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Du Z, Gao F, Wang S, Sun S, Chen C, Wang X, Wu R, Yu X. Genome-Wide Investigation of Oxidosqualene Cyclase Genes Deciphers the Genetic Basis of Triterpene Biosynthesis in Tea Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10584-10595. [PMID: 38652774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Triterpenoids from Camellia species comprise a diverse class of bioactive compounds with great therapeutic potential. However, triterpene biosynthesis in tea plants (Camellia sinensis) remains elusive. Here, we identified eight putative 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) genes (CsOSC1-8) from the tea genome and characterized the functions of five through heterologous expression in yeast and tobacco and transient overexpression in tea plants. CsOSC1 was found to be a β-amyrin synthase, whereas CsOSC4, 5, and 6 exhibited multifunctional α-amyrin synthase activity. Molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis showed that the CsOSC6M259T/W260L double mutant yielded >40% lupeol, while the CsOSC1 W259L single mutant alone was sufficient for lupeol production. The V732F mutation in CsOSC5 altered product formation from friedelin to taraxasterol and ψ-taraxasterol. The L254 M mutation in the cycloartenol synthase CsOSC8 enhanced the catalytic activity. Our findings shed light on the molecular basis governing triterpene diversity in tea plants and offer potential avenues for OSC engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Du
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Center for Plant Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fuquan Gao
- Center for Plant Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shuyan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shuai Sun
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chanxin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaxia Wang
- Center for Plant Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ruimei Wu
- Center for Plant Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- Center for Plant Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Huang R, Wu D, Ji Z, Fan B, She Y, Zhang X, Duan L, Shen Q. Characterization of a Group of 2,3-Oxidosqualene Cyclase Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Diverse Triterpenoids of Perilla frutescens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2523-2531. [PMID: 36705014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Perilla frutescens (L.), a traditional edible and medicinal crop, contains diverse triterpenes with multiple pharmacological properties. However, the biosynthesis of triterpenes in perilla remains rarely revelation. In this study, nine putative 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) genes (PfOSC1-9) were screened from the P. frutescens genome and functionally characterized by heterologous expression. Camelliol C, a triterpenol with pharmacological effect, was first identified as abundant in perilla seeds, and the camelliol C synthase (PfOSC7) was first identified in P. frutescens utilizing a yeast system. In addition, PfOSC2, PfOSC4, and PfOSC9 were identified as cycloartenol, lupeol, and β-amyrin synthase, respectively. Molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that changes in Leu253 of PfOSC4, Ala480 of PfOSC7, and Trp257 of PfOSC9 might lead to variations of catalytic specificity or efficiency. These results will provide key insights into the biosynthetic pathways of triterpenoids and have great significance for germplasm breeding in P. frutescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshi Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Duan Wu
- Institute of Medical Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhongju Ji
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Baolian Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yaru She
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiande Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Qi Shen
- Institute of Medical Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Chen K, Zhang M, Ye M, Qiao X. Site-directed mutagenesis and substrate compatibility to reveal the structure-function relationships of plant oxidosqualene cyclases. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:2261-2275. [PMID: 33988197 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to May 2020Oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) catalyze one of the most complex polycyclization reactions in nature, using the linear 2,3-oxidosqualene to generate an array of triterpene skeletons in plants. Despite the structural diversity of the products, the protein sequences of plant OSCs are highly conserved, where a few key amino acids could govern the product selectivity. Due to the absence of crystal structures, site-directed mutagenesis and substrate structural modification become key approaches to understand the cyclization mechanism. In this review, 98 mutation sites in 25 plant OSCs have been summarized, and the conserved key residues have been identified by sequence alignment. Structure-function relationships are further discussed. Meanwhile, the substrate selectivity has been summarized to probe the active site cavity of plant OSCs. A total of 77 references are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
