 8010, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Styria 8010, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Eggers R, Jammer A, Jha S, Kerschbaumer B, Lahham M, Strandback E, Toplak M, Wallner S, Winkler A, Macheroux P. The scope of flavin-dependent reactions and processes in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 189:112822. [PMID: 34118767 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are utilized as coenzymes in many biochemical reduction-oxidation reactions owing to the ability of the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system to employ the oxidized, radical and reduced state. We have analyzed the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana to establish an inventory of genes encoding flavin-dependent enzymes (flavoenzymes) as a basis to explore the range of flavin-dependent biochemical reactions that occur in this model plant. Expectedly, flavoenzymes catalyze many pivotal reactions in primary catabolism, which are connected to the degradation of basic metabolites, such as fatty and amino acids as well as carbohydrates and purines. On the other hand, flavoenzymes play diverse roles in anabolic reactions most notably the biosynthesis of amino acids as well as the biosynthesis of pyrimidines and sterols. Importantly, the role of flavoenzymes goes much beyond these basic reactions and extends into pathways that are equally crucial for plant life, for example the production of natural products. In this context, we outline the participation of flavoenzymes in the biosynthesis and maintenance of cofactors, coenzymes and accessory plant pigments (e. g. carotenoids) as well as phytohormones. Moreover, several multigene families have emerged as important components of plant immunity, for example the family of berberine bridge enzyme-like enzymes, flavin-dependent monooxygenases and NADPH oxidases. Furthermore, the versatility of flavoenzymes is highlighted by their role in reactions leading to tRNA-modifications, chromatin regulation and cellular redox homeostasis. The favorable photochemical properties of the flavin chromophore are exploited by photoreceptors to govern crucial processes of plant adaptation and development. Finally, a sequence- and structure-based approach was undertaken to gain insight into the catalytic role of uncharacterized flavoenzymes indicating their involvement in unknown biochemical reactions and pathways in A. thaliana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reinmar Eggers
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexandra Jammer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Shalinee Jha
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bianca Kerschbaumer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Majd Lahham
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Emilia Strandback
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Marina Toplak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Wallner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Winkler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hollmann F, Opperman DJ, Paul CE. Biocatalytic Reduction Reactions from a Chemist's Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5644-5665. [PMID: 32330347 PMCID: PMC7983917 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reductions play a key role in organic synthesis, producing chiral products with new functionalities. Enzymes can catalyse such reactions with exquisite stereo-, regio- and chemoselectivity, leading the way to alternative shorter classical synthetic routes towards not only high-added-value compounds but also bulk chemicals. In this review we describe the synthetic state-of-the-art and potential of enzymes that catalyse reductions, ranging from carbonyl, enone and aromatic reductions to reductive aminations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hollmann
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of the Free State205 Nelson Mandela DriveBloemfontein9300South Africa
| | - Diederik J. Opperman
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of the Free State205 Nelson Mandela DriveBloemfontein9300South Africa
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
An C, Shaw MH, Tharp A, Verma D, Li H, Wang H, Wang X. Enantioselective Enzymatic Reduction of Acrylic Acids. Org Lett 2020; 22:8320-8325. [PMID: 33048553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An ene-reductase (ERED 36) with broad substrate specificity was identified, and optimization studies led to the development of an enzymatic protocol for the reduction of α,β-unsaturated acids under mild, aqueous conditions. The substrate scope includes aromatic- and aliphatic-substituted acrylic acids, as well as cyclic α,β-substituted acrylic acids, yielding chiral α-substituted acids with exquisite levels of enantioselectivity (>99% ee).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chihui An
- Department of Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Megan H Shaw
- Department of Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Annika Tharp
- Department of Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Deeptak Verma
- Department of Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Hongming Li
- Department of Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Heather Wang
- Department of Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hollmann F, Opperman DJ, Paul CE. Biokatalytische Reduktionen aus der Sicht eines Chemikers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft Niederlande
- Department of Biotechnology University of the Free State 205 Nelson Mandela Drive Bloemfontein 9300 Südafrika
| | - Diederik J. Opperman
- Department of Biotechnology University of the Free State 205 Nelson Mandela Drive Bloemfontein 9300 Südafrika
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft Niederlande
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ferreira IM, Fiamingo A, Campana-Filho SP, Porto ALM. Biotransformation of (E)-2-Methyl-3-Phenylacrylaldehyde Using Mycelia of Penicillium citrinum CBMAI 1186, Both Free and Immobilized on Chitosan. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 22:348-356. [PMID: 32080775 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-020-09954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study applied the use of marine-derived fungus Penicillium citrinum CBMAI 1186 in the stereoselective reduction of the C=C double bond of the prochiral (E)-2-methyl-3-phenylacrylaldehyde 1. The fungus immobilized on chitosan, obtained by multistep ultrasound-assisted deacetylation process (Ch-USAD), produced the (S)-(+)-2-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-ol 3 (c = 49%, 40% ee) isomer and (±)-2-methyl-3-phenylacrilic acid 4 (c = 35%); in contrast, immobilized mycelia on commercial chitosan (Ch-C) yielded the (S)-(+)-2-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-ol 3 (c = 48%, 10% ee) and (±)-2-methyl-3-phenylpropanal 1a (c = 41%). The reaction using free mycelia gave a 40% yield of (S)-(+)-2-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-ol 3 with 10% ee. These results showed that the crystallinity form and molecular weight of chitosan (Ch-C or Ch-USAD) used to immobilized mycelia of P. citrinum CBMAI 1186 influenced in the biotransformation of (E)-2-methyl-3-phenylacrylaldehyde 1. Therefore, marine-derived fungus P. citrinum CBMAI 1186 immobilized on chitosan can be a potential alternative in the studies of hydrogenation of the α,β-unsaturated carbon-carbon (α,β-C=C) double bond. Marine-derived fungus Penicillium citrinum CBMAI 1186 immobilized on chitosan in the stereoselective reduction of the C=C double bond of the prochiral (E)-2-methyl-3-phenylacrylaldehyde.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irlon M Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biocatálise e Síntese Orgânica Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. JK KM 02, Macapa, Amapá, 68902-280, Brazil.
