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Zhao Z, Laps S, Gichtin JS, Metanis N. Selenium chemistry for spatio-selective peptide and protein functionalization. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:211-229. [PMID: 38388838 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00579-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The ability to construct a peptide or protein in a spatio-specific manner is of great interest for therapeutic and biochemical research. However, the various functional groups present in peptide sequences and the need to perform chemistry under mild and aqueous conditions make selective protein functionalization one of the greatest synthetic challenges. The fascinating paradox of selenium (Se) - being found in both toxic compounds and also harnessed by nature for essential biochemical processes - has inspired the recent exploration of selenium chemistry for site-selective functionalization of peptides and proteins. In this Review, we discuss such approaches, including metal-free and metal-catalysed transformations, as well as traceless chemical modifications. We report their advantages, limitations and applications, as well as future research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguang Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shay Laps
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jacob S Gichtin
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Norman Metanis
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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2
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Wu CS, Cheng L. Recent Advances towards the Reversible Chemical Modification of Proteins. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200468. [PMID: 36201252 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are intriguing biomacromolecules for all living systems, not only as essential building blocks of organisms, but also as participants in almost every aspect of cellular activity such as metabolism and gene transcription/expression. Developing chemical biology tools that are capable of labeling/modifying proteins is a powerful method for decoding their detailed structures and functions. However, most current approaches heavily rely on the installation of permanent tags or genetic engineering of unnatural amino acids. There has been slow development in reversible chemical labeling using small organic probes and bioorthogonal transformations to construct site-selectively modified proteins and conditionally restore their activities or structures. This review summarizes recent advances in the field of chemical regulation of proteins with reversible transformations towards distinct motifs, including amino acid residues, amide backbones and native post-translational lysine. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Shuo Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Devi L, Kumar P, Kant R, Rastogi N. Exploiting the umpolung reactivity of diazo groups: direct access to triazolyl-azaarenes from azaarenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7062-7065. [PMID: 35648386 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01897g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The present work documents electrophilic substitution of azaarenes, mainly isoquinolines, with hypervalent iodine diazo reagents (HIDR) followed by formal [3+2]-dipolar cycloaddition in a tandem fashion. Other azaarenes viz. pyridines and phenanthridines too could be successfully used in the reaction. The methodology capitalizes on the umpolung nature of α-aryliodonio diazo compounds for installing a nucleophile, i.e. azaarene, at their α-position. Subsequent ylide formation and intramolecular 1,5-cyclization furnished 4,3-fused 1,2,4-triazolyl-azaarenes in good yields. The reaction is notable for its mild conditions, operational simplicity and fairly general scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Devi
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
| | - Ruchir Kant
- Biochemistry & Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, P.O. Box 173, Lucknow 226031, India.
| | - Namrata Rastogi
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Brewster RC, Hulme AN. Halomethyl-Triazoles for Rapid, Site-Selective Protein Modification. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185461. [PMID: 34576931 PMCID: PMC8471731 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are used by organisms to control protein structure and function after protein translation, but their study is complicated and their roles are not often well understood as PTMs are difficult to introduce onto proteins selectively. Designing reagents that are both good mimics of PTMs, but also only modify select amino acid residues in proteins is challenging. Frequently, both a chemical warhead and linker are used, creating a product that is a misrepresentation of the natural modification. We have previously shown that biotin-chloromethyl-triazole is an effective reagent for cysteine modification to give S-Lys derivatives where the triazole is a good mimic of natural lysine acylation. Here, we demonstrate both how the reactivity of the alkylating reagents can be increased and how the range of triazole PTM mimics can be expanded. These new iodomethyl-triazole reagents are able to modify a cysteine residue on a histone protein with excellent selectivity in 30 min to give PTM mimics of acylated lysine side-chains. Studies on the more complicated, folded protein SCP-2L showed promising reactivity, but also suggested the halomethyl-triazoles are potent alkylators of methionine residues.
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De Rosa L, Di Stasi R, Romanelli A, D’Andrea LD. Exploiting Protein N-Terminus for Site-Specific Bioconjugation. Molecules 2021; 26:3521. [PMID: 34207845 PMCID: PMC8228110 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a plethora of chemistries have been developed to selectively decorate protein molecules, novel strategies continue to be reported with the final aim of improving selectivity and mildness of the reaction conditions, preserve protein integrity, and fulfill all the increasing requirements of the modern applications of protein conjugates. The targeting of the protein N-terminal alpha-amine group appears a convenient solution to the issue, emerging as a useful and unique reactive site universally present in each protein molecule. Herein, we provide an updated overview of the methodologies developed until today to afford the selective modification of proteins through the targeting of the N-terminal alpha-amine. Chemical and enzymatic strategies enabling the selective labeling of the protein N-terminal alpha-amine group are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia De Rosa
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy; (L.D.R.); (R.D.S.)
| | - Rossella Di Stasi
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy; (L.D.R.); (R.D.S.)
| | - Alessandra Romanelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Luca Domenico D’Andrea
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, CNR Via M. Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
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Liu J, Huang J, Xin P, Liu G, Wu J. Biomedical applications of methionine-based systems. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:1961-1973. [PMID: 33537687 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm02180f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Methionine (Met), an essential amino acid in the human body, possesses versatile features based on its chemical modification, cell metabolism and metabolic derivatives. Benefitting from its multifunctional properties, Met holds immense potential for biomedical applications. In this review, we systematically summarize the recent progress in Met-based strategies for biomedical applications. First, given the unique structural characteristics of Met, two chemical modification methods are briefly introduced. Subsequently, due to the disordered metabolic state of tumor cells, applications of Met in cancer treatment and diagnosis are summarized in detail. Furthermore, the efficacy of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), as the most important metabolic derivative of Met, for treating liver diseases is mentioned. Finally, we analyze the current challenges and development trends of Met in the biomedical field, and suggest that Met-restriction therapy might be a promising approach to treat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Zhao R, Shi L. Reactions between Diazo Compounds and Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12282-12292. [PMID: 32424900 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Site-selective "cut and sew" transformations employing diazo compounds and hypervalent iodine(III) compounds involve the departure of leaving groups, a "cut" process, followed by a reorganization of the fragments by bond formation, a "sew" process. Bearing controllable cleavage sites, diazo compounds and hypervalent iodine(III) compounds play a critical role as versatile reagents in a wide range of organic transformations because their excellent nucleofugality allows for a large number of unusual reactions to occur. In recent years, the combination of diazo compounds and hypervalent iodine(III) reagents has emerged as a promising tool for developing new and valuable approaches, and has met considerable success. In this Minireview, this combination is systematically illustrated with recent advances in the field, with the aim of elaborating the synthetic utility and potential of this concept as a powerful strategy in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhao
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
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Zhao R, Shi L. Reactions between Diazo Compounds and Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhao
- School of Science Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Science Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
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