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Chen Y, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Yin S, Hu Y, Ma G, Lu D, Sun J. Microglial integrin, chemokine receptors, and inflammatory response vary with development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 615:94-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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One Brain-All Cells: A Comprehensive Protocol to Isolate All Principal CNS-Resident Cell Types from Brain and Spinal Cord of Adult Healthy and EAE Mice. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030651. [PMID: 33804060 PMCID: PMC7999839 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, the role of each central nervous system (CNS)-resident cell type during inflammation, neurodegeneration, and remission has been frequently addressed. Although protocols for the isolation of different individual CNS-resident cell types exist, none can harvest all of them within a single experiment. In addition, isolation of individual cells is more demanding in adult mice and even more so from the inflamed CNS. Here, we present a protocol for the simultaneous purification of viable single-cell suspensions of all principal CNS-resident cell types (microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and neurons) from adult mice-applicable in healthy mice as well as in EAE. After dissociation of the brain and spinal cord from adult mice, microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and, neurons were isolated via magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). Validations comprised flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, as well as functional analyses (immunoassay and Sholl analysis). The purity of each cell isolation averaged 90%. All cells displayed cell-type-specific morphologies and expressed specific surface markers. In conclusion, this new protocol for the simultaneous isolation of all major CNS-resident cell types from one CNS offers a sophisticated and comprehensive way to investigate complex cellular networks ex vivo and simultaneously reduce mice numbers to be sacrificed.
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Gavegnano C, Haile W, Koneru R, Hurwitz SJ, Kohler JJ, Tyor WR, Schinazi RF. Novel method to quantify phenotypic markers of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder in a murine SCID model. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:838-845. [PMID: 32901392 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00842-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV infection in the CNS persists with reported increases in activation of macrophages (MΦ), microglia, and surrounding astrocytes/neurons, conferring HIV-induced inflammation. Chronic inflammation results in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) with reported occurrence of up to half of individuals with HIV infection. The existing HAND mouse model used by laboratories including ours, and the effect of novel agents on its pathology present with labor-intensive and time-consuming limitations since brain sections and immunohistochemistry assays have to be performed and analyzed. A novel flow cytometry-based system to objectively quantify phenotypic effects of HIV using a SCID mouse HAND model was developed which demonstrated that the HIV-infected mice had significant increases in astrogliosis, loss of neuronal dendritic marker, activation of murine microglia, and human macrophage explants compared to uninfected control mice. HIV p24 could also be quantified in the brains of the infected mice. Correlation of these impairments with HIV-induced brain inflammation and previous behavioral abnormalities studies in mice suggests that this model can be used as a fast and relevant throughput methodology to quantify preclinical testing of novel treatments for HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gavegnano
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Woldeab Haile
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30209, USA.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Raj Koneru
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30209, USA.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Selwyn J Hurwitz
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - James J Kohler
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - William R Tyor
- Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30209, USA. .,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA.
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Tan SW, Israf Ali DAB, Khaza'ai H, Wong JW, Vidyadaran S. Cellular uptake and anti-inflammatory effects of palm oil-derived delta (δ)-tocotrienol in microglia. Cell Immunol 2020; 357:104200. [PMID: 32979761 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tocopherols long dominated studies on vitamin E, although interest has shifted to tocotrienols. It was previously shown that δ-tocotrienol derived from palm oil reduced nitric oxide released by BV2 microglia as early as 18 h after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The current study measured δ-tocotrienol uptake by BV2 over a 24 h incubation period and its anti-inflammatory effects on primary microglia. Uptake of 17.5 μg/mL δ-tocotrienol by BV2 microglia began as early as 5 min and rose steeply to 21 ± 3% of the amount administered at 24 h. The amount of δ-tocotrienol retained in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglia at 24 h was 14 ± 2%, with no substantial difference seen in unstimulated microglia. The same δ-tocotrienol regimen reduced nitric oxide levels by 82% at 24 h after lipopolysaccharide stimulation (p < 0.05). This was accompanied by decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression by 67 ± 5% compared to untreated controls (p < 0.05). In primary microglia, δ-tocotrienol downregulated IL-1β production, but TNF-α and IL-6 were not affected. δ-Tocotrienol also reduced prostaglandin E2 production by ~78%% and decreased transcription of COX-2 and 5-LOX, but not COX-1. This study showed the anti-inflammatory effects of δ-tocotrienol derived from palm oil and opens up interest for tocotrienol supplementation to reduce the effects of inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Wei Tan
- Neuroinflammation Group, Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Daud Ahmad Bin Israf Ali
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Huzwah Khaza'ai
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Jia Woei Wong
