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Xue L, Yu D, Wang L, Sun J, Song Y, Jia Y, Wu A, Zhang B, Mi W, Fan H, Sun H. Selective Antitumor Activity and Photocytotoxicity of Glutathione-Activated Abasic Site Trapping Agents. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:797-803. [PMID: 35297620 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abasic (AP) sites are one of the most common DNA lesions in cells. Aldehyde-reactive alkoxyamines capture AP sites and block the activity of APE1, the enzyme responsible for initiating their repair. Blocking the APE1 repair of AP sites leads to cell death, and it is an actively investigated approach for treating cancer. However, unselective AP site capture in different cells produces side effects and limits the application of alkoxyamines in chemotherapy. Herein we take advantage of the higher glutathione (GSH) concentration in cancer cells over normal cells to develop GSH-inducible agents that selectively kill cancer cells. 2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfonamide caged coumarin-based alkoxyamines 1 and 2 are selectively revealed by GSH to release SO2 and fluorescent coumarin-based alkoxyamines 3 and 4 that trap AP sites in cells. GSH-directed AP site trapping and SO2 release result in selective cytotoxicity (defined as IC50WI38/IC50H1299) against H1299 lung cancer cells over normal WI38 lung cells, ranging from 1.8 to 2.8 for 1 and 2. The alkylating agent methylmethanesulfonate (MMS) promotes the formation of AP sites in cells and enhances the cytotoxicity of agent 1 in a dose-dependent way. Moreover, the comet assay and γH2AX assay suggest that AP adducts form a highly toxic DNA interstrand cross-link (ICL) upon photolysis, leading to further cell death. DNA flow cytometric analysis showed that 1 promoted cell apoptosis in the early stage and induced G2/M phase cell-cycle arrest. The 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide-caged alkoxyamines exhibited selective antitumor activity and photocytotoxicity in cancer cells, illuminating their potential as GSH-directed chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China
| | - Dehao Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China
| | - Jing Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China
| | - Ying Song
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China
| | - Ang Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Wenyi Mi
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China
| | - Heli Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China
| | - Huabing Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China
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Elskens J, Madder A. Crosslinker-modified nucleic acid probes for improved target identification and biomarker detection. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:410-422. [PMID: 34458792 PMCID: PMC8341421 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00236d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the intricate interaction pattern of nucleic acids with other molecules is essential to gain further insight in biological processes and disease mechanisms. To this end, a multitude of hybridization-based assays have been designed that rely on the non-covalent recognition between complementary nucleic acid sequences. However, the ephemeral nature of these interactions complicates straightforward analysis as low efficiency and specificity are rule rather than exception. By covalently locking nucleic acid interactions by means of a crosslinking agent, the overall efficiency, specificity and selectivity of hybridization-based assays could be increased. In this mini-review we highlight methodologies that exploit the use of crosslinker-modified nucleic acid probes for interstrand nucleic acid crosslinking with the objective to study, detect and identify important targets as well as nucleic acid sequences that can be considered relevant biomarkers. We emphasize on the usefulness and advantages of crosslinking agents and elaborate on the chemistry behind the crosslinking reactions they induce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Elskens
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281 Building S4 9000 Ghent Belgium +32-9-264-49-98 +32-9-264-44-72
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281 Building S4 9000 Ghent Belgium +32-9-264-49-98 +32-9-264-44-72
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Hsieh CJ, Sun M, Osborne G, Ricker K, Tsai FC, Li K, Tomar R, Phuong J, Schmitz R, Sandy MS. Cancer Hazard Identification Integrating Human Variability: The Case of Coumarin. Int J Toxicol 2019; 38:501-552. [PMID: 31845612 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819884544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Coumarin is a naturally occurring sweet-smelling benzopyrone that may be extracted from plants or synthesized for commercial uses. Its uses include as a flavoring agent, fragrance enhancer, and odor-masking additive. We reviewed and evaluated the scientific evidence on the carcinogenicity of coumarin, integrating information from carcinogenicity studies in animals with mechanistic and other relevant data, including data from toxicogenomic, genotoxicity, and metabolism studies, and studies of human variability of a key enzyme, CYP2A6. Increases in tumors were observed in multiple studies in rats and mice in multiple tissues. Our functional pathway analysis identified several common cancer-related biological processes/pathways affected by coumarin in rat liver following in vivo exposure and in human primary hepatocytes exposed in vitro. When coumarin 7-hydroxylation by CYP2A6 is compromised, this can lead to a shift in metabolism to the 3,4-epoxidation pathway and increased generation of electrophilic metabolites. Mechanistic data align with 3 key characteristics of carcinogens, namely formation of electrophilic metabolites, genotoxicity, and induction of oxidative stress. Considerations of metabolism, human variability in CYP2A6 activity, and coumarin hepatotoxicity in susceptible individuals provide additional support for carcinogenicity concern. Our analysis illustrates the importance of integrating information on human variability in the cancer hazard identification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChingYi Jennifer Hsieh
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Meng Sun
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Osborne
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Karin Ricker
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Feng C Tsai
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Kate Li
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Rajpal Tomar