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Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Studies on Selective Synthesis of α-Amyrin and β-Amyrin by Oxidosqualene Cyclases from Ilex Asprella. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143469. [PMID: 31311103 PMCID: PMC6678101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyrins are the immediate precursors of many pharmaceutically important pentacyclic triterpenoids. Although various amyrin synthases have been identified, little is known about the relationship between protein structures and the constituent and content of the products. IaAS1 and IaAS2 identified from Ilex asprella in our previous work belong to multifunctional oxidosqualene cyclases and can produce α-amyrin and β-amyrin at different ratios. More than 80% of total production of IaAS1 is α-amyrin; while IaAS2 mainly produces β-amyrin with a yield of 95%. Here, we present a molecular modeling approach to explore the underlying mechanism for selective synthesis. The structures of IaAS1 and IaAS2 were constructed by homology modeling, and were evaluated by Ramachandran Plot and Verify 3D program. The enzyme-product conformations generated by molecular docking indicated that ASP484 residue plays an important role in the catalytic process; and TRP611 residue of IaAS2 had interaction with β-amyrin through π–σ interaction. MM/GBSA binding free energy calculations and free energy decomposition after 50 ns molecular dynamics simulations were performed. The binding affinity between the main product and corresponding enzyme was higher than that of the by-product. Conserved amino acid residues such as TRP257; TYR259; PHE47; TRP534; TRP612; and TYR728 for IaAS1 (TRP257; TYR259; PHE473; TRP533; TRP611; and TYR727 for IaAS2) had strong interactions with both products. GLN450 and LYS372 had negative contribution to binding affinity between α-amyrin or β-amyrin and IaAS1. LYS372 and ARG261 had strong repulsive effects for the binding of α-amyrin with IaAS2. The importance of Lys372 and TRP612 of IaAS1, and Lys372 and TRP611 of IaAS2, for synthesizing amyrins were confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. The different patterns of residue–product interactions is the cause for the difference in the yields of two products.
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Pütter KM, van Deenen N, Müller B, Fuchs L, Vorwerk K, Unland K, Bröker JN, Scherer E, Huber C, Eisenreich W, Prüfer D, Schulze Gronover C. The enzymes OSC1 and CYP716A263 produce a high variety of triterpenoids in the latex of Taraxacum koksaghyz. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5942. [PMID: 30976052 PMCID: PMC6459903 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Only very little is known about the resin composition of natural rubber from the dandelion species Taraxacum koksaghyz, thus its full characterization could provide new insights into how the isoprenoid end-products influence the physical properties of natural rubber, and this resin might be a good source of highly diverse triterpenoids. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the triterpenoid composition in an acetone extract and identified 13 triterpenes and triterpenoids also including the so far unknown pentacyclic compounds lup-19(21)-en-3-ol (1) and its ketone lup-19(21)-en-3-one (2). We purified single triterpenes from the acetone extract by developing a two-step HPLC system that is adapted to the structural differences of the described triterpenoids. Furthermore, we isolated six different oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) and two P450 enzymes, and we functionally characterized TkOSC1 and CYP716A263 in Nicotiana benthamiana and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in detail. TkOSC1 is a multifunctional OSC that was capable of synthesizing at least four of the latex-predominant pentacyclic triterpenes (taraxasterol, α-, β-amyrin and lup-19(21)-en-3-ol) while CYP716A263 oxidized pentacyclic triterpenes at the C-3 position. The identified enzymes responsible for biosynthesis and modification of pentacyclic triterpenes in T. koksaghyz latex may represent excellent tools for bioengineering approaches to produce pentacyclic triterpenes heterologously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Pütter
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Nicole van Deenen
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Boje Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lea Fuchs
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kirsten Vorwerk
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kristina Unland
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jan Niklas Bröker
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Emely Scherer
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Biochemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Claudia Huber
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Biochemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Biochemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Dirk Prüfer
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christian Schulze Gronover
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany.
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Jin J, Moore MK, Wilson WK, Matsuda SPT. Astertarone A Synthase from Chinese Cabbage Does Not Produce the C4-Epimer: Mechanistic Insights. Org Lett 2018; 20:1802-1805. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Aiba Y, Watanabe T, Terasawa Y, Nakano C, Hoshino T. Strictly Conserved Residues in Euphorbia tirucalli
β-Amyrin Cyclase: Trp612 Stabilizes Transient Cation through Cation-π Interaction and CH-π Interaction of Tyr736 with Leu734 Confers Robust Local Protein Architecture. Chembiochem 2018; 19:486-495. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Aiba
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050 Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Takumi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050 Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Yuri Terasawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050 Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Chiaki Nakano
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050 Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Hoshino
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture; Niigata University; Ikarashi 2-8050 Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
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