- Attest Research Sdn Bhd, Kompleks EUREKA, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Sharmili Vidyadaran
- Neuroinflammation Group, Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
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Gavegnano C, Haile WB, Hurwitz S, Tao S, Jiang Y, Schinazi RF, Tyor WR. Baricitinib reverses HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in a SCID mouse model and reservoir seeding in vitro. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:182. [PMID: 31561750 PMCID: PMC6764124 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) occur in up to half of HIV-positive individuals, even with combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), adjunctive therapies are needed. Chronic CNS inflammation contributes to HAND and HIV encephalitis (HIVE). Baricitinib is a JAK 1/2 inhibitor approved in the USA, EU, and Japan for rheumatoid arthritis, demonstrating potent inhibition of IL-6, D-dimer, CRP, TNF-α, IFN-α/β, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. Methods Our modified murine HAND model was used to evaluate the ability of baricitinib to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and modulate monocyte/macrophage-driven HAND. Severity of HAND was measured by assessing cognitive performance of low- and high-dose baricitinib treated versus untreated HAND mice. The severity of brain neuroinflammation was evaluated in these mouse groups after flow cytometric analyses. We also assessed the ability of baricitinib to block events in myeloid and lymphoid cells in vitro that may undergird the persistence of HIV in the central nervous system (CNS) in primary human macrophages (Mϕ) and lymphocytes including HIV replication, HIV-induced activation, reservoir expansion, and reservoir maintenance. Results In vivo, both doses of 10 and 50 mg/kg qd baricitinib crossed the BBB and reversed behavioral abnormalities conferred by HIV infection. Moreover, baricitinib significantly reduced HIV-induced neuroinflammation marked by glial activation: activated microglia (MHCII+/CD45+) and astrogliosis (GFAP). Baricitinib also significantly reduced the percentage of p24+ human macrophages in mouse brains (p < 0.05 versus HAND mice; t test). In vitro, baricitinib significantly reduced markers of persistence, reservoir size, and reseeding in Mϕ. Conclusion These results show that blocking the JAK/STAT pathway reverses cognitive deficits and curtails inflammatory markers in HAND in mice. Our group recently reported safety and tolerability of ruxolitinib in HIV-infected individuals (Marconi et al., Safety, tolerability and immunologic activity of ruxolitinib added to suppressive ART, 2019), underscoring potential safety and utility of JAK inhibitors for additional human trials. The data reported herein coupled with our recent human trial with JAK inhibitors provide compelling preclinical data and impetus for considering a trial of baricitinib in HAND individuals treated with cART to reverse cognitive deficits and key events driving viral persistence. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1565-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gavegnano
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Woldeab B Haile
- Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30209, USA.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Selwyn Hurwitz
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sijia Tao
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yong Jiang
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - William R Tyor
- Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30209, USA. .,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA.
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Li Y, Yang YY, Ren JL, Xu F, Chen FM, Li A. Exosomes secreted by stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth contribute to functional recovery after traumatic brain injury by shifting microglia M1/M2 polarization in rats. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:198. [PMID: 28962585 PMCID: PMC5622448 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0648-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major causes of mortality and disability for all ages worldwide. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-originated exosomes have provided therapeutic effects. However, as an indispensable component of MSCs, whether odontogenic stem cell-generated exosomes could benefit TBI is still unclear. Thus we aimed to explore the potential of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth-originated exosomes (SHED-Ex) for the management of TBI. METHODS First, a transwell system was used to co-culture activated BV-2 microglia cells with SHED. The secretion levels of neuroinflammatory factors and nitrite were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Griess assay. Furthermore, purified SHED-Ex were co-cultured with activated BV-2. ELISA, Griess assay, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and qRT-PCR were performed to test the levels of inflammatory factors as well as the microglia phenotype. Finally, SHED and SHED-Ex were locally injected into TBI rat models. Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scores were chosen to evaluate the motor functional recovery. Histopathology and immunofluorescence were performed to measure the lesion volume and neuroinflammation. RESULTS As a result, SHED-Ex could reduce neuroinflammation by shifting microglia polarization. The administration of SHED-Ex improves rat motor functional recovery and reduces cortical lesion compared with the control group 2 weeks post-injury (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The current study demonstrates for the first time that SHED-Ex contribute a therapeutic benefit to TBI in rats, at least in part by shifting microglia polarization to reduce neuroinflammation. The use of odontogenic stem cells, and indeed their exosomes, may be expanded for the treatment of TBI or other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi Wu Road No.98, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi Wu Road No.98, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Jia-Li Ren
- Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi Wu Road No.98, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fa-Ming Chen
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. .,Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi Wu Road No.98, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China.
