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Grundmann CO, Guzman J, Vilcinskas A, Pupo MT. The insect microbiome is a vast source of bioactive small molecules. Nat Prod Rep 2024. [PMID: 38411238 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00054k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Covering: September 1964 to June 2023Bacteria and fungi living in symbiosis with insects have been studied over the last sixty years and found to be important sources of bioactive natural products. Not only classic producers of secondary metabolites such as Streptomyces and other members of the phylum Actinobacteria but also numerous bacteria from the phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes and an impressive array of fungi (usually pathogenic) serve as the source of a structurally diverse number of small molecules with important biological activities including antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antiparasitic and specific enzyme inhibitors. The insect niche is often the exclusive provider of microbes producing unique types of biologically active compounds such as gerumycins, pederin, dinactin, and formicamycins. However, numerous insects still have not been described taxonomically, and in most cases, the study of their microbiota is completely unexplored. In this review, we present a comprehensive survey of 553 natural products produced by microorganisms isolated from insects by collating and classifying all the data according to the type of compound (rather than the insect or microbial source). The analysis of the correlations among the metadata related to insects, microbial partners, and their produced compounds provides valuable insights into the intricate dynamics between insects and their symbionts as well as the impact of their metabolites on these relationships. Herein, we focus on the chemical structure, biosynthesis, and biological activities of the most relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Guzman
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mônica Tallarico Pupo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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2
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Baranova MN, Pilipenko EA, Gabibov AG, Terekhov SS, Smirnov IV. Animal Microbiomes as a Source of Novel Antibiotic-Producing Strains. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:537. [PMID: 38203702 PMCID: PMC10779147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds continue to serve as the most fruitful source of new antimicrobials. Analysis of bacterial genomes have revealed that the biosynthetic potential of antibiotic producers by far exceeds the number of already discovered structures. However, due to the repeated discovery of known substances, it has become necessary to change both approaches to the search for antibiotics and the sources of producer strains. The pressure of natural selection and the diversity of interactions in symbiotic communities make animal microbiomes promising sources of novel substances. Here, microorganisms associated with various animals were examined in terms of their antimicrobial agents. The application of alternative cultivation techniques, ultrahigh-throughput screening, and genomic analysis facilitated the investigation of compounds produced by unique representatives of the animal microbiota. We believe that new strategies of antipathogen defense will be discovered by precisely studying cell-cell and host-microbe interactions in microbiomes in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita N. Baranova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.B.); (A.G.G.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Pilipenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.B.); (A.G.G.)
| | - Alexander G. Gabibov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.B.); (A.G.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav S. Terekhov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.B.); (A.G.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Smirnov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.N.B.); (A.G.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Qiu H, Xiao Y, Shen L, Han T, He Q, Li A, Zhang P, Cai X. Genome-driven discovery of new serrawettin W2 analogues from Serratia fonticola DSM 4576. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9029-9036. [PMID: 37930431 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01642k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
By expressing a multimodular NRPS gene sefA from Serratia fonticola DSM 4576 in E. coli, four new serrawettin W2 analogues, namely sefopeptides A-D (1-4), were isolated and structurally characterized and their biosynthesis was proposed. A bioactivity assay showed that sefopeptide C (3) exhibits moderate cytotoxic activity against acute promyelocytic leukemia NB4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ling Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiang He
- Xianning Public Inspection Center of Hubei Province, Xianning 437000, P. R. China
| | - Aiying Li
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaofeng Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing 100700, P. R. China
