Low-dose dexamethasone promotes osteoblast viability by activating autophagy via the SGK1/FOXO3a signaling pathway

The role of serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 in cellular signaling: Implications for drug development

Serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) is a ubiquitously expressed protein belonging to the Ser/Thr kinase family. It regulates diverse physiological processes, including epithelial sodium channel activity, hypertension, cell proliferation, and insulin sensitivity. Due to its significant role in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, SGK1 can be exploited as a potential therapeutic target to address challenging health problems. SGK1 is associated with the development of obesity, and its overexpression enhances the sodium-glucose co-transporter 1 activity, which absorbs intestinal glucose. This review highlighted the detailed functional significance of SGK1 signaling and role in different diseases and subsequent therapeutic targeting. We aim to provide deeper mechanistic insights into understanding the pathogenesis and recent advancements in the SGK1 targeted drug development process. Small-molecule inhibitors are being developed with excellent binding affinity and improved SGK1 inhibition with desired selectivity. We have discussed small molecule inhibitors designed explicitly as potent SGK1 inhibitors and their therapeutic implications in various diseases. We further addressed the therapeutic potential and mechanism of action of these SGK1 inhibitors and provided a strong scientific foundation for developing effective therapeutics.

Programmed cell death of periodontal ligament cells

The periodontal ligament is a crucial tissue that provides support to the periodontium. Situated between the alveolar bone and the tooth root, it consists primarily of fibroblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), and epithelial cell rests of Malassez. Fibroblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts are functionally differentiated cells, whereas PDLSCs are undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells. The dynamic development of these cells is intricately linked to periodontal changes and homeostasis. Notably, the regulation of programmed cell death facilitates the clearance of necrotic tissue and plays a pivotal role in immune response. However, it also potentially contributes to the loss of periodontal supporting tissues and root resorption. These findings have significant implications for understanding the occurrence and progression of periodontitis, as well as the mechanisms underlying orthodontic root resorption. Further, the regulation of periodontal ligament cell (PDLC) death is influenced by both systemic and local factors. This comprehensive review focuses on recent studies reporting the mechanisms of PDLC death and related factors.