Overexpression of miR-329-3p sensitizes osteosarcoma cells to cisplatin through suppression of glucose metabolism by targeting LDHA

Research progress on the role of lncRNA, circular RNA, and microRNA networks in regulating ferroptosis in osteosarcoma

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) do not participate in protein-coding. Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of cell death mediated by reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. Recent studies have shown that ncRNAs such as microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, circular RNAs, and ferroptosis are involved in the occurrence and development of osteosarcoma (OS). Studies have confirmed that ncRNAs participate in the development of OS by regulating the ferroptosis. However, systematic summary on this topic are still lacking. This review summarises the potential role of ncRNAs in the diagnosis, treatment, drug resistance, and prognosis of OS and the basis for diagnosing, preventing, and treating clinical OS and developing effective drugs. This review summarises the latest research progress on ncRNAs that regulate ferroptosis in OS, attempts to clarify the molecular mechanisms by which ncRNAs regulate ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of OS, and elaborates on the involvement of ferroptosis in OS from the perspective of ncRNAs.

miR-329b-5p Affects Sheep Intestinal Epithelial Cells against Escherichia coli F17 Infection

Diarrhea is the most common issue in sheep farms, typically due to pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections, such as E. coli F17. microRNA, a primary type of non-coding RNA, has been shown to be involved in diarrhea caused by pathogenic E. coli. To elucidate the profound mechanisms of miRNA in E. coli F17 infections, methods such as E. coli F17 adhesion assay, colony counting assay, relative quantification of bacterial E. coli fimbriae gene expression, indirect immune fluorescence (IF), Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), Western blotting (WB), and scratch assay were conducted to investigate the effect of miR-329b-5p overexpression/knock-down on E. coli F17 susceptibility of sheep intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). The findings indicated that miR-329b-5p enhances the E. coli F17 resistance of sheep IECs to E.coli F17 by promoting adhesion between E. coli F17 and IEC, as well as IEC proliferation and migration. In summary, miR-329b-5p plays a crucial role in the defense of sheep IECs against E. coli F17 infection, providing valuable insights into its mechanism of action.

Deciphering chemoresistance in osteosarcoma: Unveiling regulatory mechanisms and function through the lens of noncoding RNA

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary malignant bone tumor and is prevalent in children, adolescents, and elderly individuals. It has the characteristics of high invasion and metastasis. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with surgical resection is the most commonly used treatment for OS. However, the efficacy of OS is considerably diminished by chemotherapy resistance. In recent years, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs, are hot topics in the field of chemotherapy resistance research. Several studies have demonstrated that ncRNAs are substantially associated with chemoresistance in OS. Thus, the present study overviews the abnormally expressed ncRNAs in OS and the molecular mechanisms involved in chemoresistance, with an emphasis on their function in promoting or inhibiting chemoresistance. ncRNAs are expected to become potential therapeutic targets for overcoming drug resistance and predictive biomarkers in OS, which are of great significance for enhancing the therapeutic effect and improving the prognosis.

Reprogramming of glucose metabolism: Metabolic alterations in the progression of osteosarcoma

Metabolic reprogramming is an adaptive response of tumour cells under hypoxia and low nutrition conditions. There is increasing evidence that glucose metabolism reprogramming can regulate the growth and metastasis of osteosarcoma (OS). Reprogramming in the progress of OS can bring opportunities for early diagnosis and treatment of OS. Previous research mainly focused on the glycolytic pathway of glucose metabolism, often neglecting the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pentose phosphate pathway. However, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism are also involved in the progression of OS and are closely related to this disease. The research on glucose metabolism in OS has not yet been summarized. In this review, we discuss the abnormal expression of key molecules related to glucose metabolism in OS and summarize the glucose metabolism related signaling pathways involved in the occurrence and development of OS. In addition, we discuss some of the targeted drugs that regulate glucose metabolism pathways, which can lead to effective strategies for targeted treatment of OS.

CENPE and LDHA were potential prognostic biomarkers of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Most sarcomatoid differentiated renal cell carcinoma was differentiated from Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (KICH) and related to a bad prognosis. Thus, finding biomarkers is important for the therapy of KICH.

METHODS

The UCSC was used for determining the expression of mRNA and miRNA and clinical data in KICH and normal samples. KEGG and GO were used for predicting potential function of differently expressed genes (DEGs). Optimal prognostic markers were determined by Lasso regression. Kaplan-Meier survival, ROC, and cox regression were used for assessing prognosis value. GSEA was used for predicting potential function of markers. The relations between markers and immune cell infiltration were determined by Pearson method. The upstream miRNA of markers was predicted in TargetScan and DIANA.