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D'Ambrosio HK, Keeler AM, Derbyshire ER. Examination of Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis in Apicomplexa. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300263. [PMID: 37171468 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural product discovery has traditionally relied on the isolation of small molecules from producing species, but genome-sequencing technology and advances in molecular biology techniques have expanded efforts to a wider array of organisms. Protists represent an underexplored kingdom for specialized metabolite searches despite bioinformatic analysis that suggests they harbor distinct biologically active small molecules. Specifically, pathogenic apicomplexan parasites, responsible for billions of global infections, have been found to possess multiple biosynthetic gene clusters, which hints at their capacity to produce polyketide metabolites. Biochemical studies have revealed unique features of apicomplexan polyketide synthases, but to date, the identity and function of the polyketides synthesized by these megaenzymes remains unknown. Herein, we discuss the potential for specialized metabolite production in protists and the possible evolution of polyketide biosynthetic gene clusters in apicomplexan parasites. We then focus on a polyketide synthase from the apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii to discuss the unique domain architecture and properties of these proteins when compared to previously characterized systems, and further speculate on the possible functions for polyketides in these pathogenic parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K D'Ambrosio
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Aaron M Keeler
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Emily R Derbyshire
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Li JY, Liu YF, Zhou L, Gang HZ, Liu JF, Sun GZ, Wang WD, Yang SZ, Mu BZ. A new biosurfactant-producing strain, Fictibacillus nanhaiensis ME46, isolated from an oil field in China. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37647352 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2240947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The genus Fictibacillus contains twelve species significant in the synthesis of cellulose-degrading enzymes and phenylalanine dehydrogenase, isolated mainly from marine sedimentary environments. Here, we report a new biosurfactant-producing strain, Fictibacillus nanhaiensis ME46, isolated from Daqing oil field in China. The biosurfactant extracted from Strain ME46 was determined as surfactin, one of the representative families of lipopeptide biosurfactants. The yield of the surfactin produced by strain ME46 was 0.62 g·L-1 as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the surfactin was estimated to be about 68 mg·L-1 and the surface tension at CMC was 35.1 mN·m-1. This study extended our knowledge about the role of the species Fictibacillus nanhaiensis in the ecosystem of natural environments such as the oil field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Fan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR), East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR), East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ze Gang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR), East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Daqing Huali Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Daqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang-Zheng Sun
- Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering and Technology, Shengli Oilfield Company, Sinopec, Dongying, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Dong Wang
- Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering and Technology, Shengli Oilfield Company, Sinopec, Dongying, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Zhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR), East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Zhong Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR), East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Secondary metabolic profiling of Serratia marcescens NP10 reveals new stephensiolides and glucosamine derivatives with bacterial membrane activity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2360. [PMID: 36759548 PMCID: PMC9911388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolic profiling, using UPLC-MSE and molecular networking, revealed the secondary metabolites produced by Serratia marcescens NP10. The NP10 strain co-produced cyclic and open-ring stephensiolides (i.e., fatty acyl chain linked to Thr-Ser-Ser-Ile/Leu-Ile/Leu/Val) and glucosamine derivatives (i.e., fatty acyl chain linked to Val-glucose-butyric/oxo-hexanoic acid), with the structures of sixteen new stephensiolides (L-Y) and three new glucosamine derivatives (L-N) proposed. Genome mining identified sphA (stephensiolides) and gcd (glucosamine derivatives) gene clusters within Serratia genomes available on NBCI using antiSMASH, revealing specificity scores of the adenylation-domains within each module that corroborates MSE data. Of the nine RP-HPLC fractions, two stephensiolides and two glucosamine derivatives exhibited activity against Staphylococcus aureus (IC50 of 25-79 µg/mL). 1H NMR analysis confirmed the structure of the four active compounds as stephensiolide K, a novel analogue stephensiolide U, and glucosamine derivatives A and C. Stephensiolides K and U were found to cause membrane depolarisation and affect the membrane permeability of S. aureus, while glucosamine derivatives A and C primarily caused membrane depolarisation. New members of the stephensiolide and glucosamine derivative families were thus identified, and results obtained shed light on their antibacterial properties and mode of membrane activity.