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400,, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil.
| | - Anderson Fiamingo
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400,, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Sergio P Campana-Filho
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400,, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - André L M Porto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Biocatálise, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Ed. Química Ambiental, J. Santa Angelina,, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13563-120, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Recent studies of multiple enzyme families collectively referred to as ene-reductases (ERs) have highlighted potential industrial application of these biocatalysts in the production of fine and speciality chemicals. Processes have been developed whereby ERs contribute to synthetic routes as isolated enzymes, components of multi-enzyme cascades, and more recently in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology programmes using microbial cell factories to support chemicals production. The discovery of ERs from previously untapped sources and the expansion of directed evolution screening programmes, coupled to deeper mechanistic understanding of ER reactions, have driven their use in natural product and chemicals synthesis. Here we review developments, challenges and opportunities for the use of ERs in fine and speciality chemicals manufacture. The ER research field is rapidly expanding and the focus of this review is on developments that have emerged predominantly over the last 4 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen S Toogood
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Toogood HS, Scrutton NS. Discovery, Characterisation, Engineering and Applications of Ene Reductases for Industrial Biocatalysis. ACS Catal 2019; 8:3532-3549. [PMID: 31157123 PMCID: PMC6542678 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies of multiple enzyme families collectively referred to as ene-reductases (ERs) have highlighted potential industrial application of these biocatalysts in the production of fine and speciality chemicals. Processes have been developed whereby ERs contribute to synthetic routes as isolated enzymes, components of multi-enzyme cascades, and more recently in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology programmes using microbial cell factories to support chemicals production. The discovery of ERs from previously untapped sources and the expansion of directed evolution screening programmes, coupled to deeper mechanistic understanding of ER reactions, have driven their use in natural product and chemicals synthesis. Here we review developments, challenges and opportunities for the use of ERs in fine and speciality chemicals manufacture. The ER research field is rapidly expanding and the focus of this review is on developments that have emerged predominantly over the last 4 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen S. Toogood
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Nigel S. Scrutton
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Turrini NG, Eger E, Reiter TC, Faber K, Hall M. Sequential Enzymatic Conversion of α-Angelica Lactone to γ-Valerolactone through Hydride-Independent C=C Bond Isomerization. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:3393-3396. [PMID: 27885835 PMCID: PMC5574032 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A case of hydride-independent reaction catalyzed by flavin-dependent ene-reductases from the Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) family was identified. α-Angelica lactone was isomerized to the conjugated β-isomer in a nicotinamide-free and hydride-independent process. The catalytic cycle of C=C bond isomerization appears to be flavin-independent and to rely solely on a deprotonation-reprotonation sequence through acid-base catalysis. Key residues in the enzyme active site were mutated and provided insight on important mechanistic features. The isomerization of α-angelica lactone by OYE2 in aqueous buffer furnished 6.3 mm β-isomer in 15 min at 30 °C. In presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), the latter could be further reduced to γ-valerolactone. This enzymatic tool was successfully applied on semi-preparative scale and constitutes a sustainable process for the valorization of platform chemicals from renewable resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabeth Eger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Tamara C. Reiter
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
- ACIB GmbH, Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jimenez DE, Ferreira IM, Birolli WG, Fonseca LP, Porto AL. Synthesis and biocatalytic ene-reduction of Knoevenagel condensation compounds by the marine-derived fungus Penicillium citrinum CBMAI 1186. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
13
|
Holert J, Yücel O, Jagmann N, Prestel A, Möller HM, Philipp B. Identification of bypass reactions leading to the formation of one central steroid degradation intermediate in metabolism of different bile salts inPseudomonassp. strain Chol1. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:3373-3389. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Holert
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstr. 3 Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Onur Yücel
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstr. 3 Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Nina Jagmann
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstr. 3 Münster 48149 Germany
| | | | | | - Bodo Philipp
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstr. 3 Münster 48149 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Turrini NG, Hall M, Faber K. Enzymatic Synthesis of Optically Active Lactones via
Asymmetric Bioreduction using Ene-Reductases from the Old Yellow Enzyme Family. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
15
|
Nestl BM, Hammer SC, Nebel BA, Hauer B. New generation of biocatalysts for organic synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3070-95. [PMID: 24520044 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of enzymes as catalysts for the preparation of novel compounds has received steadily increasing attention over the past few years. High demands are placed on the identification of new biocatalysts for organic synthesis. The catalysis of more ambitious reactions reflects the high expectations of this field of research. Enzymes play an increasingly important role as biocatalysts in the synthesis of key intermediates for the pharmaceutical and chemical industry, and new enzymatic technologies and processes have been established. Enzymes are an important part of the spectrum of catalysts available for synthetic chemistry. The advantages and applications of the most recent and attractive biocatalysts--reductases, transaminases, ammonia lyases, epoxide hydrolases, and dehalogenases--will be discussed herein and exemplified by the syntheses of interesting compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina M Nestl
- Technische Biochemie, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart (Germany)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nestl BM, Hammer SC, Nebel BA, Hauer B. Biokatalysatoren für die organische Synthese - die neue Generation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
17
|
|