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Anns F, D’Souza S, MacCormick C, Mirfin-Veitch B, Clasby B, Hughes N, Forster W, Tuisaula E, Bowden N. Risk of Criminal Justice System Interactions in Young Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Findings From a National Birth Cohort. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:1332-1342. [PMID: 37254493 PMCID: PMC10498656 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231177469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine criminal justice system (CJS) interactions and pathways through the justice system for young adults with ADHD compared to young adults without ADHD. METHOD Nationwide 3-year birth cohort study using linked health and CJS data. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to examine associations between ADHD and police proceedings, court charges, court convictions, and incarcerations. RESULTS Young adults with ADHD were significantly more likely to interact with the CJS including police proceedings (hazard ratio [HR], 2.1 95% CI [2.0, 2.2]) court charges (HR, 2.2 95% CI [2.1, 2.3]), court convictions (HR, 2.3 95% CI [2.2, 2.4]), and incarceration (HR, 4.8 95% CI [4.3, 5.4]). CONCLUSIONS Young adults with ADHD are overrepresented at all stages of the CJS. Results highlight the importance of early identification and responsivity to ADHD within the CJS and suggest that the NZ justice system may require changes to both areas to ensure that young individuals with ADHD receive equitable access to, and treatment within, the CJS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie D’Souza
- University of Auckland, New Zealand
- A Better Start National Science Challenge, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Betony Clasby
- Donald Beasley Institute, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
- University of Sheffield, UK
- University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Eden Tuisaula
- Donald Beasley Institute, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas Bowden
- A Better Start National Science Challenge, New Zealand
- University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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2
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Wojciechowski T. ADHD as a Predictor of Quicker Time to Violent Recidivism and a Moderator of the Exposure to Violence-Violent Recidivism Relationship. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2023; 38:593-610. [PMID: 37380339 DOI: 10.1891/vv-2021-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Research on the role that attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) plays as a moderator of the relationship between exposure to violence and violent recidivism is limited. The Pathways to Desistance data were analyzed to examine these relationships. Survival analysis was used to examine ADHD as a risk factor predicting time to violent recidivism. Cox-proportional hazard modeling was used to assess the impact of ADHD on violent recidivism risk and examine ADHD as a moderator of the relationship between exposure to violence and violent recidivism. Results indicated that ADHD predicted quicker time to recidivism. The effect of witnessed violence was significantly weaker for participants with ADHD at baseline than those without ADHD at baseline. The direct effect of ADHD diagnosis at baseline on violent recidivism risk was only significant when the hypothesized interaction terms were included in the model. These findings suggest that individuals with ADHD may be less vulnerable to the impact of witnessing violence on their own risk for perpetrating violence. Effective targeting of treatment should be understood within this context.
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Pagerols M, Valero S, Dueñas L, Bosch R, Casas M. Psychiatric disorders and comorbidity in a Spanish sample of prisoners at the end of their sentence: Prevalence rates and associations with criminal history. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1039099. [PMID: 36710755 PMCID: PMC9878681 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1039099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study examined, for the first time, the prevalence of mental disorders and comorbidities among inmates who were about to be released, and their association with criminal history. Methods A Spanish sample of 140 prisoners at the end of their sentence was recruited from an occupational program. Psychiatric disorders were determined according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria. Bivariate analyses followed by multivariate regression models were conducted to identify significant variables for repeat incarceration and violent offending. Results The lifetime prevalence of Axis I disorders was 81.4%, with substance use disorders (SUD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) being the most common diagnoses (51.4 and 31.4%, respectively). The current prevalence of Axis I disorders was 59.0%, including learning disorders (38.6%), ADHD (16.4%), and SUD (5.71%) among the most frequent syndromes. Thirty-six (26.5%) participants met criteria for a current Axis II disorder, which commonly was an antisocial personality disorder (12.5%). The majority of the sample (60.8%) suffered from two or more comorbid disorders during their lifetime, although the current prevalence fell to 23.3%. Childhood ADHD increased the number of imprisonments, while inmates convicted of a violent crime were more likely to present a learning disorder. Having a lifetime diagnosis of SUD or multiple psychiatric disorders appeared to be associated with both repeat incarceration and violent offending. Conclusion Given the high rate of mental disorders still present among subjects completing prison sentences and the challenges they may encounter to benefit from vocational programs, our results suggest that appropriate psychiatric care should be provided during imprisonment and after release to facilitate their community reintegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Pagerols
