1
|
Kim DS, Kim Y, Lee D, Lee Y. Design of 2-Pyridone Fluorophores for Brighter Emissions at Longer Wavelengths. Chemistry 2024:e202303458. [PMID: 38221142 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The recent discovery of blue fluorophores with high quantum yields based on pyridone structures inspired the development of new low-molecular-weight fluorophores with bright emissions at tunable wavelengths, which are highly attractive for various applications. In this study, we propose a rational design strategy for 2-pyridone-based fluorophores with bright emissions at long wavelengths. With a detailed understanding of the positional substitution effects on each carbon atom of the 2-pyridone core, we developed a bright blue fluorophore (λabs =377 nm; λem =433 nm; ϵ=13,200 M-1 cm-1 ; ϕF =88 %) through C3 -aryl and C4 -ester substitutions followed by cyclization. Furthermore, by applying the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) principle, we invented a bright green fluorophore through C3 - and C4 -diester and C6 -aryl substitutions. The ICT fluorophore based on the pyridone structure shows large molar absorptivity (ϵ=20,100 M-1 cm-1 ), longer emission wavelength (λem =539 nm), high emission quantum yield (ϕF =74 %), and large Stokes shift (Δv=5720 cm-1 ), which are comparable to those of practical fluorescent probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wickramasinghe NI, Corbin B, Kanakarathna DY, Pang Y, Abeywickrama CS, Wijesinghe KJ. Bright NIR-Emitting Styryl Pyridinium Dyes with Large Stokes' Shift for Sensing Applications. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:799. [PMID: 37622885 PMCID: PMC10452306 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Two NIR-emitting donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) type regioisomeric styryl pyridinium dyes (1a-1b) were synthesized and studied for their photophysical performance and environment sensitivity. The two regioisomers, 1a and 1b, exhibited interesting photophysical properties including, longer wavelength excitation (λex ≈ 530-560 nm), bright near-infrared emission (λem ≈ 690-720 nm), high-fluorescence quantum yields (ϕfl ≈ 0.24-0.72) large Stokes' shift (∆λ ≈ 150-240 nm) and high-environmental sensitivity. Probe's photophysical properties were studied in different environmental conditions such as polarity, viscosity, temperature, and concentration. Probes (1a-1b) exhibited noticeable changes in absorbance, emission and Stokes' shift while responding to the changes in physical environment. Probe 1b exhibited a significant bathochromic shift in optical spectra (∆λ ≈ 20-40 nm) compared to its isomer 1a, due to the regio-effect. Probes (1a-1b) exhibited an excellent ability to visualize bacteria (Bacillus megaterium, Escherichia coli), and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) via fluorescence microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Corbin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Devni Y. Kanakarathna
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Yi Pang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | | | - Kaveesha J. Wijesinghe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fang M, Zhou X, Wang S, Yang Y, Cheng Y, Wang B, Rong X, Zhang X, Xu K, Zhang Y, Zheng S. A novel near-infrared fluorescent probe with hemicyanine scaffold for sensitive mitochondrial pH detection and mitophagy study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 298:122791. [PMID: 37141839 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria, as an energy-producing powerhouse in live cells, is considered to be directly linked to cellular health. However, dysfunctional mitochondria and abnormal mitochondria pH would possibly activate mitophagy, cell apoptosis and intercellular acidification process. In this work, we synthesized a novel near infrared fluorescent probe (FNIR-pH) for measurement of mitochondrial pH based on the hemicyanine skeleton as a fluorophore. The FNIR-pH probe functioned as a mitochondrial pH substrate and exhibited quick and sensitive turn-on fluorescence responses to mitochondrial pH in basic solution due to the deprotonation of hydroxy group in the structure. From pH 3.0 to 10.0, the FNIR-pH exhibited almost 100-fold increase in fluorescence intensity at 766 nm wavelength. The FNIR-pH also displayed superior selectivity to various metal ions, excellent photostability, and low cytotoxicity, which facilitated further biological application. Owing to the proper pKa value of 7.2, the FNIR-pH paved the way for real-time monitoring of mitochondria pH changes in live cells and sensitive sensing of mitophagy. Moreover, the FNIR-pH probe was also implemented for fluorescent imaging of tumor-bearing mice to validate its potential application for in vivo imaging of bioanalytes and biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxi Fang
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, PR China; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, PR China
| | - Shaocai Wang
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, PR China
| | - Yinshuang Yang
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, PR China
| | - Yueting Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling, Chongqing 408100, PR China
| | - Boling Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling, Chongqing 408100, PR China
| | - Xiaoqian Rong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling, Chongqing 408100, PR China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, PR China
| | - Kai Xu
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, PR China.