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Bioactive Lipodepsipeptides Produced by Bacteria and Fungi. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012342. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are a vital source for agriculture, medicine, cosmetics and other fields. Lipodepsipeptides (LPDs) are a wide group of natural products distributed among living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, yeasts, virus, insects, plants and marine organisms. They are a group of compounds consisting of a lipid connected to a peptide, which are able to self-assemble into several different structures. They have shown different biological activities such as phytotoxic, antibiotic, antiviral, antiparasitic, antifungal, antibacterial, immunosuppressive, herbicidal, cytotoxic and hemolytic activities. Their biological activities seem to be due to their interactions with the plasma membrane (MP) because they are able to mimic the architecture of the native membranes interacting with their hydrophobic segment. LPDs also have surfactant properties. The review has been focused on the lipodepsipeptides isolated from fungal and bacterial sources, on their biological activity, on the structure–activity relationships of some selected LPD subgroups and on their potential application in agriculture and medicine. The chemical and biological characterization of lipodepsipeptides isolated in the last three decades and findings that resulted from SCI-FINDER research are reported. A critical evaluation of the most recent reviews dealing with the same argument has also been described.
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Clements-Decker T, Kode M, Khan S, Khan W. Underexplored bacteria as reservoirs of novel antimicrobial lipopeptides. Front Chem 2022; 10:1025979. [PMID: 36277345 PMCID: PMC9581180 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1025979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products derived from microorganisms play a prominent role in drug discovery as potential anti-infective agents. Over the past few decades, lipopeptides produced by particularly Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, Paenibacillus, and cyanobacteria species, have been extensively studied for their antimicrobial potential. Subsequently, daptomycin and polymyxin B were approved by the Food and Drug Administration as lipopeptide antibiotics. Recent studies have however, indicated that Serratia, Brevibacillus, and Burkholderia, as well as predatory bacteria such as Myxococcus, Lysobacter, and Cystobacter, hold promise as relatively underexplored sources of novel classes of lipopeptides. This review will thus highlight the structures and the newly discovered scaffolds of lipopeptide families produced by these bacterial genera, with potential antimicrobial activities. Additionally, insight into the mode of action and biosynthesis of these lipopeptides will be provided and the application of a genome mining approach, to ascertain the biosynthetic gene cluster potential of these bacterial genera (genomes available on the National Center for Biotechnology Information) for their future pharmaceutical exploitation, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan Kode
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Sehaam Khan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Wesaal Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Wesaal Khan,
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Clements-Decker T, Rautenbach M, Khan S, Khan W. Metabolomics and Genomics Approach for the Discovery of Serrawettin W2 Lipopeptides from Serratia marcescens NP2. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:1256-1266. [PMID: 35438991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A metabolomics/peptidomics and genomics approach, using UPLC-MSE, molecular networking, and genome mining, was used to describe the serrawettin W2 lipopeptide family produced by Serratia marcescens NP2. Seven known serrawettin W2 analogues were structurally elucidated along with 17 new analogues, which varied based on the first (fatty acyl length of C8, C10, C12, or C12:1), fifth (Phe, Tyr, Trp, or Leu/Ile), and sixth (Leu, Ile, or Val) residues. Tandem MS results suggested that the previously classified serrawettin W3 may be an analogue of serrawettin W2, with a putative structure of cyclo(C10H18O2-Leu-Ser-Thr-Leu/Ile-Val). Chiral phase amino acid analysis enabled the distinction between l/d-Leu and l-Ile residues within nine purified compounds. 1H and 13C NMR analyses confirmed the structures of four purified new analogues. Additionally, genome mining was conducted using Serratia genome sequences available on the NCBI database to identify the swrA gene using the antiSMASH software. NRPSpredictor2 predicted the specificity score of the adenylation-domain within swrA with 100% for the first, second, and third modules (Leu-Ser-Thr), 60-70% for the fourth module (Phe/Trp/Tyr/Val), and 70% for the fifth module (Val/Leu/Ile), confirming MSE data. Finally, antibacterial activity was observed for compounds 6 and 11 against a clinical Enterococcus faecium strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Clements-Decker
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Marina Rautenbach
- BioPep Peptide Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Sehaam Khan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Wesaal Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Next-generation microbial drugs developed from microbiome's natural products. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2021; 108:341-382. [PMID: 34844715 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Scientists working in natural products chemistry have been enticed by the current advancements being made in the discovery of novel "magic bullets" from microbes homed to all conceivable environments. Even though researchers continue to face challenges funneling the novel bioactive compounds in the global therapeutic industries, it seems most likely that the discovery of some "hit molecules" with significant biomedical applications is not that far. We applaud novel natural products for their ability to combat the spread of superbugs and aid in the prevention of currently observed antibiotic resistance. This in-depth investigation covers a wide range of microbiomes with a proclivity for synthesizing novel compounds to combat the spread of superbugs. Furthermore, we use this opportunity to explore various groups of secondary metabolites and their biosynthetic pathways in various microbiota found in mammals, insects, and humans. This systematic study, when taken as a whole, offers detail understanding on the biomedical fate of various groups of compounds originated from diverse microbiomes. For gathering all information that has been uncovered and released so far, we have also presented the huge diversity of microbes that are associated with humans and their metabolic products. To conclude, this concrete review suggests novel ideas that will prove immensely helpful in reducing the danger posed by superbugs while also improving the efficacy of antibiotics.
