Coniferyl Alcohol Radical Detection by the Dirigent Protein AtDIR6 Monitored by EPR

The first high-quality chromosomal genome assembly of a medicinal and edible plant Arctium lappa

Arctium lappa has a long medicinal and edible history with great economic importance. Here, the first high-quality chromosome-level draft genome of A. lappa was presented by the Illumina and PacBio sequencing data. The assembled genome was approximately 1.79 Gb with a N50 contig size of 6.88 Mb. Approximately 1.70 Gb (95.4%) of the contig sequences were anchored onto 18 chromosomes using Hi-C data; the scaffold N50 was improved to be 91.64 Mb. Furthermore, we obtained 1.12 Gb (68.46%) of repetitive sequences and 32,771 protein-coding genes; 616 positively selected candidate genes were identified. Among candidate genes related to lignan biosynthesis, the following were found to be highly correlated with the accumulation of arctiin: 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), dirigent protein (DIR), and hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT). Additionally, we compared the transcriptomes of A. lappa roots at three different developmental stages and identified 8,943 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in these tissues. These data can be utilized to identify genes related to A. lappa quality or provide a basis for molecular identification and comparative genomics among related species.