| | - Yibin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling, Chongqing 408100, PR China.
| | - Shaohui Zheng
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang BZ, Zhou YC, Lin YW, Chen XC, Yu ZY, Xu YH, Tan JH, Huang ZS, Chen SB. Fluorescent Quinolinium Derivative as Novel Mitochondria Probe and Function Modulator by Targeting Mitochondrial RNA. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062690. [PMID: 36985661 PMCID: PMC10053327 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have a crucial role in regulating energy metabolism and their dysfunction has been linked to tumorigenesis. Cancer diagnosis and intervention have a great interest in the development of new agents that target biomolecules within mitochondria. However, monitoring and modulating mitochondria RNA (mtRNA), an essential component in mitochondria, in cells is challenging due to limited functional research and the absence of targeting agents. In this study, we designed and synthesized a fluorescent quinolinium derivative, QUCO-1, which actively lit up with mtRNA in both normal and cancer cells in vitro. Additionally, we evaluated the function of QUCO-1 as an mtRNA ligand and found that it effectively induced severe mitochondrial dysfunction and OXPHOS inhibition in RKO colorectal cancer cells. Treatment with QUCO-1 resulted in apoptosis, cell cycle blockage at the G2/M phase, and the effective inhibition of cell proliferation. Our findings suggest that QUCO-1 has great potential as a promising probe and therapeutic agent for mtRNA, with the potential for treating colorectal cancer.
Collapse
|
5
|
Abeywickrama CS. Large Stokes shift benzothiazolium cyanine dyes with improved intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) for cell imaging applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9855-9869. [PMID: 35983738 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03880c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intramolecular Charge Transfer (ICT) is a crucial photophysical phenomenon that can be used to improve the Stokes' shift in fluorescent dyes. The introduction of molecular asymmetry is a promising approach to mitigate significant drawbacks of the symmetric cyanine dyes due to their narrow Stokes' shifts (Δλ < 20 nm). In this feature article, we discuss recent progress towards improving the Stokes' shift (Δλ > 100 nm) in benzothiazolium-based fluorophore systems via efficient ICT and recent discoveries related to potentially useful live cell imaging applications of these asymmetric cyanine dyes. This article explores three interesting asymmetric benzothiazolium dye designs (D-π-A, π-A and D-π-2A) in detail while discussing their optical properties. The key advantage of these probes is the synthetic tunability of the probe's photophysical properties and cellular selectivity by simply modifying the donor (D) or the acceptor (A) group in the structure. These new asymmetric ICT fluorophore systems exhibit large Stokes' shifts, high biocompatibility, wash-free staining, red to NIR emission and facile excitation with commercially available laser wavelengths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chathura S Abeywickrama
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ding J, Kang X, Feng M, Tan J, Feng Q, Wang X, Wang J, Liu J, Li Z, Guan W, Qiao T. A novel active mitochondrion-selective fluorescent probe for the NIR fluorescence imaging and targeted photodynamic therapy of gastric cancer. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:4756-4763. [PMID: 35837996 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00684g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The annual morbidity and mortality due to gastric cancer are still high across the world, posing a serious threat to public health. Improving the diagnosis rate of gastric cancer and exploring new treatments are urgent issues in the clinical field. In recent years, photosensitizer (PS)-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) has proven to be an effective cancer treatment strategy and can be used to treat a variety of cancers. Developing PSs with tumor-targeting ability and high singlet oxygen yield (Φ(1O2)) is the key to improving the PDT effect. Herein, we developed a novel diagnosis and treatment system (Cy1395-NPs). Our active thio-photosensitizer is based on the sulfur substitution strategy as it can reduce the S1-T1 energy gap, which can promote the process of intersystem crossing (ISC), thus resulting in high ROS generation efficiency. Cy1395-NPs exhibited stable spectral characteristics, satisfactory biocompatibility and high 1O2 yield under laser irradiation due to the introduction of the sulfur atom. In cellular studies, Cy1395-NPs could specifically target MKN45 cells via integrin αvβ3-mediated cRGD endocytosis and selectively aggregate in the mitochondria. Cy1395-NPs had no obvious cytotoxicity for MKN45 cells and exerted obvious phototoxicity due to the production of 1O2 under laser irradiation. The in vivo results showed that the fluorescence signal from the tumor site was obviously enhanced in 16-48 h, and Cy1395-NPs could selectively target solid tumors with a retention time of about 32 h. Under laser irradiation, Cy1395-NPs significantly inhibited tumor growth and led to significant tumor suppression and apoptosis. In summary, the developed Cy1395-NPs could actively target tumors and exert mitochondrial selectivity, showing an excellent fluorescence imaging effect. Under the irradiation of an 808 nm laser, Cy1395-NPs achieved good inhibition of gastric cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, thus displaying the functions of tumor targeting, mitochondrial selectivity, fluorescence imaging and tumor inhibition. Our strategy provides a new diagnostic and treatment method for gastric cancers in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Xing Kang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Min Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Jiangkun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China.