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA.,Retired
| | - Jimmy Phuong
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rose Schmitz
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Martha S Sandy
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
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Rozelle AL, Kumar RN, Lee S. Photo-induced DNA interstrand cross-links formed by a coumarin-modified nucleoside. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 38:236-247. [PMID: 30922158 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2018.1515439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Coumarins are a class of naturally occurring compounds that have been shown to form photochemical DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs). However, study of a coumarin base has not been explored. Using nucleophilic substitution and phosphoramidite chemistry, we synthesized a coumarin base-containing oligonucleotide. Upon exposure to long-wave ultraviolet light, the coumarin-modified oligonucleotide formed ICLs with complementary oligonucleotide containing dT and dC opposite the coumarin base, presumably through a [2 + 2] cycloaddition mechanism. Moderate yields with both bases were observed; though, dT has a higher reactivity than dC. Overall, this work provides new means for biochemical characterization of ICLs formed by coumarins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Leland Rozelle
- a Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry , College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas , 78712 , USA
| | - Rayala Naveen Kumar
- a Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry , College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas , 78712 , USA
| | - Seongmin Lee
- a Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry , College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas , 78712 , USA
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Fujimoto K, Yamaguchi T, Inatsugi T, Takamura M, Ishimaru I, Koto A, Nakamura S. DNA photo-cross-linking using a pyranocarbazole-modified oligodeoxynucleotide with a d-threoninol linker. RSC Adv 2019; 9:30693-30697. [PMID: 35529377 PMCID: PMC9072208 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06145b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An alternative more efficient photo-cross-linker having a d-threoninol skeleton instead of the 2′-deoxyribose backbone in pyranocarbazole was investigated to improve the photoreactivity of photo-cross-linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Fujimoto
- Department of Advanced Institute Science and Technology
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
- Japan
| | - Tsubasa Yamaguchi
- Department of Advanced Institute Science and Technology
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
- Japan
| | - Takahiro Inatsugi
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory
- Advanced Technology Research Department
- In statute of Surface Science and Technology
- NICCA CHEMICAL CO., LTD
- Fukui-City
| | - Masahiko Takamura
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory
- Advanced Technology Research Department
- In statute of Surface Science and Technology
- NICCA CHEMICAL CO., LTD
- Fukui-City
| | - Isao Ishimaru
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory
- Advanced Technology Research Department
- In statute of Surface Science and Technology
- NICCA CHEMICAL CO., LTD
- Fukui-City
| | - Ayako Koto
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory
- Advanced Technology Research Department
- In statute of Surface Science and Technology
- NICCA CHEMICAL CO., LTD
- Fukui-City
| | - Shigetaka Nakamura
- Department of Advanced Institute Science and Technology
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
- Japan
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6
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Fan H, Sun H, Peng X. Substituents Have a Large Effect on Photochemical Generation of Benzyl Cations and DNA Cross-Linking. Chemistry 2018; 24:7671-7682. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heli Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; 3210 N. Cramer Street Milwaukee Wisconsin 53211 USA
| | - Huabing Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; 3210 N. Cramer Street Milwaukee Wisconsin 53211 USA
| | - Xiaohua Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; 3210 N. Cramer Street Milwaukee Wisconsin 53211 USA
- Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; 3210 N. Cramer Street Milwaukee Wisconsin 53211 USA
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Antusch L, Gaß N, Wagenknecht HA. Elucidation of the Dexter-Type Energy Transfer in DNA by Thymine-Thymine Dimer Formation Using Photosensitizers as Artificial Nucleosides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:1385-1389. [PMID: 28026075 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
C-nucleosides of 4-methylbenzophenone, 4-methoxybenzophenone, and 2'-methoxyacetophenone were synthetically incorporated as internal photosensitizers into DNA double strands. This structurally new approach makes it possible to study the distance dependence of thymidine dimer formation because the site of photoinduced triplet energy transfer injection is clearly defined. The counterstrands to these modified strands lacked the phosphodiester bond between the two adjacent thymidines that are supposed to react with each other. Their dimerization could be evidenced by gel electrophoresis because the covalent connection by cyclobutane formation between the two thymidines changes the mobility. A shallow exponential distance dependence for the formation of thymidine dimers over up to 10 A-T base pairs was observed that agrees with a Dexter-type triplet-triplet energy transfer mechanism. Concomitantly, a significant amount of photoinduced DNA crosslinking was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Antusch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nadine Gaß
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Antusch L, Gaß N, Wagenknecht H. Aufklärung des Dexter‐Energietransfers in DNA an der Thymin‐Thymin‐Dimerbildung mithilfe von Photosensibilisatoren als artifizielle Nucleoside. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Antusch
- Institut für Organische Chemie Karlsruher Institut für Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Nadine Gaß
- Institut für Organische Chemie Karlsruher Institut für Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Hans‐Achim Wagenknecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie Karlsruher Institut für Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
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