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Nerpa: A Tool for Discovering Biosynthetic Gene Clusters of Bacterial Nonribosomal Peptides. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11100693. [PMID: 34677408 PMCID: PMC8541647 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial natural products are a major source of bioactive compounds for drug discovery. Among these molecules, nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) represent a diverse class of natural products that include antibiotics, immunosuppressants, and anticancer agents. Recent breakthroughs in natural product discovery have revealed the chemical structure of several thousand NRPs. However, biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding them are known only for a few hundred compounds. Here, we developed Nerpa, a computational method for the high-throughput discovery of novel BGCs responsible for producing known NRPs. After searching 13,399 representative bacterial genomes from the RefSeq repository against 8368 known NRPs, Nerpa linked 117 BGCs to their products. We further experimentally validated the predicted BGC of ngercheumicin from Photobacterium galatheae via mass spectrometry. Nerpa supports searching new genomes against thousands of known NRP structures, and novel molecular structures against tens of thousands of bacterial genomes. The availability of these tools can enhance our understanding of NRP synthesis and the function of their biosynthetic enzymes.
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Steven B, Hyde J, LaReau JC, Brackney DE. The Axenic and Gnotobiotic Mosquito: Emerging Models for Microbiome Host Interactions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:714222. [PMID: 34322111 PMCID: PMC8312643 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.714222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing availability of modern research tools has enabled a revolution in studies of non-model organisms. Yet, one aspect that remains difficult or impossible to control in many model and most non-model organisms is the presence and composition of the host-associated microbiota or the microbiome. In this review, we explore the development of axenic (microbe-free) mosquito models and what these systems reveal about the role of the microbiome in mosquito biology. Additionally, the axenic host is a blank template on which a microbiome of known composition can be introduced, also known as a gnotobiotic organism. Finally, we identify a "most wanted" list of common mosquito microbiome members that show the greatest potential to influence host phenotypes. We propose that these are high-value targets to be employed in future gnotobiotic studies. The use of axenic and gnotobiotic organisms will transition the microbiome into another experimental variable that can be manipulated and controlled. Through these efforts, the mosquito will be a true model for examining host microbiome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaire Steven
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Josephine Hyde
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jacquelyn C. LaReau
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Doug E. Brackney
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
- Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
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13
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Van Moll L, De Smet J, Cos P, Van Campenhout L. Microbial symbionts of insects as a source of new antimicrobials: a review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:562-579. [PMID: 34032192 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1907302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To stop the antimicrobial resistance crisis, there is an urgent need for increased investment in antimicrobial research and development. Currently, many researchers are focussing on insects and their microbiota in the search for new antimicrobials. This review summarizes recent literature dedicated to the antimicrobial screening of insect symbionts and/or their metabolites to uncover their value in early drug discovery. We summarize the main steps in the methodology used to isolate and identify active insect symbionts and have noted substantial variation among these studies. There is a clear trend in isolating insect Streptomyces bacteria, but a broad range of other symbionts has been found to be active as well. The microbiota of many insect genera and orders remains untargeted so far, which leaves much room for future research. The antimicrobial screening of insect symbionts has led to the discovery of a diverse array of new active biomolecules, mainly peptides, and polyketides. Here, we discuss 15 of these symbiont-produced compounds and their antimicrobial profile. Cyphomycin, isolated from a Streptomyces symbiont of a Cyphomyrmex fungus-growing ant, seems to be the most promising insect symbiont-derived antimicrobial so far. Overall, insect microbiota appears to be a promising search area to discover new antimicrobial drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Van Moll
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Geel, Belgium.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen De Smet
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Geel, Belgium.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leen Van Campenhout
