1
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Esarev IV, Karge B, Zeng H, Lippmann P, Jones PG, Schrey H, Brönstrup M, Ott I. Silver Organometallics that are Highly Potent Thioredoxin and Glutathione Reductase Inhibitors: Exploring the Correlations of Solution Chemistry with the Strong Antibacterial Effects. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1753-1766. [PMID: 38606463 PMCID: PMC11091889 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The antibacterial activity of silver species is well-established; however, their mechanism of action has not been adequately explored. Furthermore, issues of low-molecular silver compounds with cytotoxicity, stability, and solubility hamper their progress to drug leads. We have investigated silver N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) halido complexes [(NHC)AgX, X = Cl, Br, and I] as a promising new type of antibacterial silver organometallics. Spectroscopic studies and conductometry established a higher stability for the complexes with iodide ligands, and nephelometry indicated that the complexes could be administered in solutions with physiological chloride levels. The complexes showed a broad spectrum of strong activity against pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. However, there was no significant activity against Gram-positive strains. Further studies clarified that tryptone and yeast extract, as components of the culture media, were responsible for this lack of activity. The reduction of biofilm formation and a strong inhibition of both glutathione and thioredoxin reductases with IC50 values in the nanomolar range were confirmed for selected compounds. In addition to their improved physicochemical properties, the compounds with iodide ligands did not display cytotoxic effects, unlike the other silver complexes. In summary, silver NHC complexes with iodide secondary ligands represent a useful scaffold for nontoxic silver organometallics with improved physicochemical properties and a distinct mechanism of action that is based on inhibition of thioredoxin and glutathione reductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Esarev
- Institute
of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bianka Karge
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for
Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Haoxuan Zeng
- Department
of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for
Infection Research GmbH and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig,
Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute
of Microbiology, Technische Universität
Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petra Lippmann
- Institute
of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter G. Jones
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Technische
Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hedda Schrey
- Department
of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for
Infection Research GmbH and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig,
Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute
of Microbiology, Technische Universität
Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for
Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute
of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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2
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Teixeira R, Stefanelli A, Pilon A, Warmers R, Fontrodona X, Romero I, Costa PJ, Villa de Brito MJ, Hudec X, Pirker C, Türck S, Antunes AMM, Kowol CR, Ott I, Brozovic A, Sombke A, Eckhard M, Tomaz AI, Heffeter P, Valente A. Paraptotic Cell Death as an Unprecedented Mode of Action Observed for New Bipyridine-Silver(I) Compounds Bearing Phosphane Coligands. J Med Chem 2024; 67:6081-6098. [PMID: 38401050 PMCID: PMC11056982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the anticancer activity of several novel silver(I) 2,2'-bipyridine complexes containing either triphenylphosphane (PPh3) or 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) ligands. All compounds were characterized by diverse analytical methods including ESI-MS spectrometry; NMR, UV-vis, and FTIR spectroscopies; and elemental analysis. Moreover, several compounds were also studied by X-ray single-crystal diffraction. Subsequently, the compounds were investigated for their anticancer activity against drug-resistant and -sensitive cancer cells. Noteworthily, neither carboplatin and oxaliplatin resistance nor p53 deletion impacted on their anticancer efficacy. MES-OV cells displayed exceptional hypersensitivity to the dppe-containing drugs. This effect was not based on thioredoxin reductase inhibition, enhanced drug uptake, or apoptosis induction. In contrast, dppe silver drugs induced paraptosis, a novel recently described form of programmed cell death. Together with the good tumor specificity of this compound's class, this work suggests that dppe-containing silver complexes could be interesting drug candidates for the treatment of resistant ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo
G. Teixeira
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento
de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade
de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Alessia Stefanelli
- Center
for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Adhan Pilon
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento
de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade
de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Rebecca Warmers
- Center
for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Xavier Fontrodona
- Departament
de Química and Serveis Tècnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, Girona 17071, Spain
| | - Isabel Romero
- Departament
de Química and Serveis Tècnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, Girona 17071, Spain
| | - Paulo J. Costa
- BioISI
- Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Villa de Brito
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento
de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade
de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Xenia Hudec
- Center
for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Christine Pirker
- Center
for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Sebastian Türck
- Institute
of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstr. 55, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Alexandra M. M. Antunes
- Centro de
Química Estrutural (CQE), Institute of Molecular Sciences,
Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico
(IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av Rovisco Pais 1, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Christian R. Kowol
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry,
University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 42, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute
of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstr. 55, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Anamaria Brozovic
- Division
of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković
Institute, Bijenička
cesta 54,Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Andy Sombke
- Center
for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Margret Eckhard
- Center
for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Ana Isabel Tomaz
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento
de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade
de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Center
for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Andreia Valente
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento
de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade
de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
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3
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Gil-Moles M, O'Beirne C, Esarev IV, Lippmann P, Tacke M, Cinatl J, Bojkova D, Ott I. Silver N-heterocyclic carbene complexes are potent uncompetitive inhibitors of the papain-like protease with antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1260-1271. [PMID: 37484561 PMCID: PMC10357933 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00067b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused a high demand for novel innovative antiviral drug candidates. Despite promising results, metal complexes have been relatively unexplored as antiviral agents in general and in particular against SARS-CoV-2. Here we report on silver NHC complexes with chloride or iodide counter ligands that are potent inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) but inactive against 3C-like protease (3CLpro) as another SARS-CoV-2 protease. Mechanistic studies on a selected complex confirmed zinc removal from a zinc binding domain of PLpro as relevant factor of their activity. In addition, enzyme kinetic experiments revealed that the complex is an uncompetitive inhibitor and with this rare type of inhibition it offers great pharmacological advantages in terms selectivity. The silver NHC complexes with iodide ligands showed very low or absent host cell toxicity and triggered strong effects on viral replication in cells infected with SARS-CoV-2, making them promising future antiviral drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gil-Moles
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Beethovenstr. 55 38106 Braunschweig Germany
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación de Síntesis Química (CISQ), Complejo Científico Tecnológico 26004 Logroño Spain
| | - Cillian O'Beirne
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Beethovenstr. 55 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Igor V Esarev
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Beethovenstr. 55 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Petra Lippmann
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Beethovenstr. 55 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Matthias Tacke
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute of Medical Virology, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40 60596 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Denisa Bojkova
- Institute of Medical Virology, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40 60596 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Beethovenstr. 55 38106 Braunschweig Germany
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4
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Display Differential Proteomic Responses to the Silver(I) Compound, SBC3. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020348. [PMID: 36830259 PMCID: PMC9952281 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The urgent need to combat antibiotic resistance and develop novel antimicrobial therapies has triggered studies on novel metal-based formulations. N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes coordinate transition metals to generate a broad range of anticancer and/or antimicrobial agents, with ongoing efforts being made to enhance the lipophilicity and drug stability. The lead silver(I) acetate complex, 1,3-dibenzyl-4,5-diphenylimidazol-2-ylidene (NHC*) (SBC3), has previously demonstrated promising growth and biofilm-inhibiting properties. In this work, the responses of two structurally different bacteria to SBC3 using label-free quantitative proteomics were characterised. Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) are associated with cystic fibrosis lung colonisation and chronic wound infections, respectively. SBC3 increased the abundance of alginate biosynthesis, the secretion system and drug detoxification proteins in P. aeruginosa, whilst a variety of pathways, including anaerobic respiration, twitching motility and ABC transport, were decreased in abundance. This contrasted the affected pathways in S. aureus, where increased DNA replication/repair and cell redox homeostasis and decreased protein synthesis, lipoylation and glucose metabolism were observed. Increased abundance of cell wall/membrane proteins was indicative of the structural damage induced by SBC3 in both bacteria. These findings show the potential broad applications of SBC3 in treating Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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5
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Belhi Z, Karci H, Dündar M, Gürbüz N, Özdemir İ, Koç A, Cheriti A, Özdemir İ. Novel benzimidazolium salts and their silver(I)- N-heterocyclic carbene complexes: synthesis, characterization and their biological properties. J COORD CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2164191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyneb Belhi
- Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Tahri Mohamed University, Bechar, Algeria
| | - Hüseyin Karci
- Drug Application and Research and Center, İnönü University, Malatya, Türkiye
- Catalysis Research and Application Center, İnönü University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Muhammet Dündar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, İnönü University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Nevin Gürbüz
- Drug Application and Research and Center, İnönü University, Malatya, Türkiye