RESULTS

The 6162 upregulated and 13,903 downregulated DEGs were identified in KICH. Further CENPE and LDHA were screened out as optimal prognostic risk signatures. CENPE was highly expressed while LDHA was lowly expressed in KICH samples, and the high expressions of 2 genes contributed to bad prognosis. The functions of CENPE and LDHA were mainly enriched in proliferation related pathways such as cell cycle and DNA replication. In addition, the correlation of 2 genes with immune infiltrates in KICH was also observed. Finally, we found that has-miR-577 was the common upstream of 2 genes and the binding sites can be predicted.

CONCLUSION

CENPE and LDHA were identified as the important prognostic biomarkers in KICH, and they might be involved in the proliferation of cancer cell.

MicroRNAs as the pivotal regulators of cisplatin resistance in osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive bone tumor that originates from mesenchymal cells. It is considered as the eighth most frequent childhood cancer that mainly affects the tibia and femur among the teenagers and young adults. OS can be usually diagnosed by a combination of MRI and surgical biopsy. The intra-arterial cisplatin (CDDP) and Adriamycin is one of the methods of choices for the OS treatment. CDDP induces tumor cell death by disturbing the DNA replication. Although, CDDP has a critical role in improving the clinical complication in OS patients, a high ratio of CDDP resistance is observed among these patients. Prolonged CDDP administrations have also serious side effects in normal tissues and organs. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms of CDDP resistance should be clarified to define the novel therapeutic modalities in OS. Multidrug resistance (MDR) can be caused by various cellular and molecular processes such as drug efflux, detoxification, and signaling pathways. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the key regulators of CDDP response by the post transcriptional regulation of target genes involved in MDR. In the present review we have discussed all of the miRNAs associated with CDDP response in OS cells. It was observed that the majority of reported miRNAs increased CDDP sensitivity in OS cells through the regulation of signaling pathways, apoptosis, transporters, and autophagy. This review highlights the miRNAs as reliable non-invasive markers for the prediction of CDDP response in OS patients.

Isoalantolactone Suppresses Glycolysis and Resensitizes Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy in Cisplatin-Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cells

Cisplatin is a potent chemotherapeutic drug for ovarian cancer (OC) treatment. However, its efficacy is significantly limited due to the development of cisplatin resistance. Although the acquisition of cisplatin resistance is a complex process involving various molecular alterations within cancer cells, the increased reliance of cisplatin-resistant cells on glycolysis has gained increasing attention. Isoalantolactone, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Inula helenium L., possesses various pharmacological properties, including anticancer activity. In this study, isoalantolactone was investigated as a potential glycolysis inhibitor to overcome cisplatin resistance in OC. Isoalantolactone effectively targeted key glycolytic enzymes (e.g., lactate dehydrogenase A, phosphofructokinase liver type, and hexokinase 2), reducing glucose consumption and lactate production in cisplatin-resistant OC cells (specifically A2780 and SNU-8). Importantly, it also sensitized these cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Isoalantolactone-cisplatin treatment regulated mitogen-activated protein kinase and AKT pathways more effectively in cisplatin-resistant cells than individual treatments. In vivo studies using cisplatin-sensitive and resistant OC xenograft models revealed that isoalantolactone, either alone or in combination with cisplatin, significantly suppressed tumor growth in cisplatin-resistant tumors. These findings highlight the potential of isoalantolactone as a novel glycolysis inhibitor for treating cisplatin-resistant OC. By targeting the dysregulated glycolytic pathway, isoalantolactone offers a promising approach to overcoming drug resistance and enhancing the efficacy of cisplatin-based therapies.

Molecular profile of non-coding RNA-mediated glycolysis control in human cancers

The glycolysis is a common characteristic of cancer and it is responsible for providing enough energy to ensure growth. The glycolysis suppression is beneficial in tumor growth reduction. The stimulation/inhibition of glycolysis in cancer is tightly regulated by ncRNAs. The regulation of glycolysis by ncRNAs can influence proliferation and therapy response of tumor. The miRNAs are capable of inactivating enzymes responsible for glycolysis and suppressing signaling networks resulting in glycolysis induction. By regulation of glycolysis, miRNAs can affect therapy response. The lncRNAs and circRNAs follow a same pathway and by targeting glycolysis, they affect progression and therapy response of tumor. Noteworthy, lncRNAs and circRNAs sponge miRNAs in glycolysis mechanism control in tumor cells. Furthermore, ncRNA-mediated regulation of glycolysis mechanism can influence metastasis to organs of body. The ncRNAs regulating glycolysis are reliable biomarkers in cancer patients and more importantly, exosomal ncRNAs due to their presence in body fluids, are minimally-invasive biomarkers.