- Programa MIND Escoles, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain,Unitat de Farmacologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Fonaments Clínics, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain,*Correspondence: Mireia Pagerols,
| | - Sergi Valero
- Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Dueñas
- Programa Reincorpora “la Caixa”, Departament de Justícia, Centre d’Iniciatives per a la Reinserció (CIRE), Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Bosch
- Programa MIND Escoles, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain,CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Casas
- Programa MIND Escoles, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain,Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
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4
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Rutten AX, Kempes M, Bongers IL, Vermeiren RRJM, van Nieuwenhuizen C. Offence type and neurodiversity: A comparison of 12-17-year-old boys charged with a criminal offence by diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or both. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2022; 32:404-413. [PMID: 36458968 PMCID: PMC10107250 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been evidenced as common among adolescents with delinquent behaviour. Less is known, however, about the relationship between these disorders and type of alleged offence, when the adolescent is involved with the criminal justice system. AIM Our aim was to investigate whether the type of alleged index offences among 12-17-year-olds differ between those diagnosed with ASD, ADHD or ASD + ADHD. METHOD The sample was selected for ASD and/or ADHD diagnoses from a database of all pre-trial forensic psychiatric and psychological assessments of male adolescents of 12-17 years old in the Netherlands for the years 2013 and 2014. For each record, independent researchers scored a 76-item checklist encompassing health and offending characteristics. Sixty-nine of the 1799 pre-trial assessments of these male adolescents had a diagnosis of ASD, 90 of ADHD and 29 had been diagnosed with both; these 188 cases formed our sample. RESULTS The rate of sex offences was significantly higher among those with ASD (N = 20, 29%) than those with ADHD (N = 10, 11%) or both (N = 4, 14%; Fisher's exact test = 8.54; p = 0.014). By contrast, the rate of property offences without violence was significantly higher among those with ADHD (N = 22, 24%) than those with ASD (N = 4, 6%) or both (N = 5, 17%; Fisher's exact test = 10.50, p = 0.004), whereas violent offending rates did not differ between the three groups. CONCLUSION Specific offence types were not equally distributed among male adolescents with different psychiatric diagnoses. In our sample of male adolescents suspected of an offence nearly one-third of those diagnosed with ASD were convicted of a sex offence, suggesting highly specialised needs for further assessment and intervention. Among those diagnosed with ADHD, significantly more adolescents were charged with non-violent property offences. Such unequal distribution of alleged offence types among adolescents with different psychiatric diagnoses justifies tailor-made attention for offending adolescents with different psychiatric diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa X. Rutten
- GGzE Centre for Child and Adolescent PsychiatryEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Tilburg UniversityTranzoScientific Center for Care and WellbeingTilburgThe Netherlands
| | - Maaike Kempes
- Netherlands Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and PsychologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ilja L. Bongers
- GGzE Centre for Child and Adolescent PsychiatryEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Tilburg UniversityTranzoScientific Center for Care and WellbeingTilburgThe Netherlands
| | - Robert R. J. M. Vermeiren
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryLUMC‐CuriumLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Chijs van Nieuwenhuizen
- GGzE Centre for Child and Adolescent PsychiatryEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Tilburg UniversityTranzoScientific Center for Care and WellbeingTilburgThe Netherlands
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5
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Tully J. Management of ADHD in Prisoners-Evidence Gaps and Reasons for Caution. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:771525. [PMID: 35370827 PMCID: PMC8973692 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.771525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John Tully
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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6
