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Shao S, Li B, Sun Q, Guo P, Du Y, Huang J. Acetolactate synthases regulatory subunit and catalytic subunit genes VdILVs are involved in BCAA biosynthesis, microscletotial and conidial formation and virulence in Verticillium dahliae. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 159:103667. [PMID: 35041986 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acetolactate synthase (AHAS) catalyses the first common step in the biosynthesis pathways of three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) of valine, isoleucine and leucine. Here, we characterized one regulatory subunit (VdILV6) and three catalytic subunits (VdILV2A, VdILV2B and VdILV2C) of AHAS from the important cotton Verticillium wilt fungus Verticillium dahliae. Phenotypic analysis showed that VdILV6 knockout mutants were auxotrophic for valine and isoleucine and were defective in conidial morphogenesis, hypha penetration and virulence to cotton, and lost ability of microscletotial formation. The growth of single catalytic subunit gene knockout mutants were significantly inhibited by leucine at higher concentration and single catalytic subunit gene knockout mutants showed significantly reduced virulence to cotton. VdILV2B knockout also led to obviously reduced microscletotial formation and conidial production, VdILV2C knockout led to reduced conidial production. Further studies suggested that both feedback inhibition by leucine and the inhibition by AHAS inhibiting herbicides of tribenuron and bispyribac resulted in significantly down-regulated expression of the four subunit VdILVs genes (VdILV2A, VdILV2B, VdILV2C and VdILV6). Any single catalytic subunit gene knockout led to reduced expression of the other three subunit genes, whereas VdILV6 knckout induced increased expression of the three catalytic subunit genes. VdILV2B, VdILV2C and VdILV6 knockout resulted in increased expression of VdCPC1 regulator gene of the cross-pathway control of amino acid biosynthesis. Taken together, these results indicate multiple roles of four VdILVs genes in the biosynthesis of BCAAs, virulence, fungal growth and development in the filamentous fungi V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShengNan Shao
- College of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang
| | - Biao Li
- College of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang
| | - Qi Sun
- College of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang
| | - PeiRu Guo
- College of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang
| | - YeJuan Du
- College of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang.
| | - JiaFeng Huang
- College of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang.
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Yu S, Zheng B, Chen Z, Huo YX. Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for producing branched chain amino acids. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:230. [PMID: 34952576 PMCID: PMC8709942 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01721-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are widely applied in the food, pharmaceutical, and animal feed industries. Traditional chemical synthetic and enzymatic BCAAs production in vitro has been hampered by expensive raw materials, harsh reaction conditions, and environmental pollution. Microbial metabolic engineering has attracted considerable attention as an alternative method for BCAAs biosynthesis because it is environmentally friendly and delivers high yield. Main text Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamicum) possesses clear genetic background and mature gene manipulation toolbox, and has been utilized as industrial host for producing BCAAs. Acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) is a crucial enzyme in the BCAAs biosynthetic pathway of C. glutamicum, but feedback inhibition is a disadvantage. We therefore reviewed AHAS modifications that relieve feedback inhibition and then investigated the importance of AHAS modifications in regulating production ratios of three BCAAs. We have comprehensively summarized and discussed metabolic engineering strategies to promote BCAAs synthesis in C. glutamicum and offer solutions to the barriers associated with BCAAs biosynthesis. We also considered the future applications of strains that could produce abundant amounts of BCAAs. Conclusions Branched chain amino acids have been synthesized by engineering the metabolism of C. glutamicum. Future investigations should focus on the feedback inhibition and/or transcription attenuation mechanisms of crucial enzymes. Enzymes with substrate specificity should be developed and applied to the production of individual BCAAs. The strategies used to construct strains producing BCAAs provide guidance for the biosynthesis of other high value-added compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhenya Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yi-Xin Huo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
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Molecular architecture of the acetohydroxyacid synthase holoenzyme. Biochem J 2020; 477:2439-2449. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) holoenzyme catalyzes the first step of branch-chain amino acid biosynthesis and is essential for plants and bacteria. It consists of a regulatory subunit (RSU) and a catalytic subunit (CSU). The allosteric mechanism of the AHAS holoenzyme has remained elusive for decades. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the AHAS holoenzyme, revealing the association between the RSU and CSU in an A2B2 mode. Structural analysis in combination with mutational studies demonstrated that the RSU dimer forms extensive interactions with the CSU dimer, in which a conserved salt bridge between R32 and D120 may act as a trigger to open the activation loop of the CSU, resulting in the activation of the CSU by the RSU. Our study reveals the activation mechanism of the AHAS holoenzyme.
