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Wang YL, Chang CY, Hsu NS, Lo IW, Lin KH, Chen CL, Chang CF, Wang ZC, Ogasawara Y, Dairi T, Maruyama C, Hamano Y, Li TL. N-Formimidoylation/-iminoacetylation modification in aminoglycosides requires FAD-dependent and ligand-protein NOS bridge dual chemistry. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2528. [PMID: 37137912 PMCID: PMC10156733 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38218-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidized cysteine residues are highly reactive and can form functional covalent conjugates, of which the allosteric redox switch formed by the lysine-cysteine NOS bridge is an example. Here, we report a noncanonical FAD-dependent enzyme Orf1 that adds a glycine-derived N-formimidoyl group to glycinothricin to form the antibiotic BD-12. X-ray crystallography was used to investigate this complex enzymatic process, which showed Orf1 has two substrate-binding sites that sit 13.5 Å apart unlike canonical FAD-dependent oxidoreductases. One site could accommodate glycine and the other glycinothricin or glycylthricin. Moreover, an intermediate-enzyme adduct with a NOS-covalent linkage was observed in the later site, where it acts as a two-scissile-bond linkage facilitating nucleophilic addition and cofactor-free decarboxylation. The chain length of nucleophilic acceptors vies with bond cleavage sites at either N-O or O-S accounting for N-formimidoylation or N-iminoacetylation. The resultant product is no longer sensitive to aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, a strategy that antibiotic-producing species employ to counter drug resistance in competing species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Lin Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yuan Chang
- Department of Biology Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Ning-Shian Hsu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - I-Wen Lo
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Fon Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Zhe-Chong Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yasushi Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tohru Dairi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Chitose Maruyama
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan
- Fukui Bioincubation Center (FBIC), Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Hamano
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan.
- Fukui Bioincubation Center (FBIC), Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan.
| | - Tsung-Lin Li
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402, Taiwan.
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Chen BS, Zhang D, de Souza FZR, Liu L. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Marine-Derived Alkaloids via Enzymatic Reactions. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060368. [PMID: 35736171 PMCID: PMC9229328 DOI: 10.3390/md20060368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids are a large and structurally diverse group of marine-derived natural products. Most marine-derived alkaloids are biologically active and show promising applications in modern (agro)chemical, pharmaceutical, and fine chemical industries. Different approaches have been established to access these marine-derived alkaloids. Among these employed methods, biotechnological approaches, namely, (chemo)enzymatic synthesis, have significant potential for playing a central role in alkaloid production on an industrial scale. In this review, we discuss research progress on marine-derived alkaloid synthesis via enzymatic reactions and note the advantages and disadvantages of their applications for industrial production, as well as green chemistry for marine natural product research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Shuang Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China; (B.-S.C.); (D.Z.); (L.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China; (B.-S.C.); (D.Z.); (L.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Fayene Zeferino Ribeiro de Souza
- Centro Universitário Planalto do Distrito Federal, Universidade Virtual do Estado de São Paulo (UNIPLAN), Campus Bauru 17014-350, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-014-32452580
| | - Lan Liu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China; (B.-S.C.); (D.Z.); (L.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
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