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Small-molecule inhibitor targeting the Hsp70-Bim protein-protein interaction in CML cells overcomes BCR-ABL-independent TKI resistance. Leukemia 2021; 35:2862-2874. [PMID: 34007045 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we screened a novel inhibitor of the Hsp70-Bim protein-protein interaction (PPI), S1g-2, from a Bcl-2 inhibitor library; this compound specifically disrupted the Hsp70-Bim PPI by direct binding to an unknown site adjacent to that of an allosteric Hsp70 inhibitor MKT-077, showing binding affinity in sub-μM concentration range. S1g-2 exhibited overall 5-10-fold higher apoptosis-inducing activity in CML cells, primary CML blasts, and BCR-ABL-transformed BaF3 cells than other cancer cells, normal lymphocytes, and BaF3 cells, illustrating Hsp70-Bim PPI driven by BCR-ABL protects CML through oncoclient proteins that enriched in three pathways: eIF2 signaling, the regulation of eIF4E and p70S6K signaling, and the mTOR signaling pathways. Moreover, S1g-2 progressively enhanced lethality along with the increase in BCR-ABL-independent TKI resistance in the K562 cell lines and is more effective in primary samples from BCR-ABL-independent TKI-resistant patients than those from TKI-sensitive patients. By comparing the underlying mechanisms of S1g-2, MKT-077, and an ATP-competitive Hsp70 inhibitor VER-155008, the Hsp70-Bim PPI was identified to be a CML-specific target to protect from TKIs through the above three oncogenic signaling pathways. The in vivo activity against CML and low toxicity endows S1g-2 a first-in-class promising drug candidate for both TKI-sensitive and resistant CML.
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Sosič I, Gobec M, Steinebach C, Schlesinger M, Bendas G, Gütschow M. Another structural correction for 1-oxo-1H-phenalene-2,3-dicarbonitriles: Synthesis of a potent BCL-2 inhibiting 7-phenoxy derivative. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2100151. [PMID: 34173255 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic scaffolds are an important part of biologically active compounds and molecular probes used to study biochemical pathways and the involved targeted proteins of interest. 1-Oxo-1H-phenalene-2,3-dicarbonitrile-based compounds have been described as inhibitors of the BCL-2 family of proteins, and this core structure represents numerous possibilities for modifications that could lead to improved inhibitory potencies. Many studies demonstrated intriguing characteristics of these compounds in terms of reactivity and, interestingly, some contradictory literature reports appeared about reaction outcomes to synthesize them. Here, we initially provide a condensed overview of transformations performed on the phenalene scaffold, followed by the resynthesis of a 6-phenoxy-substituted derivative. We show that the initial determination of this particular structure was wrong and provide two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) evidence to assign the structure properly. When preparing new derivatives using the same synthetic route, we observed 6- and 7-substituted regioisomers. After confirming their structures by NMR experiments, the ability of these compounds to inhibit BCL-2 was evaluated. The most potent 1-oxo-1H-phenalene-2,3-dicarbonitrile derivatives inhibited BCL-2 in the nanomolar range and showed double-digit micromolar cytotoxicity against four different cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izidor Sosič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Christian Steinebach
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Schlesinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerd Bendas
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Cell Biological Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Wang Z, Song T, Guo Z, Cao K, Chen C, Feng Y, Wang H, Yin F, Zhou S, Dai J, Zhang Z. Targeting the Allosteric Pathway That Interconnects the Core-Functional Scaffold and the Distal Phosphorylation Sites for Specific Dephosphorylation of Bcl-2. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13733-13744. [PMID: 33197310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is the most significant post-translational modification for regulating cellular activities, but site-specific modulation of phosphorylation is still challenging. Using three-dimensional NMR spectra, molecular dynamics simulations, and alanine mutations, we identified that the interaction network between pT69/pS70 and R106/R109 residues prevents the phosphorylation sites from exposure to phosphatase and subsequent dephosphorylation. A Bcl-2-dephosphorylation probe, S1-6e, was designed by installing a carboxylic acid group to a Bcl-2 inhibitor. The carboxyl group competitively disrupts the interaction network between R106/R109 and pT69/pS70 and subsequently facilitates Bcl-2 dephosphorylation in living cells. As a result, S1-6e manifests a more effective apoptosis induction in pBcl-2-dependent cancer cells than other inhibitors exhibiting a similar binding affinity for Bcl-2. We believe that targeting the allosteric pathways interconnecting the core-functional domain and the phosphorylation site can be a general strategy for a rational design of site-specific dephosphorylating probes, since the allosteric pathway has been discovered in a variety of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Ting Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Zongwei Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Keke Cao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Yingang Feng
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Hang Wang
- School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Fangkui Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Jian Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