Long noncoding RNA PSMA3-AS1 functions as a competing endogenous RNA to promote gastric cancer progression by regulating the miR-329-3p/ALDOA axis

LncRNA PSMA3-AS1 functions as an oncogene in several cancers, including ovarian cancer, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer. However, its role in gastric cancer (GC) progression remains unclear. In this study, the levels of PSMA3-AS1, miR-329-3p, and aldolase A (ALDOA) in 20 paired human GC tissues and adjacent nontumorous tissues were measured by real-time PCR. GC cells were transfected with recombinant plasmid carrying full-length PSMA3-AS1 or shRNA targeting PSMA3-AS1. The stable transfectants were selected by G418. Then, the effects of PSMA3-AS1 knockdown or overexpression on GC progression in vitro and in vivo were evaluated. The results showed that PSMA3-AS1 was highly expressed in human GC tissues. Stable knockdown of PSMA3-AS1 significantly restrained proliferation/migration/invasion, enhanced cell apoptosis, and induced oxidative stress in vitro. Tumor growth and matrix metalloproteinase expression in tumor tissues were markedly inhibited, while oxidative stress was enhanced in nude mice after stable PSMA3-AS1 knockdown. Additionally, PSMA3-AS1 negatively regulated miR-329-3p while positively regulated ALDOA expression. MiR-329-3p directly targeted ALDOA-3'UTR. Interestingly, miR-329-3p knockdown or ALDOA overexpression partially attenuated the tumor-suppressive effects of PSMA3-AS1 knockdown. Conversely, PSMA3-AS1 overexpression exhibited the opposite effects. PSMA3-AS1 promoted GC progression by regulating the miR-329-3p/ALDOA axis. PSMA3-AS1 might serve as a promising and effective target for GC treatment.

A glycometabolic gene signature associating with immune infiltration and chemosensitivity and predicting the prognosis of patients with osteosarcoma

Background

Accumulating evidence has suggested that glycometabolism plays an important role in the pathogenesis of tumorigenesis. However, few studies have investigated the prognostic values of glycometabolic genes in patients with osteosarcoma (OS). This study aimed to recognize and establish a glycometabolic gene signature to forecast the prognosis, and provide therapeutic options for patients with OS.

Methods

Univariate and multivariate Cox regression, LASSO Cox regression, overall survival analysis, receiver operating characteristic curve, and nomogram were adopted to develop the glycometabolic gene signature, and further evaluate the prognostic values of this signature. Functional analyses including Gene Ontology (GO), kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analyses (KEGG), gene set enrichment analysis, single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network, were used to explore the molecular mechanisms of OS and the correlation between immune infiltration and gene signature. Moreover, these prognostic genes were further validated by immunohistochemical staining.

Results

A total of four genes including PRKACB, SEPHS2, GPX7, and PFKFB3 were identified for constructing a glycometabolic gene signature which had a favorable performance in predicting the prognosis of patients with OS. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that the risk score was an independent prognostic factor. Functional analyses indicated that multiple immune associated biological processes and pathways were enriched in the low-risk group, while 26 immunocytes were down-regulated in the high-risk group. The patients in high-risk group showed elevated sensitivity to doxorubicin. Furthermore, these prognostic genes could directly or indirectly interact with other 50 genes. A ceRNA regulatory network based on these prognostic genes was also constructed. The results of immunohistochemical staining showed that SEPHS2, GPX7, and PFKFB3 were differentially expressed between OS tissues and adjacent normal tissues.

Conclusion

The preset study constructed and validated a novel glycometabolic gene signature which could predict the prognosis of patients with OS, identify the degree of immune infiltration in tumor microenvironment, and provide guidance for the selection of chemotherapeutic drugs. These findings may shed new light on the investigation of molecular mechanisms and comprehensive treatments for OS.

A spotlight on the interplay of signaling pathways and the role of miRNAs in osteosarcoma pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance

Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most common bone cancers that constantly affects children, teenagers, and young adults. Numerous epigenetic elements, such as miRNAs, have been shown to influence OS features like progression, initiation, angiogenesis, and treatment resistance. The expression of numerous genes implicated in OS pathogenesis might be regulated by miRNAs. This effect is ascribed to miRNAs' roles in the invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Important OS-related mechanistic networks like the WNT/b-catenin signaling, PTEN/AKT/mTOR axis, and KRAS mutations are also affected by miRNAs. In addition to pathophysiology, miRNAs may influence how the OS reacts to therapies like radiotherapy and chemotherapy. With a focus on how miRNAs affect OS signaling pathways, this review seeks to show how miRNAs and OS are related.