- Catalysis Research and Application Center, İnönü University, Malatya, Türkiye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, İnönü University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - İlknur Özdemir
- Drug Application and Research and Center, İnönü University, Malatya, Türkiye
- Catalysis Research and Application Center, İnönü University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Koç
- Drug Application and Research and Center, İnönü University, Malatya, Türkiye
- Medical School, Department of Genetics, İnönü University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Abdelkrim Cheriti
- Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Tahri Mohamed University, Bechar, Algeria
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Art, İnönü University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - İsmail Özdemir
- Drug Application and Research and Center, İnönü University, Malatya, Türkiye
- Catalysis Research and Application Center, İnönü University, Malatya, Türkiye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, İnönü University, Malatya, Türkiye
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6
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Chen H, Lu Q, An H, Li J, Shen S, Zheng X, Chen W, Wang L, Li J, Du Y, Wang Y, Liu X, Baumann M, Tacke M, Zou L, Wang J. The synergistic activity of SBC3 in combination with Ebselen against Escherichia coli infection. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1080281. [PMID: 36588729 PMCID: PMC9797518 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1080281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli ranks as the number one clinical isolate in the past years in China according to The China Antimicrobial Surveillance Network (CHINET), and its multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogenic strains account for over 160 million cases of dysentery and one million deaths per year. Here, our work demonstrates that E. coli is highly sensitive to the synergistic combination of SBC3 [1,3-Dibenzyl-4,5-diphenyl-imidazol-2-ylidene silver (I) acetate] and Ebselen, which shows no synergistic toxicity on mammalian cells. The proposed mechanism for the synergistic antibacterial effect of SBC3 in combination with Ebselen is based on directly inhibiting E. coli thioredoxin reductase and rapidly depleting glutathione, resulting in the increase of reactive oxygen species that cause bacterial cell death. Furthermore, the bactericidal efficacy of SBC3 in combination with Ebselen has been confirmed in mild and acute peritonitis mice. In addition, the five most difficult to treat Gram-negative bacteria (including E. coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) are also highly sensitive to a synergistic combination of SBC3 and Ebselen. Thus, SBC3 in combination with Ebselen has potential as a treatment for clinically important Gram-negative bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- The Second People’s Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Second People’s Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Qianqian Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Haoyue An
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Juntong Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Shuchu Shen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Xi Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Jihong Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Youqin Du
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Yueqing Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Marcus Baumann
- The School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthias Tacke
- The School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland,*Correspondence: Lili Zou, ; Jun Wang, ; Matthias Tacke,
| | - Lili Zou
- The Second People’s Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Second People’s Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, Hubei, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,*Correspondence: Lili Zou, ; Jun Wang, ; Matthias Tacke,
| | - Jun Wang
- The People’s Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China,*Correspondence: Lili Zou, ; Jun Wang, ; Matthias Tacke,
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7
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Beato Z, Ryan B, Müller-Bunz H, Baumann M, Tacke M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of fluoro-substituted cationic and neutral antibiotic NHC* silver derivatives of SBC3. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Gascón E, Otal I, Maisanaba S, Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Valero E, Repetto G, Jones PG, Oriol L, Jiménez J. Gold(I) metallocyclophosphazenes with antibacterial potency and antitumor efficacy. Synergistic antibacterial action of a heterometallic gold and silver-cyclophosphazene. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13657-13674. [PMID: 36040292 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01963a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important uses of phosphazenes today involves its biomedical applications. They can also be employed as scaffolds for the design and construction of a variety of ligands in order to coordinate them to metallic drugs. The coordination chemistry of the (amino)cyclotriphosphazene ligand, [N3P3(NHCy)6], towards gold(I) complexes has been studied. Neutral complexes, [N3P3(NHCy)6{AuX}n] (X = Cl or C6F5; n = 1 or 2) (1-4), cationic complexes, [N3P3(NHCy)6{Au(PR3)}n](NO3)n (PR3 = PPh3, PPh2Me, TPA; n = 1, 2 or 3) (6-12) [TPA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane] and a heterometallic compound [N3P3(NHCy)6{Au(PPh3)}2{Ag(PPh3)}](NO3)3 (13) have been obtained and characterized by various methods including single-crystal X-ray diffraction for 7, which confirms the coordination of gold atoms to the nitrogens of the phosphazene ring. Compounds 1, 4, 6-13 were screened for in vitro cytotoxic activity against two tumor human cell lines, MCF7 (breast adenocarcinoma) and HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma), and for antimicrobial activity against five bacterial species including Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and Mycobacteria. Both the median inhibitory concentration (IC50) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values are among the lowest found for any gold or silver derivatives against the cell lines and particularly against the Gram-positive (S. aureus) strain and the mycobacteria used in this work. Structure-activity relationships are discussed in order to determine the influence of ancillary ligands and the number and type of metal atoms (silver or gold). Compounds 4 and 8 showed not only maximal potency on human cells but also some tumour selectivity. Remarkably, compound 13, with both gold and silver atoms, showed outstanding activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains (nanomolar range), thus having a cooperative effect between gold and silver, with MIC values which are similar or lower than those of gentamicine, ciprofloxacin and rifampicine. The broad spectrum antimicrobial efficacy of all these metallophosphazenes and particularly of heterometallic compound 13 could be very useful to obtain materials for surfaces with antimicrobial properties that are increasingly in demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gascón