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Guo Z, Song T, Xue Z, Liu P, Zhang M, Zhang X, Zhang Z. Using CETSA assay and a mathematical model to reveal dual Bcl-2/Mcl-1 inhibition and on-target mechanism for ABT-199 and S1. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 142:105105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Song T, Wang P, Yu X, Wang A, Chai G, Fan Y, Zhang Z. Systems analysis of phosphorylation-regulated Bcl-2 interactions establishes a model to reconcile the controversy over the significance of Bcl-2 phosphorylation. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:491-504. [PMID: 30500985 PMCID: PMC6329625 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The biological significance of the multi-site phosphorylation of Bcl-2 at its loop region (T69, S70 and S87) has remained controversial for decades. This is a major obstacle for understanding apoptosis and anti-tumour drug development. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We established a mathematical model into which a phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation process of Bcl-2 was integrated. Paclitaxel-treated breast cancer cells were used as experimental models. Changes in the kinetics of binding with its critical partners, induced by phosphorylation of Bcl-2 were experimentally obtained by surface plasmon resonance, using a phosphorylation-mimicking mutant EEE-Bcl-2 (T69E, S70E and S87E). KEY RESULTS Mathematical simulations combined with experimental validation showed that phosphorylation regulates Bcl-2 with different dynamics depending on the extent of Bcl-2 phosphorylation and the phosphorylated Bcl-2-induced changes in binding kinetics. In response to Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3)-only protein Bmf stress, Bcl-2 phosphorylation switched from diminishing to enhancing the Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic ability with increased phosphorylation of Bcl-2, and the turning point was 50% Bcl-2 phosphorylation induced by 0.2 μM paclitaxel treatment. In contrast, Bcl-2 phosphorylation enhanced the anti-apoptotic ability of Bcl-2 towards other BH3-only proteins Bim, Bad and Puma, throughout the entire phosphorylation procedure. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The model could accurately predict the effects of anti-tumour drugs that involve the Bcl-2 family pathway, as shown with ABT-199 or etoposide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of ChemistryDalian University of TechnologyDalianChina
| | - Peiran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of ChemistryDalian University of TechnologyDalianChina
| | - Xiaoyan Yu
- School of Life Science and TechnologyDalian University of TechnologyDalianChina
| | - Anhui Wang
- School of Innovation ExperimentDalian University of TechnologyDalianChina
| | - Gaobo Chai
- School of Life Science and TechnologyDalian University of TechnologyDalianChina
| | - Yudan Fan
- School of Life Science and TechnologyDalian University of TechnologyDalianChina
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of ChemistryDalian University of TechnologyDalianChina
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Song T, Wang Z, Ji F, Feng Y, Fan Y, Chai G, Li X, Li Z, Zhang Z. Deactivation of Mcl-1 by Dual-Function Small-Molecule Inhibitors Targeting the Bcl-2 Homology 3 Domain and Facilitating Mcl-1 Ubiquitination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Ziqian Wang
- School of Chemistry; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Fangling Ji
- School of Life Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; China
| | - Yingang Feng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology; CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels; Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao, Shandong China
| | - Yudan Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; China
| | - Gaobo Chai
- School of Chemistry; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Xiangqian Li
- Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao, Shandong China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- School of Chemistry; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- School of Chemistry; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian, Liaoning China
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Song T, Wang Z, Ji F, Feng Y, Fan Y, Chai G, Li X, Li Z, Zhang Z. Deactivation of Mcl-1 by Dual-Function Small-Molecule Inhibitors Targeting the Bcl-2 Homology 3 Domain and Facilitating Mcl-1 Ubiquitination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14250-14256. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Ziqian Wang
- School of Chemistry; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Fangling Ji
- School of Life Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; China
| | - Yingang Feng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology; CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels; Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao, Shandong China
| | - Yudan Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; China
| | - Gaobo Chai
- School of Chemistry; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Xiangqian Li
- Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao, Shandong China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- School of Chemistry; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- School of Chemistry; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian, Liaoning China
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Song T, Wang Z, Zhang Z. Substituted indole Mcl-1 inhibitors: a patent evaluation (WO2015148854A1). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:1227-1238. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1240786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Ziqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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