Non-coding RNAs in metabolic reprogramming of bone and soft tissue sarcoma: Fundamental mechanism and clinical implication

Sarcomas, comprising approximately 1% of human malignancies, show a poor response to treatment and easy recurrence. Metabolic reprogramming play an important role in tumor development in sarcomas. Accumulating evidence shows that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) participate in regulating the cellular metabolism of sarcomas, which improves the understanding of the development of therapy-resistant tumors. This review addresses the regulatory roles of metabolism-related ncRNAs and their implications for sarcoma initiation and progression. Dysregulation of metabolism-related ncRNAs is common in sarcomas and is associated with poor survival. Emerging studies show that abnormal expression of metabolism-related ncRNAs affects cellular metabolism, including glucose, lipid, and mitochondrial metabolism, and leads to the development of aggressive sarcomas. This review summarizes recent advances in the roles of dysregulated metabolism-related ncRNAs in sarcoma development and stemness and describes their potential to serve as biological biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis prediction, as well as therapeutic targets for treating refractory sarcomas.

MYC Promotes LDHA Expression through MicroRNA-122-5p to Potentiate Glycolysis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

MYC is a notorious oncogene in a vast network of malignancies, whereas liver-specific microRNA- (miR-) 122-5p is downregulated in hepatocellular cancer (HCC). Here, we studied the possible correlation between these two and their involvement in glycolysis in HCC. MYC was overexpressed in HCC tissues and cells compared to normal liver tissues and normal hepatocytes NHC, which predicted a poor survival of HCC sufferers. Functional assays demonstrated that silencing of MYC inhibited the glycolysis in HCC cells, as evidenced by significantly weaker glucose consumption, lactate production, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, and downregulated HK1 and HK2 protein expression. Moreover, MYC bound to the miR-122-5p promoter and repressed the miR-122-5p expression. Rescue experiments showed that miR-122-5p inhibitor rescued the diminished glycolysis after MYC silencing. In addition, lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA) was identified as a downstream target of miR-122-5p. The overexpression of LDHA mitigated the effects of si-MYC and miR-122-5p mimic on glycolysis of HCC cells, respectively. In conclusion, the MYC/miR-122-5p/LDHA axis modulates glycolysis in HCC cells and possibly affects HCC progression.

The roles of glycolysis in osteosarcoma

Metabolic reprogramming is of great significance in the progression of various cancers and is critical for cancer progression, diagnosis, and treatment. Cellular metabolic pathways mainly include glycolysis, fat metabolism, glutamine decomposition, and oxidative phosphorylation. In cancer cells, reprogramming metabolic pathways is used to meet the massive energy requirement for tumorigenesis and development. Metabolisms are also altered in malignant osteosarcoma (OS) cells. Among reprogrammed metabolisms, alterations in aerobic glycolysis are key to the massive biosynthesis and energy demands of OS cells to sustain their growth and metastasis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that compared to normal cells, glycolysis in OS cells under aerobic conditions is substantially enhanced to promote malignant behaviors such as proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance of OS. Glycolysis in OS is closely related to various oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, and numerous signaling pathways have been reported to be involved in the regulation of glycolysis. In recent years, a vast number of inhibitors and natural products have been discovered to inhibit OS progression by targeting glycolysis-related proteins. These potential inhibitors and natural products may be ideal candidates for the treatment of osteosarcoma following hundreds of preclinical and clinical trials. In this article, we explore key pathways, glycolysis enzymes, non-coding RNAs, inhibitors, and natural products regulating aerobic glycolysis in OS cells to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between glycolysis and the progression of OS and discover novel therapeutic approaches targeting glycolytic metabolism in OS.