| | - Qingzhao Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Xingzhou Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Zan Li
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China.
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Tong Qiao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abeywickrama CS, Baumann HJ, Bertman KA, Corbin B, Pang Y. The Unexpected Selectivity Switching from Mitochondria to Lysosome in a D-π-A Cyanine Dye. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:504. [PMID: 35884307 PMCID: PMC9313378 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two interesting benzothizolium-based D-π-A type hemicyanine dyes (3a-3b) with a diphenylamine (-NPh2) donor group were evaluated for fluorescence confocal microscopy imaging ability in live cells (MO3.13, NHLF). In sharp contrast to previously reported D-π-A dyes with alkyl amine donor (-NR2) groups (1), 3a and 3b exhibited significantly different photophysical properties and organelle selectivity. Probes 3a and 3b were nearly non-fluorescent in many polar and non-polar solvents but exhibited a bright red fluorescence (λem ≈ 630-640 nm) in stained MO3.13 and NHLF with very low probe concentrations (i.e., 200 nM). Fluorescence confocal microscopy-based co-localization studies revealed excellent lysosome selectivity from the probes 3a-3b, which is in sharp contrast to previously reported D-π-A type benzothiazolium dyes (1) with an alkyl amine donor group (-NR2) (exhibiting selectivity towards cellular mitochondria). The photostability of probe 3 was found to be dependent on the substituent (R') attached to the quaternary nitrogen atom in the cyanine dye structure. The observed donor-dependent selectivity switching phenomenon can be highly useful in designing novel organelle-targeted fluorescent probes for live-cell imaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chathura S. Abeywickrama
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (H.J.B.); (K.A.B.); (B.C.)
| | - Hannah J. Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (H.J.B.); (K.A.B.); (B.C.)
| | - Keti A. Bertman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (H.J.B.); (K.A.B.); (B.C.)
| | - Brian Corbin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (H.J.B.); (K.A.B.); (B.C.)
| | - Yi Pang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; (H.J.B.); (K.A.B.); (B.C.)
- Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Malfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease: New Therapeutic Hope. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4759963. [PMID: 35607703 PMCID: PMC9124149 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4759963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a critical role in neuron viability or death as it regulates energy metabolism and cell death pathways. They are essential for cellular energy metabolism, reactive oxygen species production, apoptosis, Ca++ homeostasis, aging, and regeneration. Mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics are thus essential processes in the quality control of mitochondria. Improvements in several fundamental features of mitochondrial biology in susceptible neurons of AD brains and the putative underlying mechanisms of such changes have made significant progress. AD's etiology has been reported by mitochondrial malfunction and oxidative damage. According to several recent articles, a continual fusion and fission balance of mitochondria is vital in their normal function maintenance. As a result, the shape and function of mitochondria are inextricably linked. This study examines evidence suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a significant early impact on AD pathology. Furthermore, the dynamics and roles of mitochondria are discussed with the link between mitochondrial malfunction and autophagy in AD has also been explored. In addition, recent research on mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in AD is also discussed in this review. It also goes into how these flaws affect mitochondrial quality control. Furthermore, advanced therapy techniques and lifestyle adjustments that lead to improved management of the dynamics have been demonstrated, hence improving the conditions that contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction in AD.
Collapse
|