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Geel, Belgium.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Levin D, Raab N, Pinto Y, Rothschild D, Zanir G, Godneva A, Mellul N, Futorian D, Gal D, Leviatan S, Zeevi D, Bachelet I, Segal E. Diversity and functional landscapes in the microbiota of animals in the wild. Science 2021; 372:science.abb5352. [PMID: 33766942 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb5352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Animals in the wild are able to subsist on pathogen-infected and poisonous food and show immunity to various diseases. These may be due to their microbiota, yet we have a poor understanding of animal microbial diversity and function. We used metagenomics to analyze the gut microbiota of more than 180 species in the wild, covering diverse classes, feeding behaviors, geographies, and traits. Using de novo metagenome assembly, we constructed and functionally annotated a database of more than 5000 genomes, comprising 1209 bacterial species of which 75% are unknown. The microbial composition, diversity, and functional content exhibit associations with animal taxonomy, diet, activity, social structure, and life span. We identify the gut microbiota of wild animals as a largely untapped resource for the discovery of therapeutics and biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daphna Rothschild
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.,Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Anastasia Godneva
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Sigal Leviatan
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - David Zeevi
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel.,Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ido Bachelet
- Wild Biotech, Rehovot, Israel.,Augmanity, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Segal
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel. .,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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15
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Dada N, Jupatanakul N, Minard G, Short SM, Akorli J, Villegas LM. Considerations for mosquito microbiome research from the Mosquito Microbiome Consortium. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:36. [PMID: 33522965 PMCID: PMC7849159 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00987-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been increasing interest in mosquito microbiome research, leading to large amounts of data on different mosquito species, with various underlying physiological characteristics, and from diverse geographical locations. However, guidelines and standardized methods for conducting mosquito microbiome research are lacking. To streamline methods in mosquito microbiome research and optimize data quality, reproducibility, and comparability, as well as facilitate data curation in a centralized location, we are establishing the Mosquito Microbiome Consortium, a collaborative initiative for the advancement of mosquito microbiome research. Our overall goal is to collectively work on unraveling the role of the mosquito microbiome in mosquito biology, while critically evaluating its potential for mosquito-borne disease control. This perspective serves to introduce the consortium and invite broader participation. It highlights the issues we view as most pressing to the community and proposes guidelines for conducting mosquito microbiome research. We focus on four broad areas in this piece: (1) sampling/experimental design for field, semi-field, or laboratory studies; (2) metadata collection; (3) sample processing, sequencing, and use of appropriate controls; and (4) data handling and analysis. We finally summarize current challenges and highlight future directions in mosquito microbiome research. We hope that this piece will spark discussions around this area of disease vector biology, as well as encourage careful considerations in the design and implementation of mosquito microbiome research. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nsa Dada
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Natapong Jupatanakul
- Protein-Ligand Engineering and Molecular Biology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Neung, Thailand
| | - Guillaume Minard
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sarah M Short
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Jewelna Akorli
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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16