IGF2BP1-regulated expression of ERRα is involved in metabolic reprogramming of chemotherapy resistant osteosarcoma cells

Doxorubicin (Dox) is the standard treatment approach for osteosarcoma (OS), while acquired drug resistance seriously attenuates its treatment efficiency. The present study aimed to investigate the potential roles of metabolic reprogramming and the related regulatory mechanism in Dox-resistant OS cells. The results showed that the ATP levels, lactate generation, glucose consumption and oxygen consumption rate were significantly increased in Dox-resistant OS cells compared with parental cells. Furthermore, the results revealed that the increased expression of estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) was involved in metabolic reprogramming in chemotherapy resistant OS cells, since targeted inhibition of ERRα restored the shifting of metabolic profiles. Mechanistic analysis indicated that the mRNA stability, rather than ERRα transcription was markedly increased in chemoresistant OS cells. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the 3ʹ-untranslated region of ERRα mRNA was methylated by N⁶-methyladenine, which could further recruit insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1) to suppress mRNA decay and increase mRNA stability. IGF2BP1 knockdown downregulated ERRα and reversed the metabolic alteration of resistant OS cells. Additionally, the oncogenic effect of the IGF2BP1/ERRα axis on Dox-resistant OS cells was verified by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Clinical analysis also revealed that the expression levels of IGF2BP1 and ERRα were associated with the clinical progression of OS. Collectively, the current study suggested that the IGF2BP1/ERRα axis could regulate metabolic reprogramming to contribute to the chemoresistance of OS cells.

Circular RNA_ANKIB1 accelerates chemo-resistance of osteosarcoma via binding microRNA-26b-5p and modulating enhancer of zeste homolog 2

Osteosarcoma is a common bone malignancy in children and adolescents. Chemotherapeutic drug resistance is the major factor impacting the surgical outcome and prognosis of patients with osteosarcoma. This investigation assessed the role and mechanism of circular RNA_ANKIB1 in the development of osteosarcoma. The circular RNA (circ) _ANKIB1, microRNA (miR)-26b-5p, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) expression in OS samples was investigated through RT-qPCR. The EZH2, multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1), P-gp, and lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) protein expressions were analyzed through western blot. The association between circ_ANKIB1 and the occurrence of clinic-pathological features in OS patients was assessed; the circular features of circ_ANKIB1 were analyzed. The hFOB1.19, KHOS, U2-OS OS cells were used to study the semi-inhibitory concentration IC50 of Doxorubicin (DXR)-resistant cells, clone formation, invasion, and apoptosis. The luciferase assay was used to study the binding of circ-ANKIB1 with miR-26b-5p and the targeting of miR-26b-5p with EZH2. In vivo experiments were performed via subcutaneous tumorigenic experiments. MiR-26b-5p in OS tissues and cells and DXR-resistant OS tissues and cells was silenced while circ_ANKIB1 and EZH2 were elevated. Circ_ANKIB1 silencing elevated miR-26b-5p, repressed EZH2, MRP1, P-gp, LRP, IC50, and elevated OS advancement. Circ_ANKIB1 bind miR-26b-5p. Reduced miR-26b-5p revered the influence of silencing circ_ANKIB1 on DXR resistant OS cells. MiR-26b-5p targeted EZH2, and EZH2 elevation reversed the impact of increasing miR-26b-5p on DXR resistant cells. Circ_ANKIB1 silencing suppressed DXR-resistant OS cells in vivo. In conclusion, Circ_ANKIB1 binds miR-26b-5p and modulates EZH2 to accelerate the chemo-resistance of osteosarcoma.

Advances in the Biological Functions and Mechanisms of miRNAs in the Development of Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma is one of the most common primary malignant bone tumors, mainly occurring in children and adolescents, and is characterized by high morbidity and poor prognosis. MicroRNAs, a class of noncoding RNAs consisting of 19 to 25 nucleotides, are involved in cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and apoptosis to regulate the development and progression of osteosarcoma. Studies have found that microRNAs are closely related to the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of osteosarcoma patients and have an important role in improving drug resistance in osteosarcoma. This paper reviews the role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma and their clinical value, aiming to provide a new research direction for diagnosing and treating osteosarcoma and achieving a better prognosis.

The Mechanism of Warburg Effect-Induced Chemoresistance in Cancer

Although chemotherapy can improve the overall survival and prognosis of cancer patients, chemoresistance remains an obstacle due to the diversity, heterogeneity, and adaptability to environmental alters in clinic. To determine more possibilities for cancer therapy, recent studies have begun to explore changes in the metabolism, especially glycolysis. The Warburg effect is a hallmark of cancer that refers to the preference of cancer cells to metabolize glucose anaerobically rather than aerobically, even under normoxia, which contributes to chemoresistance. However, the association between glycolysis and chemoresistance and molecular mechanisms of glycolysis-induced chemoresistance remains unclear. This review describes the mechanism of glycolysis-induced chemoresistance from the aspects of glycolysis process, signaling pathways, tumor microenvironment, and their interactions. The understanding of how glycolysis induces chemoresistance may provide new molecular targets and concepts for cancer therapy.