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Ishida K, Litomska A, Dunbar KL, Hertweck C. An Enzymatic Prodrug-like Route to Thio and Selenoamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404243. [PMID: 38747847 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
6-Thioguanine (6TG) is a clinically used antitumor agent that was rationally designed as a DNA-targeting antimetabolite, but it also occurs naturally. 6TG is a critical virulence factor produced by Erwinia amylovorans, a notorious plant pathogen that causes fire blight of pome fruit trees. The biosynthesis of the rare thioamide metabolite involves an adenylating enzyme (YcfA) and a sulfur-mobilizing enzyme (YcfC), but the mechanism of sulfur transfer and putative intermediates have remained elusive. Through dissection and in vitro reconstitution of the thionation process using diverse substrates, we uncover an intermediate, prodrug-like thio-conjugate and elucidate the precise enzyme functions. YcfA not only adenylates GMP but also transfers the mercapto group of l-cysteine to the activated carbonyl. A designated C-S lyase (YcfC) then cleaves the resulting S-adduct to yield the thioamide. This pathway is distinct from canonical tRNA sulfur modifications and known enzymatic peptide thionations. By exploring a wide range of substrate surrogates, we exploited the tolerance of the enzyme pair to produce even a seleno analog. This study provides valuable insight into a previously unexplored area of bacterial thioamide formation and lays the groundwork for synthetic biology approaches to produce thioamide antimetabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Ishida
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Litomska
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Kyle L Dunbar
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
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2
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Busnena BA, Beerhues L, Liu B. Biphenyls and dibenzofurans of the rosaceous subtribe Malinae and their role as phytoalexins. PLANTA 2023; 258:78. [PMID: 37689618 PMCID: PMC10492887 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Biphenyl and dibenzofuran phytoalexins are differentially distributed among species of the rosaceous subtribe Malinae, which includes apple and pear, and exhibit varying inhibitory activity against phytopathogenic microorganisms. Biphenyls and dibenzofurans are specialized metabolites, which are formed in species of the rosaceous subtribe Malinae upon elicitation by biotic and abiotic inducers. The subtribe Malinae (previously Pyrinae) comprises approximately 1000 species, which include economically important fruit trees such as apple and pear. The present review summarizes the current status of knowledge of biphenyls and dibenzofurans in the Malinae, mainly focusing on their role as phytoalexins. To date, 46 biphenyls and 41 dibenzofurans have been detected in 44 Malinae species. Structurally, 54 simple molecules, 23 glycosidic compounds and 10 miscellaneous structures were identified. Functionally, 21 biphenyls and 21 dibenzofurans were demonstrated to be phytoalexins. Furthermore, their distribution in species of the Malinae, inhibitory activities against phytopathogens, and structure-activity relationships were studied. The most widely distributed phytoalexins of the Malinae are the three biphenyls aucuparin (3), 2'-methoxyaucuparin (7), and 4'-methoxyaucuparin (9) and the three dibenzofurans α-cotonefuran (47), γ-cotonefuran (49), and eriobofuran (53). The formation of biphenyl and dibenzofuran phytoalexins appears to be an essential defense weapon of the Malinae against various stresses. Manipulating phytoalexin formation may enhance the disease resistance in economically important fruit trees. However, this approach requires an extensive understanding of how the compounds are formed. Although the biosynthesis of biphenyls was partially elucidated, formation of dibenzofurans remains largely unclear. Thus, further efforts have to be made to gain deeper insight into the distribution, function, and metabolism of biphenyls and dibenzofurans in the Malinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belnaser A Busnena
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ludger Beerhues
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Benye Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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3
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Gatchell IT, Huntley RB, Schultes NP, Mourad GS. The guanine-hypoxanthine permease GhxP of Erwinia amylovora facilitates the influx of the toxic guanine derivative 6-thioguanine. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:2018-2028. [PMID: 33152175 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Erwinia amylovora is the causal agent of fire blight, a devastating disease of apples and pears. This study determines whether the E. amylovora guanine-hypoxanthine transporter (EaGhxP) is required for virulence and if it can import the E. amylovora produced toxic analogue 6-thioguanine (6TG) into cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Characterization of EaGhxP in guanine transport deficient Escherichia coli reveals that it can transport guanine, hypoxanthine and the toxic analogues 8-azaguanine (8AG) and 6TG. Similarly, EaGhxP transports 8AG and 6TG into E. amylovora cells. EaGhxP has a high affinity for 6TG with a Ki of 3·7 µmol l-1 . An E. amylovora ⊿ghxP::Camr strain shows resistance to growth on 8AG and 6TG. Although EaGhxP is expressed during active disease propagation, it is not necessary for virulence as determined on immature apple and pear assays. CONCLUSIONS EaGhxP is not required for virulence, but it does import 6TG into E. amylovora cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY As part of the disease establishment process, E. amylovora synthesizes and exports a toxic guanine derivative 6TG. Our results are counter intuitive and show that EaGhxP, an influx transporter, can move 6TG into cells raising questions regarding the role of 6TG in disease establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I T Gatchell
- Department of Biology, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | - R B Huntley
- Department of Plant Pathology & Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - N P Schultes
- Department of Plant Pathology & Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - G S Mourad
- Department of Biology, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
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4
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Pontes JGDM, Fernandes LS, Dos Santos RV, Tasic L, Fill TP. Virulence Factors in the Phytopathogen-Host Interactions: An Overview. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7555-7570. [PMID: 32559375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogens are responsible for great losses in agriculture, once they are able to subvert or elude the host defense mechanisms through virulence factors secretion for their dissemination. Herein, it is reviewed phytotoxins that act as virulence factors and are produced by bacterial phytopathogens (Candidatus Liberibacter spp., Erwinia amylovora, Pseudomonas syringae pvs and Xanthomonas spp.) and fungi (Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Cochliobolus spp., Fusarium spp., Magnaporthe spp., and Penicillium spp.), which were selected in accordance to their worldwide importance due to the biochemical and economical aspects. In the current review, it is sought to understand the role of virulence factors in the pathogen-host interactions that result in plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Soler Fernandes