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Lin L, Desai R, Wang X, Lo EH, Xing C. Characteristics of primary rat microglia isolated from mixed cultures using two different methods. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:101. [PMID: 28482909 PMCID: PMC5422983 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglial cultures comprise a critically important model system for investigating inflammatory mechanisms in almost all CNS disorders. Mild trypsinization and shaking are the two most commonly used methods to isolate primary microglia from mixed glial cultures. In this study, we characterized and compared microglia obtained using these two methods. Methods Primary rat microglia cultures were prepared from cerebral cortices of 1–2-day-old neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats. After achieving confluency at about 14 days in vitro, microglia were isolated from mixed glial cultures via either mild trypsinization or shaking. The purity of microglia was estimated by flow cytometry. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure mRNA expression. TNFα, IL-1β, IL-10, and IGF-1 in cell culture supernatant were measured using ELISA kits. Phagocytic function was assessed using fluorescein-labeled Escherichia coli K-12 BioParticles. Results Mild trypsinization generated a higher yield and purity than shaking. Microglia isolated by mild trypsinization appeared to be in a quiescent state with ramified morphology. Microglia isolated by shaking showed a more heterogenous morphology, including cells with rounded shapes suggestive of activation. Compared with shaking, microglia isolated by trypsinization also had lower baseline phenotype markers (iNOS, CD86, CD206, and arginase 1) and lower levels of cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-10, and IGF-1) as well as reduced phagocytic capability. Both methods yielded microglia that were responsive to various stimuli such as IL-4, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or interferon-γ (IFNγ). Although stimulated patterns of gene expression and cytokine release were generally similar, there were also significant differences in terms of absolute response. LPS treatment induced significantly higher levels of TNFα and IL-10 in microglia isolated by mild trypsinization versus shaking. IFNγ induced a lower response in TNFα in microglia obtained by mild trypsinization versus shaking. Conclusions Our results suggest that isolating microglia with the shaking method may induce slight activation even at baseline, and this may affect stimulus responses in subsequent experiments. Caution and attention should be warranted when choosing isolation protocols for primary microglia cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MGH East 149-2401, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Rakhi Desai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MGH East 149-2401, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MGH East 149-2401, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MGH East 149-2401, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
| | - Changhong Xing
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MGH East 149-2401, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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Watson PMD, Kavanagh E, Allenby G, Vassey M. Bioengineered 3D Glial Cell Culture Systems and Applications for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 22:583-601. [PMID: 28346104 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217691450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation are key features in a range of chronic central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, as well as acute conditions like stroke and traumatic brain injury, for which there remains significant unmet clinical need. It is now well recognized that current cell culture methodologies are limited in their ability to recapitulate the cellular environment that is present in vivo, and there is a growing body of evidence to show that three-dimensional (3D) culture systems represent a more physiologically accurate model than traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures. Given the complexity of the environment from which cells originate, and their various cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, it is important to develop models that can be controlled and reproducible for drug discovery. 3D cell models have now been developed for almost all CNS cell types, including neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocyte cells. This review will highlight a number of current and emerging techniques for the culture of astrocytes and microglia, glial cell types with a critical role in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory conditions. We describe recent advances in glial cell culture using electrospun polymers and hydrogel macromolecules, and highlight how these novel culture environments influence astrocyte and microglial phenotypes in vitro, as compared to traditional 2D systems. These models will be explored to illuminate current trends in the techniques used to create 3D environments for application in research and drug discovery focused on astrocytes and microglial cells.
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Pandey K, Nahar A, Kadokawa H. Method for isolating pure bovine gonadotrophs from anterior pituitary using magnetic nanoparticles and anti-gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antibody. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1699-1702. [PMID: 27430292 PMCID: PMC5138424 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
No methods are currently available for rapidly isolating gonadotrophs from the anterior
pituitary (AP) in any species. We developed a method for preparing pure bovine
gonadotrophs from a heterogeneous AP cell mixture by magnetic separation and our original
antibody against the N terminus of bovine gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR).
A bovine AP cell mixture was incubated with the anti-GnRHR antibody, anti-dextran
antibody-conjugated secondary antibody and dextran-coated magnetic nanoparticles for
magnetic isolation. Approximately 5.2 × 106 cells were isolated per AP of
Japanese Black heifers (26 months of age) and cultured, and confocal microscopy confirmed
to be GnRHR- and luteinizing hormone-positive, corresponding to a purity of 100%.
Approximately 44.5 µg of total protein was extracted from the pure
gonadotrophs per AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Pandey
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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