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Isabel Otal
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Pediatría, Radiología y Salud Pública, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Maisanaba
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Área de Toxicología, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera, Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Llana-Ruiz-Cabello
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Área de Toxicología, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera, Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eva Valero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Área Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera, Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Guillermo Repetto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Área de Toxicología, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera, Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Peter G Jones
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luis Oriol
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón-Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Josefina Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
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9
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Piatek M, O'Beirne C, Beato Z, Tacke M, Kavanagh K. Exposure of Candida parapsilosis to the silver(I) compound SBC3 induces alterations in the proteome and reduced virulence. Metallomics 2022; 14:6617997. [PMID: 35751649 PMCID: PMC9348618 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial properties of silver have been exploited for many centuries and continue to gain interest in the fight against antimicrobial drug resistance. The broad-spectrum activity and low toxicity of silver have led to its incorporation into a wide range of novel antimicrobial agents, including N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes. The antimicrobial activity and in vivo efficacy of the NHC silver(I) acetate complex SBC3, derived from 1,3-dibenzyl-4,5-diphenylimidazol-2-ylidene (NHC*), have previously been demonstrated, although the mode(s) of action of SBC3 remains to be fully elucidated. Label-free quantitative proteomics was applied to analyse changes in protein abundance in the pathogenic yeast Candida parapsilosis in response to SBC3 treatment. An increased abundance of proteins associated with detoxification and drug efflux were indicative of a cell stress response, whilst significant decreases in proteins required for protein and amino acid biosynthesis offer potential insight into the growth-inhibitory mechanisms of SBC3. Guided by the proteomic findings and the prolific biofilm and adherence capabilities of C. parapsilosis, our studies have shown the potential of SBC3 in reducing adherence to epithelial cells and biofilm formation and hence decrease fungal virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Piatek
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Cillian O'Beirne
- School of School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Stillorgan, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Zoe Beato
- School of School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Stillorgan, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Matthias Tacke
- School of School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Stillorgan, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Minjárez-Sáenz M, Martínez-Júlvez M, Yruela I, Medina M. Mining the Flavoproteome of Brucella ovis, the Brucellosis Causing Agent in Ovis aries. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0229421. [PMID: 35315701 PMCID: PMC9045290 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02294-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavoproteins are a diverse class of proteins that are mostly enzymes and contain as cofactors flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and/or flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which enable them to participate in a wide range of physiological reactions. We have compiled 78 potential proteins building the flavoproteome of Brucella ovis (B. ovis), the causative agent of ovine brucellosis. The curated list of flavoproteins here reported is based on (i) the analysis of sequence, structure and function of homologous proteins, and their classification according to their structural domains, clans, and expected enzymatic functions; (ii) the constructed phylogenetic trees of enzyme functional classes using 19 Brucella strains and 26 pathogenic and/or biotechnological relevant alphaproteobacteria together with B. ovis; and (iii) the evaluation of the genetic context for each entry. Candidates account for ∼2.7% of the B. ovis proteome, and 75% of them use FAD as cofactor. Only 55% of these flavoproteins belong to the core proteome of Brucella and contribute to B. ovis processes involved in maintenance activities, survival and response to stress, virulence, and/or infectivity. Several of the predicted flavoproteins are highly divergent in Brucella genus from revised proteins and for them it is difficult to envisage a clear function. This might indicate modified catalytic activities or even divergent processes and mechanisms still not identified. We have also detected the lack of some functional flavoenzymes in B. ovis, which might contribute to it being nonzoonotic. Finally, potentiality of B. ovis flavoproteome as the source of antimicrobial targets or biocatalyst is discussed. IMPORTANCE Some microorganisms depend heavily on flavin-dependent activities, but others maintain them at a minimum. Knowledge about flavoprotein content and functions in different microorganisms will help to identify their metabolic requirements, as well as to benefit either industry or health. Currently, most flavoproteins from the sheep pathogen Brucella ovis are only automatically annotated in databases, and only two have been experimentally studied. Indeed, certain homologues with unknown function are not characterized, and they might relate to still not identified mechanisms or processes. Our research has identified 78 members that comprise its flavoproteome, 76 of them flavoenzymes, which mainly relate to bacteria survival, virulence, and/or infectivity. The list of flavoproteins here presented allows us to better understand the peculiarities of Brucella ovis and can be applied as a tool to search for candidates as new biocatalyst or antimicrobial targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Minjárez-Sáenz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Júlvez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Group of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Computational Biology “GBsC” (BIFI, Unizar) Joint Unit to CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Yruela