- Laboratório de Biologia Quı́mica Microbiana (LaBioQuiMi), IQ-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ljubica Tasic
- Laboratório de Quı́mica Biológica (LQB), IQ-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Taicia Pacheco Fill
- Laboratório de Biologia Quı́mica Microbiana (LaBioQuiMi), IQ-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6154, 13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Mahanta N, Szantai-Kis DM, Petersson EJ, Mitchell DA. Biosynthesis and Chemical Applications of Thioamides. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:142-163. [PMID: 30698414 PMCID: PMC6404778 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thioamidation as a posttranslational modification is exceptionally rare, with only a few reported natural products and exactly one known protein example (methyl-coenzyme M reductase from methane-metabolizing archaea). Recently, there has been significant progress in elucidating the biosynthesis and function of several thioamide-containing natural compounds. Separate developments in the chemical installation of thioamides into peptides and proteins have enabled cell biology and biophysical studies to advance the current understanding of natural thioamides. This review highlights the various strategies used by Nature to install thioamides in peptidic scaffolds and the potential functions of this rare but important modification. We also discuss synthetic methods used for the site-selective incorporation of thioamides into polypeptides with a brief discussion of the physicochemical implications. This account will serve as a foundation for the further study of thioamides in natural products and their various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Miklos Szantai-Kis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , 3700 Hamilton Walk , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , 3700 Hamilton Walk , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
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6
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Liu J, Lin Z, Li Y, Zheng Q, Chen D, Liu W. Insights into the thioamidation of thiopeptins to enhance the understanding of the biosynthetic logic of thioamide-containing thiopeptides. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3727-3731. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00402e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In vivo experiments show that the thioamide moiety of thiopeptins is generated by a TfuA–YcaO pair, before the maturation of the bicyclic scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Center for Excellence on Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
| | - Zhi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Center for Excellence on Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Center for Excellence on Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
| | - Qingfei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Center for Excellence on Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
| | - Dandan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Center for Excellence on Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Center for Excellence on Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
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7
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Baldeweg F, Hoffmeister D, Nett M. A genomics perspective on natural product biosynthesis in plant pathogenic bacteria. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:307-325. [DOI: 10.1039/c8np00025e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes findings from genomics-inspired natural product research in plant pathogenic bacteria and discusses emerging trends in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Baldeweg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Markus Nett
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering
- TU Dortmund University
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
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Dunbar KL, Büttner H, Molloy EM, Dell M, Kumpfmüller J, Hertweck C. Genome Editing Reveals Novel Thiotemplated Assembly of Polythioamide Antibiotics in Anaerobic Bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L. Dunbar
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI; Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Hannah Büttner
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI; Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Evelyn M. Molloy
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI; Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Maria Dell
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI; Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Jana Kumpfmüller
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI; Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI; Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
- Natural Product Chemistry; Friedrich Schiller University; 07743 Jena Germany
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9
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Dunbar KL, Büttner H, Molloy EM, Dell M, Kumpfmüller J, Hertweck C. Genome Editing Reveals Novel Thiotemplated Assembly of Polythioamide Antibiotics in Anaerobic Bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14080-14084. [PMID: 30193003 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Closthioamide (CTA) is a unique symmetric nonribosomal peptide with six thioamide moieties that is produced by the Gram-positive obligate anaerobe Ruminiclostridium cellulolyticum. CTA displays potent inhibitory activity against important clinical pathogens, making it a promising drug candidate. Yet, the biosynthesis of this DNA gyrase-targeting antibiotic has remained enigmatic. Using a combination of genome mining, genome editing (targeted group II intron, CRISPR/Cas9), and heterologous expression, we show that CTA biosynthesis involves specialized enzymes for starter unit biosynthesis, amide bond formation, thionation, and dimerization. Surprisingly, CTA biosynthesis involves a novel thiotemplated peptide assembly line that markedly differs from known nonribosomal peptide synthetases. These findings provide the first insights into the biosynthesis of thioamide-containing nonribosomal peptides and offer a starting point for the discovery of related natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Dunbar
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Hannah Büttner
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Evelyn M Molloy
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Dell
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Kumpfmüller