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Qi SS, Bogdanov A, Cnockaert M, Acar T, Ranty-Roby S, Coenye T, Vandamme P, König GM, Crüsemann M, Carlier A. Induction of antibiotic specialized metabolism by co-culturing in a collection of phyllosphere bacteria. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:2132-2151. [PMID: 33393154 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A diverse set of bacteria live on the above-ground parts of plants, composing the phyllosphere, and play important roles for plant health. Phyllosphere microbial communities assemble in a predictable manner and diverge from communities colonizing other plant organs or the soil. However, how these communities differ functionally remains obscure. We assembled a collection of 258 bacterial isolates representative of the most abundant taxa of the phyllosphere of Arabidopsis and a shared soil inoculum. We screened the collection for the production of metabolites that inhibit the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria either in isolation or in co-culture. We found that isolates capable of constitutive antibiotic production in monoculture were significantly enriched in the soil fraction. In contrast, the proportion of binary cultures resulting in the production of growth inhibitory compounds differed only marginally between the phyllosphere and soil fractions. This shows that the phyllosphere may be a rich resource for potentially novel molecules with antibiotic activity, but that production or activity is dependent upon induction by external signals or cues. Finally, we describe the isolation of antimicrobial acyloin metabolites from a binary culture of Arabidopsis phyllosphere isolates, which inhibit the growth of clinically relevant Acinetobacter baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Shan Qi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexander Bogdanov
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, Bonn, 53115, Germany.,Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Margo Cnockaert
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tessa Acar
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sarah Ranty-Roby
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandamme
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Max Crüsemann
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Aurélien Carlier
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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17
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Maglangit F, Yu Y, Deng H. Bacterial pathogens: threat or treat (a review on bioactive natural products from bacterial pathogens). Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:782-821. [PMID: 33119013 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00061b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to the second quarter of 2020 Threat or treat? While pathogenic bacteria pose significant threats, they also represent a huge reservoir of potential pharmaceuticals to treat various diseases. The alarming antimicrobial resistance crisis and the dwindling clinical pipeline urgently call for the discovery and development of new antibiotics. Pathogenic bacteria have an enormous potential for natural products drug discovery, yet they remained untapped and understudied. Herein, we review the specialised metabolites isolated from entomopathogenic, phytopathogenic, and human pathogenic bacteria with antibacterial and antifungal activities, highlighting those currently in pre-clinical trials or with potential for drug development. Selected unusual biosynthetic pathways, the key roles they play (where known) in various ecological niches are described. We also provide an overview of the mode of action (molecular target), activity, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) towards bacteria and fungi. The exploitation of pathogenic bacteria as a rich source of antimicrobials, combined with the recent advances in genomics and natural products research methodology, could pave the way for a new golden age of antibiotic discovery. This review should serve as a compendium to communities of medicinal chemists, organic chemists, natural product chemists, biochemists, clinical researchers, and many others interested in the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleurdeliz Maglangit
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, College of Science, University of the Philippines Cebu, Lahug, Cebu City, 6000, Philippines. and Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK.
| | - Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Hai Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK.
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18
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Therapeutic applications and biological activities of bacterial bioactive extracts. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:4755-4776. [PMID: 34370077 PMCID: PMC8349711 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as pigments, alkaloids, antibiotics, and others. These bioactive microbial products serve a great application in human and animal health. Their molecular diversity allows these natural products to possess several therapeutic attributes and biological functions. That's why the current natural drug industry focuses on uncovering all the possible ailments and diseases that could be combated by bacterial extracts and their secondary metabolites. In this paper, we review the major utilizations of bacterial natural products for the treatment of cancer, inflammatory diseases, allergies, autoimmune diseases, infections and other diseases that threaten public health. We also elaborate on the identified biological activities of bacterial secondary metabolites including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antioxidant activities all of which are essential nowadays with the emergence of drug-resistant microbial pathogens. Throughout this review, we discuss the possible mechanisms of actions in which bacterial-derived biologically active molecular entities could possess healing properties to inspire the development of new therapeutic agents in academia and industry.