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
- Group of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Computational Biology “GBsC” (BIFI, Unizar) Joint Unit to CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Milagros Medina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Group of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Computational Biology “GBsC” (BIFI, Unizar) Joint Unit to CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
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11
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Thioredoxin reductase as a pharmacological target. Pharmacol Res 2021; 174:105854. [PMID: 34455077 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) belong to the pyridine nucleotide disulfide oxidoreductase family enzymes that reduce thioredoxin (Trx). The couple TrxR and Trx is one of the major antioxidant systems that control the redox homeostasis in cells. The thioredoxin system, comprised of TrxR, Trx and NADPH, exerts its activities via a disulfide-dithiol exchange reaction. Inhibition of TrxR is an important clinical goal in all conditions in which the redox state is perturbed. The present review focuses on the most critical aspects of the cellular functions of TrxRs and their inhibition mechanisms by metal ions or chemicals, through direct targeting of TrxRs or their substrates or protein interactors. To update the involvement of overactivation/dysfunction of TrxRs in various pathological conditions, human diseases associated with TrxRs genes were critically summarized by publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) catalogs and literature. The pieces of evidence presented here justify why TrxR is recognized as one of the most critical clinical targets and the growing current interest in developing molecules capable of interfering with the functions of TrxR enzymes.
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Büssing R, Karge B, Lippmann P, Jones PG, Brönstrup M, Ott I. Gold(I) and Gold(III) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes as Antibacterial Agents and Inhibitors of Bacterial Thioredoxin Reductase. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3402-3409. [PMID: 34268875 PMCID: PMC9290826 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of (NHC)Au(I)Cl monocarbene complexes and their gold(III) analogues (NHC)Au(III)Cl3 were prepared and investigated as antibacterial agents and inhibitors of bacterial TrxR. The complexes showed stronger antibacterial effects against the Gram-positive MRSA and E. faecium strains than against several Gram-negative bacteria. All complexes were efficient inhibitors of bacterial thioredoxin reductase, indicating that inhibition of this enzyme might be involved in their mechanism of action. The efficacy of gold(I) and gold(III) analogues was comparable in most of the assays. The cytotoxicity of the gold NHC compounds against cancer and human cells was overall weaker than the activity against the Gram-positive bacteria, suggesting that their optimization as antibacterials warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Büssing
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bianka Karge
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petra Lippmann
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter G Jones
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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O'Beirne C, Piatek ME, Fossen J, Müller-Bunz H, Andes DR, Kavanagh K, Patil SA, Baumann M, Tacke M. Continuous flow synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of NHC* silver carboxylate derivatives of SBC3 in vitro and in vivo. Metallomics 2020; 13:6055688. [PMID: 33595656 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic silver carbene compounds have been extensively studied and shown to be active agents against a host of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. By incorporating hypothesized virulence targeting substituents into NHC-silver systems via salt metathesis, an atom-efficient complexation process can be used to develop new complexes to target the passive and active systems of a microbial cell. The incorporation of fatty acids and an FtsZ inhibitor have been achieved, and creation of both the intermediate salt and subsequent silver complex has been streamlined into a continuous flow process. Biological evaluation was conducted with in vitro toxicology assays showing these novel complexes had excellent inhibition against Gram-negative strains E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae; further studies also confirmed the ability to inhibit biofilm formation in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and C. Parapsilosis. In vivo testing using a murine thigh infection model showed promising inhibition of MRSA for the lead compound SBC3, which is derived from 1,3-dibenzyl-4,5-diphenylimidazol-2-ylidene (NHC*).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cillian O'Beirne
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Stillorgan, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Magdalena E Piatek
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, W23F2H6 Co. Kildare, Republic of Ireland
| | - Jen Fossen
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Helge Müller-Bunz
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Stillorgan, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - David R Andes
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, W23F2H6 Co. Kildare, Republic of Ireland
| | - Siddappa A Patil
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Stillorgan, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Matthias Tacke
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Stillorgan, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
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