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Mekkattu Tharayil S, Mahawaththa MC, Feintuch A, Maleckis A, Ullrich S, Morewood R, Maxwell MJ, Huber T, Nitsche C, Goldfarb D, Otting G. Site-selective generation of lanthanoid binding sites on proteins using 4-fluoro-2,6-dicyanopyridine. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2022; 3:169-182. [PMID: 37904871 PMCID: PMC10539774 DOI: 10.5194/mr-3-169-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
The paramagnetism of a lanthanoid tag site-specifically installed on a protein provides a rich source of structural information accessible by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Here we report a lanthanoid tag for selective reaction with cysteine or selenocysteine with formation of a (seleno)thioether bond and a short tether between the lanthanoid ion and the protein backbone. The tag is assembled on the protein in three steps, comprising (i) reaction with 4-fluoro-2,6-dicyanopyridine (FDCP); (ii) reaction of the cyano groups with α -cysteine, penicillamine or β -cysteine to complete the lanthanoid chelating moiety; and (iii) titration with a lanthanoid ion. FDCP reacts much faster with selenocysteine than cysteine, opening a route for selective tagging in the presence of solvent-exposed cysteine residues. Loaded with Tb 3 + and Tm 3 + ions, pseudocontact shifts were observed in protein NMR spectra, confirming that the tag delivers good immobilisation of the lanthanoid ion relative to the protein, which was also manifested in residual dipolar couplings. Completion of the tag with different 1,2-aminothiol compounds resulted in different magnetic susceptibility tensors. In addition, the tag proved suitable for measuring distance distributions in double electron-electron resonance experiments after titration with Gd 3 + ions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mithun C. Mahawaththa
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide & Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Akiva Feintuch
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ansis Maleckis
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, 1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Sven Ullrich
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Richard Morewood
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Michael J. Maxwell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide & Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Thomas Huber
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Christoph Nitsche
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Daniella Goldfarb
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gottfried Otting
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide & Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Chung CZ, Krahn N. The selenocysteine toolbox: A guide to studying the 21st amino acid. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 730:109421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Miao Q, Nitsche C, Orton H, Overhand M, Otting G, Ubbink M. Paramagnetic Chemical Probes for Studying Biological Macromolecules. Chem Rev 2022; 122:9571-9642. [PMID: 35084831 PMCID: PMC9136935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paramagnetic chemical probes have been used in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for more than four decades. Recent years witnessed a great increase in the variety of probes for the study of biological macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, and oligosaccharides). This Review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing paramagnetic chemical probes, including chemical synthetic approaches, functional properties, and selected applications. Recent developments have seen, in particular, a rapid expansion of the range of lanthanoid probes with anisotropic magnetic susceptibilities for the generation of structural restraints based on residual dipolar couplings and pseudocontact shifts in solution and solid state NMR spectroscopy, mostly for protein studies. Also many new isotropic paramagnetic probes, suitable for NMR measurements of paramagnetic relaxation enhancements, as well as EPR spectroscopic studies (in particular double resonance techniques) have been developed and employed to investigate biological macromolecules. Notwithstanding the large number of reported probes, only few have found broad application and further development of probes for dedicated applications is foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Miao
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
- School
of Chemistry &Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an710021, China
| | - Christoph Nitsche
- Research
School of Chemistry, The Australian National
University, Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Henry Orton
- Research
School of Chemistry, The Australian National
University, Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide & Protein Science,
Research School of Chemistry, Australian
National University, Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Mark Overhand
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Gottfried Otting
- Research
School of Chemistry, The Australian National
University, Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide & Protein Science,
Research School of Chemistry, Australian
National University, Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Marcellus Ubbink
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
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Zhao Z, Shimon D, Metanis N. Chemoselective Copper-Mediated Modification of Selenocysteines in Peptides and Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12817-12824. [PMID: 34346673 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Highly valuable bioconjugated molecules must be synthesized through efficient, chemoselective chemical modifications of peptides and proteins. Herein, we report the chemoselective modification of peptides and proteins via a reaction between selenocysteine residues and aryl/alkyl radicals. In situ radical generation from hydrazine substrates and copper ions proceeds rapidly in an aqueous buffer at near neutral pH (5-8), providing a variety of Se-modified linear and cyclic peptides and proteins conjugated to aryl and alkyl molecules, and to affinity label tag (biotin). This chemistry opens a new avenue for chemical protein modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguang Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Daphna Shimon
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Norman Metanis
- Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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