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19
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Ganley JG, Pandey A, Sylvester K, Lu KY, Toro-Moreno M, Rütschlin S, Bradford JM, Champion CJ, Böttcher T, Xu J, Derbyshire ER. A Systematic Analysis of Mosquito-Microbiome Biosynthetic Gene Clusters Reveals Antimalarial Siderophores that Reduce Mosquito Reproduction Capacity. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:817-826.e5. [PMID: 32619453 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advances in infectious disease control strategies through genetic manipulation of insect microbiomes have heightened interest in microbially produced small molecules within mosquitoes. Herein, 33 mosquito-associated bacterial genomes were mined and over 700 putative biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) were identified, 135 of which belong to known classes of BGCs. After an in-depth analysis of the 135 BGCs, iron-binding siderophores were chosen for further investigation due to their high abundance and well-characterized bioactivities. Through various metabolomic strategies, eight siderophore scaffolds were identified in six strains of mosquito-associated bacteria. Among these, serratiochelin A and pyochelin were found to reduce female Anopheles gambiae overall fecundity likely by lowering their blood-feeding rate. Serratiochelin A and pyochelin were further found to inhibit the Plasmodium parasite asexual blood and liver stages in vitro. Our work supplies a bioinformatic resource for future mosquito-microbiome studies and highlights an understudied source of bioactive small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack G Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ashmita Pandey
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Kayla Sylvester
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kuan-Yi Lu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Sina Rütschlin
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Cody J Champion
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Thomas Böttcher
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jiannong Xu
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Emily R Derbyshire
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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20
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Ganley JG, D'Ambrosio HK, Shieh M, Derbyshire ER. Coculturing of Mosquito-Microbiome Bacteria Promotes Heme Degradation in Elizabethkingia anophelis. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1279-1284. [PMID: 31845464 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles mosquito microbiomes are intriguing ecological niches. Within the gut, microbes adapt to oxidative stress due to heme and iron after blood meals. Although metagenomic sequencing has illuminated spatial and temporal fluxes of microbiome populations, limited data exist on microbial growth dynamics. Here, we analyze growth interactions between a dominant microbiome species, Elizabethkingia anophelis, and other Anopheles-associated bacteria. We find E. anophelis inhibits a Pseudomonas sp. via an antimicrobial-independent mechanism and observe biliverdins, heme degradation products, upregulated in cocultures. Purification and characterization of E. anophelis HemS demonstrates heme degradation, and we observe hemS expression is upregulated when cocultured with Pseudomonas sp. This study reveals a competitive microbial interaction between mosquito-associated bacteria and characterizes the stimulation of heme degradation in E. anophelis when grown with Pseudomonas sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack G Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Hannah K D'Ambrosio
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Meg Shieh
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Emily R Derbyshire
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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21
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Mai PY, Levasseur M, Buisson D, Touboul D, Eparvier V. Identification of Antimicrobial Compounds from Sandwithia guyanensis-Associated Endophyte Using Molecular Network Approach. PLANTS 2019; 9:plants9010047. [PMID: 31905762 PMCID: PMC7020175 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens and the increase of antimicrobial resistance constitutes a major health challenge, leading to intense research efforts being focused on the discovery of novel antimicrobial compounds. In this study, endophytes were isolated from different parts of Sandwithia guyanensis plant (leaves, wood and latex) belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family and known to produce antimicrobial compounds, and chemically characterised using Molecular Network in order to discover novel antimicrobial molecules. One fungal endophyte extract obtained from S. guyanensis latex showed significant antimicrobial activity with Minimal Inhibitory Concentration on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at 16 µg/mL. The chemical investigation of this fungus (Lecanicillium genus) extract led to the isolation of 5 stephensiolides compounds, four of which demonstrated antibacterial activity. Stephensiolide I and G showed the highest antibacterial activity on MRSA with a MIC at 4 and 16 µg/mL respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong-Y Mai
- Paris-Saclay CNRS ICSN, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles UPR 2301, Université Paris Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (M.L.); (D.T.)
| | - Marceau Levasseur
- Paris-Saclay CNRS ICSN, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles UPR 2301, Université Paris Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (M.L.); (D.T.)
| | - Didier Buisson
- Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN, Sorbonne Université, Paris CEDEX 05, 75006 Paris, France;
| | - David Touboul
- Paris-Saclay CNRS ICSN, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles UPR 2301, Université Paris Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (M.L.); (D.T.)
| | - Véronique Eparvier
- Paris-Saclay CNRS ICSN, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles UPR 2301, Université Paris Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (M.L.); (D.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-169-823-679
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22
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Clements T, Ndlovu T, Khan S, Khan W. Biosurfactants produced by Serratia species: Classification, biosynthesis, production and application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:589-602. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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