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Dept. of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Natural Product Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
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10
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Litomska A, Ishida K, Dunbar KL, Boettger M, Coyne S, Hertweck C. Enzymatic Thioamide Formation in a Bacterial Antimetabolite Pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11574-11578. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Litomska
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI) Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Keishi Ishida
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI) Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Kyle L. Dunbar
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI) Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Marco Boettger
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI) Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Sébastien Coyne
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI) Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI) Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
- Faculty of Biological SciencesFriedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
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11
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Litomska A, Ishida K, Dunbar KL, Boettger M, Coyne S, Hertweck C. Enzymatic Thioamide Formation in a Bacterial Antimetabolite Pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Litomska
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Keishi Ishida
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Kyle L. Dunbar
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Marco Boettger
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Sébastien Coyne
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI); Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; 07743 Jena Germany
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12
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Abstract
Methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) is an essential enzyme found strictly in methanogenic and methanotrophic archaea. MCR catalyzes a reversible reaction involved in the production and consumption of the potent greenhouse gas methane. The α-subunit of this enzyme (McrA) contains several unusual posttranslational modifications, including the only known naturally occurring example of protein thioamidation. We have recently demonstrated by genetic deletion and mass spectrometry that the tfuA and ycaO genes of Methanosarcina acetivorans are involved in thioamidation of Gly465 in the MCR active site. Modification to thioGly has been postulated to stabilize the active site structure of MCR. Herein, we report the in vitro reconstitution of ribosomal peptide thioamidation using heterologously expressed and purified YcaO and TfuA proteins from M. acetivorans Like other reported YcaO proteins, this reaction is ATP-dependent but requires an external sulfide source. We also reconstitute the thioamidation activity of two TfuA-independent YcaOs from the hyperthermophilic methanogenic archaea Methanopyrus kandleri and Methanocaldococcus jannaschii Using these proteins, we demonstrate the basis for substrate recognition and regioselectivity of thioamide formation based on extensive mutagenesis, biochemical, and binding studies. Finally, we report nucleotide-free and nucleotide-bound crystal structures for the YcaO proteins from M. kandleri Sequence and structure-guided mutagenesis with subsequent biochemical evaluation have allowed us to assign roles for residues involved in thioamidation and confirm that the reaction proceeds via backbone O-phosphorylation. These data assign a new biochemical reaction to the YcaO superfamily and paves the way for further characterization of additional peptide backbone posttranslational modifications.
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13
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Nayak DD, Mahanta N, Mitchell DA, Metcalf WW. Post-translational thioamidation of methyl-coenzyme M reductase, a key enzyme in methanogenic and methanotrophic Archaea. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28880150 PMCID: PMC5589413 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR), found in strictly anaerobic methanogenic and methanotrophic archaea, catalyzes the reversible production and consumption of the potent greenhouse gas methane. The α subunit of MCR (McrA) contains several unusual post-translational modifications, including a rare thioamidation of glycine. Based on the presumed function of homologous genes involved in the biosynthesis of thioviridamide, a thioamide-containing natural product, we hypothesized that the archaeal tfuA and ycaO genes would be responsible for post-translational installation of thioglycine into McrA. Mass spectrometric characterization of McrA from the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina acetivorans lacking tfuA and/or ycaO revealed the presence of glycine, rather than thioglycine, supporting this hypothesis. Phenotypic characterization of the ∆ycaO-tfuA mutant revealed a severe growth rate defect on substrates with low free energy yields and at elevated temperatures (39°C - 45°C). Our analyses support a role for thioglycine in stabilizing the protein secondary structure near the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti D Nayak
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, United States
| | - Nilkamal Mahanta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, United States
| | - Douglas A Mitchell
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, United States
| | - William W Metcalf
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, United States
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14
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Dunbar KL, Scharf DH, Litomska A, Hertweck C. Enzymatic Carbon-Sulfur Bond Formation in Natural Product Biosynthesis. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5521-5577. [PMID: 28418240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur plays a critical role for the development and maintenance of life on earth, which is reflected by the wealth of primary metabolites, macromolecules, and cofactors bearing this element. Whereas a large body of knowledge has existed for sulfur trafficking in primary metabolism, the secondary metabolism involving sulfur has long been neglected. Yet, diverse sulfur functionalities have a major impact on the biological activities of natural products. Recent research at the genetic, biochemical, and chemical levels has unearthed a broad range of enzymes, sulfur shuttles, and chemical mechanisms for generating carbon-sulfur bonds. This Review will give the first systematic overview on enzymes catalyzing the formation of organosulfur natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Dunbar
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel H Scharf
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan , 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2216, United States
| | - Agnieszka Litomska
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University , 07743 Jena, Germany
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