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Arabzadeh G, Shahpiri A. Heterologous Expression and Functional Characterization of Catalytic Subunit of Rice Acetohydroxyacid Synthase. Protein Pept Lett 2018; 26:176-183. [PMID: 30430933 DOI: 10.2174/0929866525666181114153727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetohydroxyacid Synthase (AHAS) is the first enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of the branched chain amino acids. AHAS is the common target site of five herbicide chemical groups: sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, triazolopyrimidine, pyrimidinyl-thiobenzoates, and sulfonyl-aminocarbonyl-triazolinone. OBJECTIVE The purification of protein enabled us to study the physical and biochemical properties of the enzyme. In addition in vitro activity of this enzyme was tested in the presence of four different sulfonylureaherbicides and the feedback regulation of enzyme was analyzed in the presence of branched amino acids. METHODS The gene encoding catalytic subunit of rice AHAS (cOsAHAS) without part of the chloroplast transit sequence was cloned into the bacterial expression vector pET41a and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli as carboxy-terminal extensions of glutathione-S-transferase (GST).The soluble protein was purified using affinity chromatography. The measurement of GSTOsAHAS activity was performed under optimized conditions at present of branched-chain amino acids and sulfonylurea herbicides independently. RESULTS The optimum pH and temperature for GST-cOsAHAS activity was 8.0 and 37 °C, respectively. The specific activity and Km value of this enzyme toward pyruvate were 0.08 U/mg and 30 mM, respectively.GST-cOsAHAS was inhibited by herbicides tribenuron, sulfosulfuron, nicosulfuron and bensulfuron while the enzyme was insensitivieto end products. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the recombinant form of GST-cOsAHAS is functionally active and carries the binding site for sulfynylurea herbicides. Furthermore, GST-cOsAHAS was insensitive to feedback inhibition by endproducts which indicates the existence of a regulator subunit in rice AHAS as previously has been described in other plant AHASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Arabzadeh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Azar Shahpiri
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
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Xie Y, Wen X, Zhao D, Niu C, Zhao Y, Qi H, Xi Z. Interactions between the ACT Domains and Catalytic Subunits of Acetohydroxyacid Synthases (AHASs) from Different Species. Chembiochem 2018; 19:2387-2394. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemical Biology; National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin); Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); College of Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
| | - Xin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemical Biology; National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin); Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); College of Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemical Biology; National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin); Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); College of Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
| | - Congwei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemical Biology; National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin); Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); College of Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
| | - Yuefang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemical Biology; National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin); Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); College of Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
| | - Haoman Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemical Biology; National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin); Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); College of Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemical Biology; National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin); Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); College of Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
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Liu Y, Li Y, Wang X. Molecular evolution of acetohydroxyacid synthase in bacteria. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6. [PMID: 28782269 PMCID: PMC5727371 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) is the key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathways of branched chain amino acids in bacteria. Since it does not exist in animal and plant cells, AHAS is an attractive target for developing antimicrobials and herbicides. In some bacteria, there is a single copy of AHAS, while in others there are multiple copies. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the origin and evolutionary pathway of various AHASs in bacteria. In this study, all the available protein sequences of AHAS in bacteria were investigated, and an evolutionary model of AHAS in bacteria is proposed, according to gene structure, organization and phylogeny. Multiple copies of AHAS in some bacteria might be evolved from the single copy of AHAS, the ancestor. Gene duplication, domain deletion and horizontal gene transfer might occur during the evolution of this enzyme. The results show the biological significance of AHAS, help to understand the functions of various AHASs in bacteria, and would be useful for developing industrial production strains of branched chain amino acids or novel antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Zhang Y, Zhou X, Xie Y, Greenberg MM, Xi Z, Zhou C. Thiol Specific and Tracelessly Removable Bioconjugation via Michael Addition to 5-Methylene Pyrrolones. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6146-6151. [PMID: 28407468 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
5-Methylene pyrrolones (5MPs) are highly thiol-specific and tracelessly removable bioconjugation tools. 5MPs are readily prepared from primary amines in one step. 5MPs exhibit significantly improved stability under physiologically relevant conditions and cysteine specificity compared to commonly used analogues, maleimides. Michael addition of thiol to 5MPs occurs rapidly, cleanly, and does not generate a stereocenter. The conjugates efficiently release thiols via retro-Michael reaction in alkaline buffer (pH 9.5) or via thiol exchange at pH 7.5. This unique property makes 5MPs valuable for the controlled release of conjugated cargo and temporary thiol protection. The utilization of 5MPs for protein immobilization and pull-down of active complexes is illustrated using E. coli. acetohydroxyacid synthase isozyme I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yonghui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Marc M Greenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chuanzheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
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Liu Y, Li Y, Wang X. Acetohydroxyacid synthases: evolution, structure, and function. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8633-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7809-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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He Y, Niu C, Wen X, Xi Z. Molecular Drug Resistance Prediction for Acetohydroxyacid Synthase Mutants Against Chlorsulfuron Using MB-QSAR. CHINESE J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201300417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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