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Dagistan AA, Gica S, Aydin A, Cilli AS. Prevalence of probable attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in inmates and its relationship with recidivism. J Forensic Sci 2021; 67:289-296. [PMID: 34596242 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence of probable attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in prisoners and to assess the relationship between ADHD and recidivism. We studied 356 inmates, who were evaluated using the Wender Utah Rating Scale and Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale. Type of crime and other crime-related data were compared between inmates with and without ADHD. The group with probable ADHD had a higher average number of convictions compared to the group without ADHD. The probable ADHD group also demonstrated higher incidence of extortion crime, drug trade, disciplinary action at school, and military service than the group without ADHD. Linear regression analysis revealed that the presence of probable ADHD was effective on the number of convictions. The findings of our study support that the presence of probable ADHD carries a potential risk of being prone to certain crimes and demonstrate a correlation between the presence of probable ADHD and early involvement in crime and the number of convictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Adnan Dagistan
- Department of Psychiatry, Konya Beyhekim Education and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sakir Gica
- Department of Psychiatry, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Adem Aydin
- Department of Psychiatry, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ali Savas Cilli
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya Training and Research Hospital, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
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Rodríguez C, García T, Areces D, Rodríguez J, Arteaga-Henriquez G, Ramos-Quiroga A. Retrospective symptoms and learning difficulties predicting ADHD in adults: Differences between prison inmates and the clinical population. Scand J Psychol 2021; 62:301-311. [PMID: 33709422 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
People who suffer from ADHD in their childhood are more likely to be involved in criminal acts in late adolescence and adulthood. This study analyses the association between retrospective ADHD symptoms and associated problems (somatic and learning difficulties), and current symptoms in a sample of adults from imprisoned and clinical populations. Four hundred and fifty-seven participants, aged between 17 and 69 years, were divided into four groups: ADHD prison group without clinical history of symptoms (n = 61), prison group (n = 162), ADHD clinical group (n = 176) and clinical group (n = 58). The ADHD-IV scale and Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) were administered to the four groups and demonstrated high rates of persistence of ADHD symptoms into adulthood. ADHD groups reported significantly higher impairment both during childhood (symptoms, somatic and learning difficulties) and at present, with the ADHD clinical group being the most severely impaired. Finally, current symptoms of ADHD, along with childhood ADHD symptoms and learning difficulties, significantly predicted current impairments, but only in the clinical group. These findings represent some initial steps into the identification of predictors of ADHD symptomatology in adulthood in order to elucidate its etiopathogenesis and better identify high-risk groups for targeted prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trinidad García
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Débora Areces
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Gara Arteaga-Henriquez
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Young S, Cocallis K. ADHD and offending. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1009-1019. [PMID: 33538909 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES International studies have reported disproportionately higher rates of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among youth and adult offenders across police custody, prison, probation and forensic mental health settings, estimated to fall at around 25%. This review aimed to investigate the presentation and vulnerabilities of this subpopulation of people with ADHD compared to those with ADHD in the general population and consider how this may impact on the approach to assessment and treatment in this population. METHODOLOGY A selective review of the extant literature was conducted to investigate how offenders with ADHD may present differently from their non-ADHD peers in their clinical presentation, criminogenic behaviour and psychological vulnerabilities. RESULTS Nearly all (around 96%) offenders with ADHD have additional comorbid problems, including mood, anxiety, conduct, substance use and personality disorders. Compared with offenders without ADHD, they become involved in the criminal justice system (CJS) at a younger age, have higher rates of recidivism, are more likely to make a false confession, engage in behavioural disturbances in custody, have health risk behaviours and a lower quality of life. Assessing and treating ADHD in this subpopulation may be more complex due to their presentation. CONCLUSIONS Offenders with ADHD are disadvantaged within the system by their ADHD symptoms being unrecognised and/or misunderstood; their diagnosis of ADHD may be missed or misdiagnosed. This is at cost to the individual, from both a health and rehabilitative perspective, as well as more broadly to society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Young
- Psychology Services Limited, London, PO 1735, Croydon, C9 7AE, UK. .,Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland.
| | - Kelly Cocallis
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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9
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Wojciechowski TW. The Role of ADHD in Predicting the Development of Violent Behavior Among Juvenile Offenders: Participation Versus Frequency. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP625-NP642. [PMID: 29294948 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517734225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Past research has identified attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a risk factor for engagement in violent offending. Despite the link between the disorder and violent offending, this risk factor has yet to be examined as a predictor of heterogeneity in the development of violent offending among juvenile offenders. It is likely that the impulsivity, genetic link, and generally chronic disorder course which are characteristics of the disorder play roles in predicting violent offending, which is consistent with both self-control theory and general developmental theory related to early life deficits and life-course persistent offending. Past research has also elucidated a developmental trajectory model of violent offending, which is utilized by the present research. The present research examines ADHD as a risk factor predicting trajectory group assignment. The Pathways to Desistance data followed 1,354 juvenile offenders for 84 months following conviction for a serious offense. Using multinomial logistic regression, this study extends past research on the development of violent offending among juvenile offenders by examining ADHD as a risk factor predicting assignment to violent offending trajectory groups. Results indicate that meeting criteria for ADHD at baseline predicted membership to all trajectory groups relative to the Abstaining group when all covariates were included. This increase in risk is highest for the trajectory group characterized by the highest frequency of violent offending. This indicates the relevance of identifying and treating ADHD among juvenile offenders to best mitigate risk of violent recidivism throughout adolescence and early adulthood.
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10
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Vélez-Pastrana MC, González RA, Ramos-Fernández A, Ramírez Padilla RR, Levin FR, Albizu García C. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Prisoners: Increased Substance Use Disorder Severity and Psychiatric Comorbidity. Eur Addict Res 2020; 26:179-190. [PMID: 32615575 DOI: 10.1159/000508829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorders (SUD) are overrepresented among incarcerated populations. We examined whether ADHD was associated with increased severity of comorbid SUD and with increased psychiatric comorbidity among prisoners. METHODS Cross-sectional study of 500 randomly selected Latino male prisoners in the Puerto Rico Correctional System using validated diagnostic measures to assess Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) ADHD and SUD diagnosis, antisocial personality disorder (ASP) and borderline personality disorder (BPD), major depression, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). We defined SUD severity by symptom count and by presence of at least 2 current SUD diagnoses (polysubstance). RESULTS Participants with ADHD had increased risk for lifetime (p < 0.05) and current (p < 0.01) SUDs, all comorbid psychiatric disorders, and suicidality (p < 0.001). They had more severe SUD, both in number of symptoms and number of SUD (polysubstance) diagnoses (p < 0.01). ADHD was associated with increased psychiatric comorbidity, as participants with ADHD were more likely to have a second diagnosis, and a greater number of comorbid disorders (p < 0.001). ASP, BPD, major depression, and GAD, but not ADHD, were significant predictors of SUD severity in adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the complex mental health needs of incarcerated populations, where SUD, ADHD, and other psychiatric disorders are prevalent and interrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Vélez-Pastrana
- PhD Program in Clinical Psychology, Universidad Carlos Albizu, San Juan, Puerto Rico, .,Center for Evaluation and Sociomedical Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, USA,
| | - Rafael A González
- National Adoption and Fostering Service & National Conduct Problems Team, Michael Rutter Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Psychiatry, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rafael R Ramírez Padilla
- Center for Evaluation and Sociomedical Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Frances R Levin
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carmen Albizu García
- Center for Evaluation and Sociomedical Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To examine recent advances in the understanding of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among the prison population. RECENT FINDINGS Efforts have been made to develop useful tools for assessing ADHD among prisoners. Prisoners with ADHD demonstrate incremental vulnerability due to comorbid psychiatric disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders and traumatic brain injury. Compared with prisoners without ADHD, prisoners with ADHD become involved in the criminal justice system at a younger age and have higher rates of recidivism in adulthood. Recent studies demonstrate the effectiveness of extended release stimulant medication and psychological interventions. Early identification and treatment of prisoners with ADHD have the potential to demonstrate health economic benefits. Our understanding of ADHD among prisoners continues to develop. However, further research is needed, particularly among neglected groups such as females. Much more attention is needed by the prison service to engender better outcomes for this at-risk population.
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